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Slow-growth high-mortality： A meta-analysis for insects

Insect Science 2018年第2期25卷 337-351页

作者： Ke-Wei Chen1 and Yigen Chen2 College of Agriculture South China Agricultural University Guangzhou China Department of entomology and nematology University of California One Shields Avenue Davis California USA

The slow growth-high mortality hypothesis （SG-HG） predicts that slower growing herbivores suffer greater mortality due to a prolonged window of vulnerability. Given diverse plant-herbivore-natural enemy systems resulting from different feeding ecologies of herbivores and natural enemies, this hypothesis might not always be applicable to all systems. This is evidenced by mixed support from empirical data. In this study, a meta- analysis of the SG-HM hypothesis for insects was conducted, aiming to find conditions that favor or reject SG-HM. The analysis revealed significant within- and between-group heterogeneity for almost a11 explanatory variables and overall did not support SG-HM. In this analysis, SG-HM was supported when any of the following 5 conditions was met：（1） host food consisted of artificial diet; （2） herbivore growth was measured as larval mass; （3） herbivores were generalists; （4） no or multiple species of natural enemies were involved in the study; and （5） parasitoids （i.e., parasitic insects） involved in the study were gregarious. SG-HM was rejected when any of the following 5 conditions was met：（1） herbivores were from the order Hymentoptera; （2） parasitoids from more than 1 order caused herbivore mortality; （2） parasitoids were specialists; （3） parasitoids were solitary; （4） parasitoids were idiobionts or koinobionts; and （5） single species of natural enemy caused mortality of specialist herbivores. All known studies investigated herbivore mortality for a short period of their life cycle. Researchers are encouraged to monitor herbivore mortality during the entire window of susceptibility or life cycle using life tables. Studies involving multiple mortality factors （i.e., both biotic and abiotic） or multiple natural enemy species are also encouraged since herbivores in nature face a multitude of risks during the entire life cycle. More comprehensive studies may increase our understanding of factors influencing the relationships between herbivore gr

关键词： feeding ecology natural enemy parasitoid predator tritrophic interactions

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Systemic RNAi in western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, does not involve transitive pathways

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Insect Science 2018年第1期25卷 45-56页

作者： Huarong Li Andrew J. Bowling Premchand Gandra Murugesan Rangasamy Heather E. Pence Robert E. McEwan Chitvan Khajuria Blair D. Siegfried Kenneth E. Narva Dow AgroSciences LLC 9330 Zionsville Rd. Indianapolis Indiana USA Department of entomology University of Nebraska Lincoln Nebraska USA Monsanto Company Chesterfield Missouri USA entomology and nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA

Western corn rootworm （WCR, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte） is highly sensitive to orally delivered double-stranded RNA （dsRNA）. RNAi in WCR is systemic and spreads throughout the insect body. This raises the question whether transitive RNAi is a mechanism that functions in WCR to amplify the RNAi response via production of secondary siRNA. Secondary siRNA production is achieved through RNA-dependent RNA polymerase （RdRP） activity in other eukaryotic organisms, but RdRP has not been identified in WCR and any other insects. This study visualized the spread of the RNAi- mediated knockdown of Dr v-ATPase C mRNA throughout the WCR gut and other tissues using high-sensitivity branched DNA in situ hybridization. Furthermore, we did not detect either secondary siRNA production or transitive RNAi in WCR through siRNA sequence profile analysis. Nucleotide mismatched sequences introduced into either the sense or antisense strand of v-ATPase C dsRNAs were maintained in siRNAs derived from WCR fed with the mismatched dsRNAs in a strand specific manner. The distribution of all siRNAs was restricted to within the original target sequence regions, which may indicate the lack of new dsRNA synthesis leading to production of secondary siRNA. Thus, the systemic spread of RNAi in WCR may be derived from the original dsRNA molecules taken up from the gut lumen. These results indicate that the initial dsRNA dose is important for a lethal systemic RNAi response in WCR and have implications in developing effective dsRNA traits to control WCR and in resistance management to prolong the durability of RNAi trait technology.

