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Considerations in Applying the General Equilibrium Approach to Environmental Health Assessment

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2005年第5期18卷 356-361页

作者： YUE WAN HONG-WEI YANG AND TOSHIHIKO MASUI Department of Social Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology Japan Center for Energy Environment ＆ Climate Change Energy Research Institute National Development ＆ Reform Commission China Social ＆ Environmental Systems division National Institute for Environmental Studies Japan

There are currently two commonly used approaches to assessing economic impacts of health damage resulting from environmental pollution： human capital approach （HCA） and willingness-to-pay （WTP）. WTP can be further divided into averted expenditure approach （AEA）, hedonlc wage approach （HWA）, contingent valuation approach （CVA） and hedonlc price approach （HPA）. A general review of the principles behind these approaches by the authors indicates that these methods are incapable of unveiling the mechanism of health impact from the point of view of national economy. On a basis of economic system, the shocks brought about by health effects of environmental pollution change the labor supply and medical expenditure, which in turn affects the level of production activity in each sector and the total final consumption pattern of the society. The general equilibrium approach within the framework of macroeconomic theory is able to estimate the health impact on national economy comprehensively and objectively. Its mechanism and applicability are discussed in detail by the authors.

关键词： Human capital approach Willingness-to-pay General equilibrium approach

How much has China achieved in the first three years of its 11^(th) Five-Year Plan?

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China Economist 2010年第2期5卷 6-15页

作者： The Research Group of the division of Economics at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences The Research Group of the division of Economics at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

In the first three years of implementing the 11th Five-Year Plan, China had progressed toward fulfillment of most of the key targets on schedule. The economic growth rate far exceeded expectations, and the Chinese economy continued to gain fast growth momentum; China met expectations with regard to people's living standards and public services and delivered remarkable results in social development and improvement of people's livelihood; China met expectations with regard to most resource and environmental indicators and to some extent enhanced its sustainable development capabilities. However, the economic development mode needs urgent transformation, as economic structural contradictions remain acute; China faces increasing resource and environmental pressures and mounting difficulties to meet energy consumption reduction targets. On these bases, this report put forward policy suggestions for the policy arrangement of the 12th Five-Year Plan.

关键词： 11th Five-Year Plan implementation results

Plasma treated carbon paper electrode greatly improves the performance of iron-hydrogen battery for low-cost energy storage

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2022年第2期33卷 1095-1099页

作者： Chuang Bai Fandi Ning Saifei Pan Huihui Wang Yali Li Min Shen Xiaochun Zhou School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China division of Advanced Nanomaterials Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionicsChinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Suzhou 215123China

A novel iron-hydrogen battery system, whose Fe^(3+)/Fe^(2+)cathode circumvents slowly dynamic oxygen reduction reaction and anode is fed with clean and cordial hydrogen, is systematically investigated. The maximum discharge power density of the iron-hydrogen battery reaches to 96.0 m W/cm^(2) under the room temperature. The capacity reaches to 17.2 Ah/L and the coulombic and energy efficiency are achieved to99% and 86%, respectively, during the galvanostatic charge-discharge test. Moreover, stable cycling test is observed for more than 240 h and 100 cycles with the iron sulfate in the sulfuric acid solutions. It is found that air plasma treatment onto the cathode carbon paper can generate the oxygen-containing groups and increase the hydrophilic pores proportion to ca. 40%, enlarging nearly 6-fold effective diffusion coefficient and improving the mass transfer in the battery performance. The simple iron-hydrogen energy storage battery design offers us a new strategy for the large-scale energy storage and hydrogen involved economy.

关键词： Plasma modification Carbon paper Iron ion Hydrogen Hybrid battery

China's Current Real Estate Cycle and Potential Financial Risks

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China & World economy 2006年第4期14卷 57-74页

作者： Xiaojing Zhang Tao Sun Institute of Economics Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Beijing China Deputy division Chief Financial Stability Bureau the People＇s Bank of China Beijing China

The real estate cycle and financial stability are closely correlated. In light of global real estate bubbles, China ＂s real estate cycle has attracted wide attention since 1998. The present paper analyzes three driving factors in the context of the current real estate cycle; namely, economic growth, maeroeconomie environment and institutional establishment. Supported by econometric analysis using quarterly data from 1992-2004, the present paper indicates that real estate will develop steadily and that housing priees will consistently rise in the relative long run. Based on quantitative analysis, it is concluded that the implications of the current real estate cyele for finaneial stability include risks of real estate credit exposure, government guarantees and maturity mismatch. Some eorresponding poliey implications are discussed, such as advancing banking reform, encouraging the rational behavior of local governments and strengthening the regulation of foreign eapital flows in and out of China＇s real estate industry.

关键词： real estate cycle financial stability bank credit

China's Economic Growth:International Spillovers

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China & World economy 2011年第5期19卷 31-46页

作者： Vivek Arora Athanasios Vamvakidis Assistant Director Asia-Pacific Departmcnt IMFWashingtonDCUSA Deputy division Chief Stratcgy Policy and Review DepartmentIMFWashingtonDCUSA

China＇s economic development since 1978 is one of the most significant events in recent history. Many aspects of this development have been extensively analyzed in the published literature. However, the implications of China ＇s growth for other countries have been relatively neglected. The present paper attempts to fill this gap in the literature. The paper first presents some facts on China＇s role in the world economy, and then measures the impact of China＇s growth on growth in the rest of the world in both the short term and the long term. Short-run estimates based on vector autoregression and error correction models suggest that spillover effects of China＇s growth have increased in recent decades, Long- term spillover effects, estimated through growth regressions based on panel data, are also significant and have extended in recent decades beyond Asia. The estimates are robust to the effects of global and regional shocks, changes in model specification, and sample period.

