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Yield and Profit from New and Old Wheat Varieties Using Certified and Farmer-Saved Seeds

Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(B) 2016年第3期6卷 141-150页

作者： Krishna Dev Joshi Attiq Ur Rehrnan Ghulam Ullah Amanullah Baloch Makhdoom Hussain Javed Ahmad Mohammad Ishaq Gulzar Ahmad Nadeem Abroad Syed Haider Abbas Maqsood Qamar Mumtaz Abroad Abid Ilyas Dar Badar-uddin Khokhar Muhammad Sajid Akhlaq Hussain Muhammad Imtiaz International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) Islamabad 44000 Pakistan Wheat Research Institute Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan Cereal Crops Research Institute Nowshera 24100 Pakistan Barani Agricultural Research Institute Chakwa148800 Pakistan National Agriculture Research Centre lslamabad 44000 Pakistan engro fertilizers limited Lahore 54000 Pakistan Wheat Research Institute Sakrand 67210 Pakistan Pride Seed Company Mardan 23200 Pakistan

Wheat is a strategic crop for food security in Pakistan with predominance of smallholder farmers. Farmer-saved seed （FSS） is used nearly by 75% of farmers for wheat production. Frequent variety or seed replacement is uncommon even among large-scale farmers, and certified seed （CS） is mostly bought to verify the value of new varieties. Replacing old and obsolete varieties by new high yielding disease resistant varieties is key to transferring new genetic gains to farmers. For the first time in Pakistan, on-farm factorial experiments involving seven new and five old wheat varieties and their corresponding CS and FSS were conducted. A total of 49 farmers representing major wheat cropping patterns throughout the country participated in these trials in the 2014 and 2015 wheat growing seasons. Analysis of variance revealed that there was highly significant difference between wheat varieties and between seed classes. New variety ＋ CS gave 33.8% more grain yield as well as higher marginal return over farmers＇ variety ＋ FSS. Grain yield and returns from new variety ＋ FSS and farmers＇ variety ＋ CS were at par. Scientific knowledge generated in this research demonstrated that use of CS ＆new wheat varieties is best option, while growing new varieties with FSS is a second choice for the advantages accruing from their built-in genetic traits of economic importance over growing CS of old and obsolete varieties. Having more flexible seed system will help accelerate the delivery of new genetic gains to farmers＇ fields.

关键词： Certified seed farmer-saved seed variety and seed replacement smallholder farmers yield return varietal popularization.

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Regularity of Erosion and Soil Loss Tolerance in Hilly Red-Earth Region of China

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Agricultural Sciences in China 2002年第11期1卷 1232-1237页

作者： SHUI Jian-guo, YE Yuan-lin and LIU Cha-cha(Institute of Soils & fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021 , P.R. China Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310006 , P.R. China) Institute of Soils & fertilizers Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hangzhou 310021 P.R.China Rice Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hangzhou 310006 P.R.China

The observations from 14-yr long-term investigation on the soil-water losses in the sloping red-earth (slope 8°- 15°) showed that soil-water losses were closely correlated with land slope and vegetative coverage. Runoff rate in sloping red-earth could be reduced doubly by exploitation, while the soil erosion was enhanced doubly during the first two years after exploitation. Subsequently, it tended to be stable. Soil erosion was highly positively correlated with land slope, i. e. soil erosion increased by 120 t km-2 yr-1 with a slope increase of 1°. On the contrary, soil erosion was highly negatively correlated with vegetative coverage, i. e. soil erosion was limited at 200 t km-2 yr-1 below as the vegetative coverage exceeded 60%. Furthermore, soil erosion was highly related with planting patterns, i. e. soil erosion in contour cropping pattern would be one sixth of that in straight cropping. Based on the view of soil nutrient balance and test data, it was first suggested that the soil loss tolerance in Q2 red clay derived red-earth should be lower than 300 t km-2 yr-1.

关键词： Soil-water losses Runoff coefficient Vegetative coverage Soil loss tolerance Hilly red-earth region.