关键词： corn rootworm Diabrotica secondary siRNA production systemic RNAi transitive RNAi

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Botanicals, selective insecticides, and predators to control Diaphorina citri （Hemiptera： Liviidae） in citrus orchards

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Insect Science 2014年第6期21卷 717-726页

作者： Azhar A. Khan Muhammad Afzal Jawwad A. Qureshi Arif M. Khan Abubakar M. Raza Department of Agricultural entomology University of Sargodha Sargodha Pakistan Department of entomology & nematology Southwest Florida Research and Education Center Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences University of Florida Immokalee Florida USA Department of Biotechnology University of Sargodha Sargodha Pakistan

The Asian citrus psyllid （ACP） Diaphorina citri Kuwayama vectors pathogens that cause huanglongbing （HLB） or citrus greening devastating and economically im- portant disease present in most citrus growing regions. Young citrus shoots are required for psyllid reproduction and development. During winter citrus trees produce little or no new growth. Overwintering adults reproduce in spring on newly emerging shoots also attractive to other pests and beneficial insects. Botanicals and relatively selective insecti- cides could help to conserve beneficial insects and reduce pest resistance to insecticides. Sprays of Azadirachtin （Neem）, Tropane （Datura）, Spirotetramat, Spinetoram, and broad- spectrum Imidacloprid were evaluated to control ACP in spring and summer on 10-year-old ＂Kinow＂ Citrus reticulata Blanco trees producing new growth. Psyllid populations were high averaging 5-9 nymphs or adults per sample before treatment application. Nymphs or adults were significantly reduced to 0.5-1.5 per sample in all treatments for 3 weeks, aver- age 61%-83% reduction. No significant reduction in ladybeetles Adalia bipunctata, Ane- glei scardoni, Cheilomenes sexmaculata, and Coccinella septempunctata was observed. Syrphids, spiders and green lacewings were reduced in treated trees except with Tropane. Studies are warranted to assess impact of these predators on ACP and interaction with insecticides. Observed reduction in ACP populations may not be enough considering its reproductive potential and role in the spread of HLB. Follow-up sprays may be required to achieve additional suppression using rotations of different insecticides.

关键词： Asian citrus psyllid biopesticides Coccinellids huanglongbing predators

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Structure-guided discovery of potent and oral soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors for the treatment of neuropathic pain

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Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2022年第3期12卷 1377-1389页

作者： Fangyu Du Ruolin Cao Lu Chen Jianwen Sun Yajie Shi Yang Fu Bruce D.Hammock Zhonghui Zheng Zhongbo Liu Guoliang Chen Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design&Discovery of Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical EngineeringShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang 110016China Department of entomology and nematology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California DavisDavisCA 95616USA Shandong Xinhua Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.Zibo 2550S6China School of Pharmacy Shenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang 110016China

Soluble epoxide hydrolase(sEH) is related to arachidonic acid cascade and is over-expressed in a variety of diseases, making sEH an attractive target for the treatment of pain as well as inflammatory-related diseases. A new series of memantyl urea derivatives as potent sEH inhibitors was obtained using our previous reported compound 4 as lead compound. A preferential modification of piperidinyl to 3-carbamoyl piperidinyl was identified for this series via structure-based rational drug design. Compound A20 exhibited moderate percentage plasma protein binding(88.6%) and better metabolic stability in vitro. After oral administration, the bioavailability of A20 was 28.6%. Acute toxicity test showed that A20 was well tolerated and there was no adverse event encountered at dose of 6.0 g/kg. Inhibitor A20 also displayed robust analgesic effect in vivo and dose-dependently attenuated neuropathic pain in rat model induced by spared nerve injury, which was better than gabapentin and sEH inhibitor(±)-EC-5026. In one word, the oral administration of A20 significantly alleviated pain and improved the health status of the rats, demonstrating that A20 was a promising candidate to be further evaluated for the treatment of neuropathic pain.

关键词： Soluble epoxide hydrolase Analgesia Synthesis Neuropathic pain Inhibitor

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Chemical Hide and Seek: Nematode’s Journey to Its Plant Host

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Molecular Plant 2020年第4期13卷 541-543页

作者： Natalie Hamada Henok Zemene Yimer Valerie M.Williamson Shahid Siddique Department of entomology&nematology University of California DavisDavisCA 95616USA Department of Plant Pathology University of California DavisDavisCA 95616USA

Plant-parasitic nematodes are among the most destructive plant pathogens,causing estimated damage of more than US$100 billion per *** expert-based assessment of crop health listed nematodes as among the most damaging pests and pathogens in potato,soybean,and wheat crops(Savary et al.,2019).Most damage is caused by a small group of root-infecting sedentary endoparasitic nematodes including cyst nematodes and rootknot nematodes(RKNs).Second-stage juveniles(J2s)of plantparasitic nematodes hatch from eggs into the soil and localize to the roots of host *** success of these non-feeding J2s depends on their ability to locate and infect a suitable *** attraction of plant-parasitic nematodes to the host root has been a subject of study for the past 80 years following the pioneering research that demonstrated the attraction of RKN specifically toward root tips(Lindford,1939).Both volatile and soluble components in the rhizosphere have been shown to influence nematode movement.