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Effect of Combined Application of Organic Farming Aid (OFA) and Inorganic fertilizers on the Growth and Yield of Maize and Soil Microbial Properties in the Guinea Savannah Agro-Ecological Zone of Ghana

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2023年第10期14卷 1180-1206页

作者： O. A. Amoako J. Adjebeng-Danquah R. Y. Agyare E. K. Akley H. Abeka Julius Yirzagla T. K. Tengey P. Teinor R. Alhassan A. A. Ibrahim C. Naapoal CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute Tamale Ghana HJA Africa Company limited Accra Ghana

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of different rates of organic farming aid (OFA) and inorganic fertilizer on the productivity of maize, chemical and microbial properties of soil for higher economic value. Field experiments were conducted during the 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons at the research fields of CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute located at Nyankpala in the Guinea savannah agroecology of Ghana. The study consisted of five treatment combinations: full rate of OFA, full rate of NPK, 1/2 OFA + 1/2 NPK, full OFA + 1/2 NPK and a control (no OFA and no NPK) which were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Analysis of variance indicated significant (P 0.05) treatment and year interaction effect for all the growth parameters except for plant height, leaf area and leaf area index. Apart from hundred seed weight, treatment and year interaction effect for all the yield and yield components was significant (P 0.05). Application of full rate of NPK (90:60:60) resulted in the highest grain yield of 4960 kg·ha-1, however it was statistically similar to those obtained by the combined application of full rate of OFA (250 ml·ha-1) + 1/2 NPK and 1/2 OFA + 1/2 NPK with grain yield of 4856 kg·ha-1 and 4639 kg·ha-1 respectively. There was also a yield advantage of 197. 5%, 191.3%, 178.3 and 79.1% over the control for full NPK rate, full OFA rate + 1/2 NPK rate, 1/2 OFA rate + 1/2 NPK and full OFA rate respectively. Application of full OFA rate + 1/2 NPK enhanced soil basal respiration (evolved CO2) and mineralizable C, implying that, combination of full OFA rate and NPK fertilizer would be necessary to boost soil microbial activity and soil labile nutrient pool (labile C pool). This suggests that combined use of full OFA rate + 1/2 NPK fertilizer can be a better strategic tool for improving soil quality. The highest benefit cost ratios (BCR) of 2.58 and 3.77 were obta

关键词： Organic Farming Aid Labile C Pool Wood Vinegar Combined Application

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Effects of Long-term Located Fertilization on Evolution of Available Phosphorus and Phosphorus Pool in Shandong Fluvo-aquic Soil

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Agricultural Biotechnology 2018年第2期7卷 74-80页

作者： Yingpeng ZHANG Gang DUAN Cuiping SUN Ziwen ZHONG Ming SUN Yongping JING Jiafa LUO Luji BO Yan LI Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment Shandong Academy of Agricultural SciencesJinan 250100China Agricultural Bureau of Changqing District Jinan 250300China Key Laboratory of Agro-environment of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain Ministry of AgricultureJinan 250100China Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization Ministry of AgricultureJinan 250100China Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Control Jinan 250100China Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Environmental Protection fertilizers Jinan 250100China Ruakura Research Centre AgResearch LimitedHamilton 3240NewZealan

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of long-term located fertilization on soil phosphorus,the changes of soil available phosphorus(OlsenP),the evolution of soil total phosphorus(TP)and the ratio change of Olsen-P to TP(PAC)by 33-year fertilization experiments in winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in Shandong fluvo-aquic *** treatments were designed as no fertilization(CK),nitrogen fertilizer(N),nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer(NP),nitrogen and potassium fertilizer(NK),phosphate and potassium fertilizer(PK),nitrogen-phosphate-potassium fertilizer(NPK),reduced NPK fertilizer(N(15)PK),and increased NPK fertilizer(N_(25)PK).Meanwhile,eight organic fertilizer-added treatments were designed based on the application of inorganic fertilizer the same as the above *** results showed that TP,Olsen-P and PAC of treatments added with organic fertilizer were higher than those without organic fertilizer,and those of the treatments applied with phosphate fertilizer were higher than those of no phosphate *** the increase of years,soil P pool decreased due to crop absorption,nutrient loss and morphological transformation and other causes under the treatments of without and only phosphate fertilizer,while remained stable under the treatments added with organic *** PAC values were generally lower in fluvo-aquic soil,and it could be improved by the application of organic *** the whole,the application of chemical phosphate fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer could improve the phosphorus content in soil and ensure the supply of phosphorus *** study would provide scientific basis for fertilization management and soil fertility in fluvo-aquic soil.

关键词： Long-term located fertilization Fluvo-aquic soil Total phosphorus Available phosphorus Phosphorus pool Activity coefficient

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Yield-scaled nitrous oxide emissions from nitrogen-fertilized croplands in China: A meta-analysis of contrasting mitigation scenarios

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Pedosphere 2021年第2期31卷 231-242页

作者： Garba ALIYU Jiafa LUO Hong J.DI Deyan LIU Junji YUAN Zengming CHEN Tiehu HE Weixin DING State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008(China) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049(China) AgResearch limited Ruakura Research CentreHamilton 3240(New Zealand) Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences Lincoln UniversityLincoln 7646(New Zealand)

Nitrogen(N) losses in cropland resulting from the application of synthetic fertilizers decrease crop productivity and exacerbate environmental *** measures, such as reduction in N fertilizer application rates, can have unintentional adverse effects on crop yield. We conducted a meta-analysis of soil N_(2)O emissions from agricultural fields across China under contrasting mitigation scenarios as a novel approach to identify the most effective strategy for the mitigation of emissions of N_(2)O derived from N fertilizer use in China. Current standard agricultural practice was used as a baseline scenario(BS), and 12 potential mitigation scenarios(S1–S12) were derived from the available literature and comprised single and combinations of management scenarios that accounted for crop yield. Mitigation scenarios S6(nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate) and S11(20% reduction in N application rate plus nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide) in maize, rice, and wheat crops led to an average 56.0% reduction in N_(2)O emissions at the national level, whereas scenario S4(nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide) led to yield optimization, with a 14.0% increase for maize and 8.0% increase for rice as compared to the BS. Implementation of these most effective mitigation scenarios(S4, S6, and S11) might help China, as a signatory to the 2015 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(Paris Agreement), to achieve a 30% reduction in N_(2)O emissions by 2030.

关键词： crop yield emission factor nitrification inhibitor nitrogen partial factor productivity N_(2)O emission yield-scaled emission

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Response of microbial biomass and bacterial community composition to fertilization in a salt marsh in China

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2017年第6期36卷 80-88页

作者： MA Yuexin TAO Wei LIU Changfa LIU Jiao YANG Zhiping LI Jin LIU Jichen Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea of Ministry of Agriculture Dalian Ocean UniversityDalian 116023China Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Research of Liaoning Higher Education Dalian 116023China Dalian Huixin Titanium Equipment Development Company limited Dalian 116039China Institute of Ocean and Fisheries of Panjin Panjin 124001China

The effects of nitrogen （N） addition on microbial biomass, bacterial abundance, and community composition in sediment colonized by Suaeda heteroptera were examined by chloroform fumigation extraction method, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） in a salt marsh located in Shuangtai Estuary, China. The sediment samples were collected from plots treated with different amounts of a single N fertilizer （urea supplied at 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 g/kg （nitrogen content in sediment） and different forms of N fertilizers （urea, （NH4）2SO4, and NH4NO3, each supplied at 0.2 g/kg （calculated by nitrogen）. The fertilizers were applied 1-4 times during the plant-growing season in May, luly, August, and September of 2013. Untreated plots were included as a control. The results showed that both the amount and form of N positively influenced microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, and bacterial abundance. The DGGE profiles revealed that the bacterial community composition was also affected by the amount and form of N. Thus, our findings indicate that short-term N amendment increases microbial biomass and bacterial abundance, and alters the structure of bacterial community.

关键词： fertilization microbial biomass 16S rRNA gene abundance bacterial community salt marsh

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Organic matter fractions within macroaggregates in response to long-term fertilization in calcareous soil after reclamation

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2021年第6期20卷 1636-1648页

作者： CAO Han-bing XIE Jun-yu HONG Jie WANG Xiang HU Wei HONG Jian-ping College of Resources and Environment Shanxi Agricultural UniversityTaigu 030801P.R.China Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Nutrient Resources Taiyuan 030031P.R.China College of Environment Zhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou 310014P.R.China College of Land Science and Technology China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193P.R.China New Zealand Institute for Plant&Food Research limited Christchurch 8140New Zealand