关键词： soybean crops soil

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Comparative transcriptome analysis of thiamethoxam susceptible and resistant Asian citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri(Hemiptera:Liviidae),using RNA-sequencing

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Insect Science 2021年第6期28卷 1708-1720页

作者： Xue Dong Chen Surendra Neupane Torrence A.Gill Hunter Gossett Kirsten S.Pelz-Stelinski Lukasz L.Stelinski entomology and nematology Department University of FloridaCitrus Research and Education Center700 Experiment station RdLake AlfredFL 33850USA Biology Department Chowan UniversityOne University PlaceMurfreesboroNC 27855USA

Asian citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri Kuwayama(Hemiptera:Liviidae),transmits the causal pathogen of huanglongbing and is a global pest of *** populations exhibit resistance to multiple insecticide modes of action in areas where these chemicals have been *** performed genome-wide transcriptional analysis for two field populations of ***(Wauchula and Lake Alfred,Florida,USA)that exhibit 1300-fold resistance to the neonicotinoid insecticide,thiamethoxam,and compared it to that of susceptible psyllids collected from the same area and without imposed *** Lake Alfred population responded to insecticide resistance by up-regulation of 240 genes and down-regulation of 148 *** Wauchula population exhibited similar patterns to the Lake Alfred population with up-regulation of 253 genes and down-regulation of 115 *** Ontology annotation associated with cellular processes,cell,and catalytic activity were assigned to differentially expressed genes(DEGs).The DEGs from Lake Alfred and Wauchula populations were mapped to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes pathways and implicated enrichment of metabolic pathways,oxidative phosphorylation,extracellular matrix-receptor interaction,terpenoid backbone biosynthesis,and insect hormone biosynthesis in the resistant populations,lip-regulation of 60s ribo-somal proteins,UDP-gluscoyltransferases,cytochrome c oxidases,and CYP and ABC transporters among thiamethoxam-resistant *** implicates a broad array of novel and conventionally understood resistance mechanisms.

关键词： cuticle genes enzymatic activity neonicotinoid resistance transcriptomics

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High throughput sequencing reveals Drosophila suzukiiresponses to insecticides

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Insect Science 2018年第6期25卷 928-945页

作者： Ruchir Mishra Joanna C.Chiu Gang Hua Nilesh R.Tawari Michael J.Adang Ashfaq A.Sial Department of entomology College of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA. Department of entomology and nematology College of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCall-fomiaUSA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA . Computational and Systems Biology Genome Institute of SingaporeSingapore.

Global climate change and acquired resistance to insecticides are threats to world food *** suzukii,a devastating invasive pest in many parts of the world,causes substantial economic losses to fruit production industries,forcing farmers to apply broad-spectrum insecticides frequently,This could lead to the development of insecticide *** determined the Lethal Concentration 50 (median lethal concen- tration,LC50)values of zeta-cypermethrin,spinosad,and malathion insecticides against *** colonies established from Clarke and Pierce county Georgia,United States. The LC50 values were 3 fold higher in the Pierce county population for all insecticide *** then used RNA sequencing to analyze the responses of Pierce and Clarke population flies surviving a LC50 treatment of the 3 *** identified a high num- ber of differentially expressed genes that are likely involved in detoxification and reduced cuticular penetration,especially in the Pierce population,with extensive overlap in differ- entially expressed genes between the 3 insecticide ***,we predicted fewer nonsynonymous single nucleotide variants having deleterious effects on protein function among detoxification,insecticide target,and cuticular protein encoding genes in Pierce *** a combination of increased gene expression and fewer deleterious single nu- cleotide variants highlights molecular mechanisms underlying the higher LC50 values for Pierce population flies.

关键词： differentially expressed genes Drosophila suzukii high throughput sequenc- ing insecticide response insertions and deletions single nucleotide variants

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Efficacy of Reduced-Risk Insecticides to Control Flower Thrips in Early-Season Blueberries and Their Effect on Orius insidiosus, a Natural Enemy of Flower Thrips

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Agricultural Sciences 2017年第5期8卷 356-370页

作者： Oscar E. Liburd Hector Alejandro Arevalo Elena M. Rhodes entomology and nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville FL USA

Flower thrips are one of the key pests in production of southern highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L. × V. darrowi Camp). They feed on the reproductive parts of the flower and reduce yield. Very few insecticides are available to manage thrips population. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate pre-existing and experimental insecticides for their efficacy against thrips. There is also a high demand for reduced-risk insecticides that are less toxic to beneficial insects and the environment. In this study, a number of conventional and reduced-risk insecticides were evaluated against flower thrips on farms in Florida and Georgia and in the laboratory. The best performing insecticides were also evaluated in the laboratory for their effects on Orius insidiosus Say, which is a common thrips’ predator in Florida. Assail 70WP (Acetamiprid) and SpinTor 2SC (Spinosad) were the most promising insecticides in reducing thrips numbers in the field as well as in laboratory experiments. SpinTor 2SC killed all of the thrips in laboratory arenas within 4 hours of application and showed low toxicity toward O. insidiosus. All of the compounds tested performed as well as the conventional pesticide malathion.

关键词： Blueberries Flower Thrips Frankliniella Insecticides Orius insidiosus

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Evaluation of Fluorescent Stains for Viability Assessment of the Potato Cyst Nematodes Globodera pallidaand G. ellingtonae

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Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2019年第8期10卷 244-258页

作者： Syamkumar Sivasankara Pillai Louise-Marie Dandurand Department of entomology Plant Pathology and Nematology University of Idaho Moscow USA

Potato cyst nematodes (PCNs), Globodera pallida and Globodera rostochiensis, are quarantine pests of potato which cause significant damage to production and farm gate revenue worldwide. Accurately assessing viability of PCN eggs is important for eradication and management programs. The goal of this study was to develop a quick and reliable fluorescent staining method to evaluate viability of G. pallida and Globodera ellingtonae eggs. The staining efficiency of eight fluorescent stains was evaluated using G. pallida eggs compared with the conventional Meldola’s Blue (MB) staining method. The staining efficiency of the fluorescent stains ranged from 80.33 ± 2.99 (Sytox Green) to 100% (Acridine Orange) for non-viable eggs. Two stains were further evaluated for their efficiency in assessing viability of encysted eggs from five different greenhouse-reared G. pallida cyst sources which contained both viable and non-viable eggs. For the G. pallida cyst sources, viability ofencysted eggs were estimated to be 41.02 ± 3.81 to 62.66% ± 3.12% when stained with Acridine Orange (AO) and 79.52% ± 1.54% viability for G. ellingtonae. Both staining time and stain concentration were significant for staining efficiency of released and encysted eggs. Staining time and concentration were optimized for released eggs at 4 h at 10 μg/ml and for encysted eggs at 16 h at 25 μg/ml respectively for AO. Fluorescent stains accurately and rapidly assessed percent egg viability and were determined to be as sensitive as a seven-day incubation with the Meldola’s Blue staining method.

关键词： Globodera pallida Globodera ellingtonae Nematode Viability Assessment Fluorescent Stains Meldola Blue

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Comparative morphometric and chemical analyses of phenotypes of two invasive ambrosia beetles （Euwallacea spp.） in the United States

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Insect Science 2017年第4期24卷 647-662页

作者： Yigen Chen Paul L. Dallara Lori J. Nelson Tom W. Coleman Stacy M. Hishinuma Daniel Carrillo Steven J. Seybold Department of entomology and nematology University of California Davis USA USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station Davis USDA Forest Service Forest Health Protection San Bemardino California USA Tropical Research and Education Center University of Florida Homestead Florida USA

The polyphagous shot hole borer （PSHB）, Euwallacea sp., was first detected in 2003 in Los Angeles County, California, USA. Recently, this invasive species has become a major pest of many hardwood trees in urban and wildland forests throughout southern California. PSHB is nearly identical in morphology and life history to the tea shot hole borer （TSHB）, Euwallaceafornicatus, an invasive pest of hardwoods in Florida, USA and many other parts of the world. However, molecular studies have suggested that the taxa are different species. We conducted morphometric and chemical analyses of the pheno- types of Euwallacea sp. collected in southern California （Los Angeles County） and E. fornicatus collected in Florida （Miami-Dade County）. Our analyses indicated that PSHB has 3 larval instars. The third larval instar was separated from the first 2 instars by head capsule width with 0 probability of misclassification. The body length, head width, and pronotal width of PSHB adult males were significantly less than those of females. Head width and pronotal width of female PSHB were significantly less than those of female TSHB. In contrast, body length, and ratio of body length to pronotal width of female PSHB were significantly greater than those of female TSHB. However, females of these 2 species could not be separated completely by these 4 measurements because of the overlapping ranges. Cuticular hydrocarbons detected in both species were exclusively alkanes （i.e., n-alkanes, monomethylalkanes, dimethylalkanes, and trimethylalkanes）. Cuticular hydro- carbon profiles of PSHB males and females were similar, but they both differed from that of TSHB females. Cuticular hydrocarbons of PSHB were predominantly internally branched dimethylalkanes with backbones of 31 and 33 carbons, whereas cuticular hydro- carbons of TSHB females were dominated by internally branched monomethylalkanes and dimethylalkanes with backbones of 28 and 29 carbons. Multiple compounds within these classes appear

关键词： cuticular hydrocarbons Euwallaceafornicatus larval instars polyphagousshot hole borer Scolytidae tea shot hole borer

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