Soil organic carbon(SOC)plays a key role in improving soil quality and optimizing crop *** little is known about the fate of macroaggregates(>0.25 mm)under long-term fertilization and their relative importance in SOC sequestration in reclaimed calcareous ***,the effects of mineral fertilizers and organic manure on the mechanisms of organic carbon(OC)stabilization in macroaggregates were investigated in this *** treatments were used:unfertilized control(CK),mineral fertilizer(NPK),compost chicken manure alone(M),and mineral fertilizers plus manure(MNPK).Samples from the 0–20 cm layer of soil receiving 11-year-long fertilization were separated into four fractions based on the macroaggregates present(unprotected coarse and fine particulate organic matter,cPOM and fPOM;physically protected intra-microaggregate POM,i POM;and biochemically protected mineral associated OM,MOM)by the physical fractionation *** with the control,the long-term application of NPK had little effect on SOC content,total nitrogen(TN)content,and OC and TN contents of macroaggregate *** contrast,incorporation of organic manure(MNPK)significantly increased SOC(45.7%)and TN(24.3%)*** of MNPK increased OC contents within macroaggregate-extracted fractions of cPOM(292.2%),fPOM(136.0%)and iPOM(124.0%),and TN contents within cPOM(607.1%),fPOM(242.5%)and iPOM(127.6%),but not the mineral associated organic carbon(MOM-C)and nitrogen(MOM-N)*** C fractions were more strongly and positively correlated with SOC increase than protected C fractions,especially for cPOM-C,indicating that SOC sequestration mainly occurred via cPOM-C in the studied calcareous *** conclusion,MNPK increased the quantity and stability of SOC by increasing the contents of cPOM-C and cPOM-N,suggesting that this management practice(MNPK)is an effective strategy to develop sustainable agriculture.

关键词： long-term fertilization carbon sequestration macroaggregate physical fractionation coarse particulate organic carbon calcareous soil

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河北省表层土壤有机碳和全氮空间变异特征性及影响因子分析

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植物营养与肥料学报 2016年第4期22卷 937-948页

作者：曹祥会龙怀玉周脚根邱卫文雷秋良刘颖李军穆真中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所农业部面源污染控制重点实验室北京100081 中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所长沙410125 The New Zealand Institute for Plant&Food Research limited Private Bag 4704ChristchurchNew Zealand

【目的】在陆地生态系统中,土壤全氮和有机碳是重要的生态因子。本研究基于土壤调查获得大量土壤剖面的空间和属性信息,研究河北的土壤有机碳和全氮的空间分布特征,为河北的土壤养分监测和管理提供科学依据,同时也为其他类似地区土壤采... 详细信息

【目的】在陆地生态系统中,土壤全氮和有机碳是重要的生态因子。本研究基于土壤调查获得大量土壤剖面的空间和属性信息,研究河北的土壤有机碳和全氮的空间分布特征,为河北的土壤养分监测和管理提供科学依据,同时也为其他类似地区土壤采样提供参考,减少采样成本。【方法】运用传统统计学和地统计学分析方法,以变异函数为工具,初步分析了河北土壤全氮和有机碳的空间变异特征,并应用普通克立格法和回归克里格法进行插值,得出全氮和有机碳含量的分布格局。【结果】研究区土壤有机碳和全氮的平均值分别为15.25 g/kg和1.23 g/kg,变异系数分别为0.73和0.63,属于中等强度变异。经对数转换后,土壤有机碳和全氮均符合正态分布。选择球状模型作为土壤有机碳和全氮的半方差函数理论模型,土壤有机碳和全氮的块金值/基台值的比值分别为1.8%和1.2%,有机碳和全氮的块金系数均小于25%,表明有机碳和全氮具有强烈的空间相关性。有机碳和全氮空间变异的尺度范围不同,分别为50.400 km和59.200 km。研究区的有机碳总体空间分布规律是有机碳在北部较高、南部较低,呈自北向南递减趋势,土壤全氮与有机碳的空间分布趋势相似,但有机碳的空间变异特征较全氮明显,这种空间分布格局主要受环境因子、土壤质地、土壤类型以及土地利用类型等的影响,其中环境因子中的气温和海拔对有机碳和全氮的影响较大。通过比较普通克里格和回归克里格的预测结果,回归克里格能较好地反映东南部有机碳和全氮较低地区的局部变异外,对于西北部的山区也能更好地反映碳、氮与地形及气候等因素的关系。【结论】河北土壤有机碳和全氮的空间变异和分布特征较为类似,受地形地貌、气候等因素的影响。通过比较普通克里格法和回归克里格法的空间预测结果,回归克里格法可以消除环境因子的影响,从而得到更准确的空间预测结果,因此建议使用回归克里格法进行预测,以期获得一个更为准确的土壤有机碳和全氮的空间预测结果。

关键词：地统计学普通克里格回归克里格有机碳全氮空间变异影响因子

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