关键词： China growth spiUovers

Heat Transfer in a Liquid-Solid Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor with Low Surface Tension Media

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2013年第8期21卷 844-849页

作者： H.R.Jin H.Lim D.H.Lim Y.Kang Ki-Won Jun Chemical Engineering Chungnam National University Daejeon Korea Korea Chemical Technology division Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology

Heat transfer characteristics between the immersed heater and the bed content were studied in the riser of a liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed, whose diameter and height were 0.102 m (ID) and 2.5 m, respectively. Effects of liquid velocity, particle size, surface tension of liquid phase and solid circulation rate on the overall heat transfer coefficient were examined. The heat transfer coefficient increased with increasing particle size or solid circulation rate due to the higher potential of particles to contact with the heater surface and promote turbulence near the heater surface. The value of heat transfer coefficient increased gradually with increase in the surface tension of liquid phase, due to the slight increase of solid holdup. The heat transfer coefficient increased with the liquid velocity even in the higher range, due to the solid circulation prevented the decrease in solid holdup, in contrast to that in the conventional liquid-solid fluidized beds. The values of heat transfer coefficient were well correlated in terms of dimensionless groups as well as operating variables.

关键词： heat transfer coefficient liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed liquid surface tension solid circulation rate particle size

The Influence of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)on Oil Release Behavior of Polylactide-Based Composites Filled with Linseed Cake

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Journal of Renewable Materials 2020年第4期8卷 347-363页

作者： Olga Mysiukiewicz Mateusz Barczewski Joanna Szulc division of Polymer Processing Institute of Material TechnologyPoznan University of TechnologyPoznan61-138Poland Departament of Food Industry Technology and Engineering Faculty of Chemical Technology and EngineeringUTP University of Science and TechnologyBydgoszcz85-326Poland

In order to limit the negative impact of industry on natural environment,ecological alternatives to conventional polymers are being *** of the most popular“green”polymers is polylactide,which can also be successfully applied as a matrix of *** application of ground linseed cake as a filler for polylactide-based composites is in line with the idea of Circular economy,and moreover it provides a modifying effect on the polymer by increasing its crystallinity and reducing its *** effect is caused by the presence of linseed oil which can be released to the polymeric matrix in a non-controlled *** order to control the miscibility of the oil and the polymer,we modified the filler particles with poly(vinyl alcohol)before introducing it to the *** concluded that poly(vinyl alcohol),which does not mix with oil,encapsulated the active ingredients inside the filler *** evaluated the mechanical properties of the composites containing 5,10,20 and 30 wt%of the filler in a static tensile stress and by means of dynamic mechanical thermal *** and thermal properties were tested using differential scanning calorimetry as well as thermogravimetric ***’microstructure was evaluated by Scanning Electron *** was found that modifying the oil-rich filler with poly(vinyl alcohol)helps to reduce its release to the matrix and thus limits the plasticizing effect of linseed *** result was in accordance with our hypothesis.

关键词： Polylactide poly(vinyl alcohol) waste filler oil release

Microstructure and compressive deformation of hypereutectic Al-Si-Fe based P/M alloys fabricated by spark plasma sintering

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Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 2014年第7期24卷 2346-2351页

作者： Jewoosoo KIM Gwang-Seon JANG Mok-Soon KIM Jeong-Keun LEE division of Materials Science and Engineering Inha University R&D Center Dong Yang Piston Co. Ltd

Al-Si-Fe based alloys are attractive light-weight structural materials for automotive engine components because of their high wear resistance, low density and low thermal expansion. Al-17Si 5Fe-2Cu-lMg-lNi-lZr alloys were produced in compact form by a spark plasma sintering （SPS） technique using gas atomized powders. The mean grain size of the compact was 530 nm, and fine equiaxed grains and uniformly distributed precipitates were observed in the compact. The compressive deformation behavior of the SPSed materials was examined at various temperatures and strain rates. All the true stress-true strain curves showed steady state flow after reaching peak stress. The peak stress decreased with increasing test temperature and decreasing strain rate. In the deformed specimens, the equiaxed grain morphology and the dislocation microstructure within the equiaxed grains were observed. These facts strongly indicated the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization during high temperature deformation of the present alloy.

关键词： Al-Si-Fe alloy powder metallurgy spark plasma sintering, microstructure deformation

From Bench to the Clinic: The Path to Translation of Nanotechnology-Enabled mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines

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Nano-Micro Letters 2022年第3期14卷 1-31页

作者： Diana O.Lopez‑Cantu Xichi Wang Hector Carrasco‑Magallanes Samson Afewerki Xingcai Zhang Joseph V.Bonventre Guillermo U.Ruiz‑Esparza division of Engineering in Medicine Department of MedicineBrigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02115USA division of Health Sciences and Technology Harvard University-Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyBostonMA 02115USA division of Renal Medicine Department of MedicineBrigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02115USA Tecnologico de Monterrey School of Engineering and Sciences64849 MonterreyNLMexico Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Union HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430022People’s Republic of China Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health BostonMA 02115USA Tecnologico de Monterrey School of Medicine and Health Sciences64849 MonterreyNLMexico John A.Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard UniversityCambridgeMA 02138USA School of Engineering Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02139USA

During the last decades,the use of nanotechnology in med icine has effectively been translated to the design of drug delivery systems,nanostructured tissues,diagnostic platforms,and novel nanomaterials against several human diseases and infectious ***-enabled vaccines have been positioned as solutions to mitigate the pandemic outbreak caused by the novel pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus *** fast-track the development of vaccines,unprecedented industrial and academic collaborations emerged around the world,resulting in the clinical translation of effective vaccines in less than one *** this article,we provide an overview of the path to translation from the bench to the clinic of nanotechnology-enabled messenger ribonucleic acid vaccines and examine in detail the types of delivery systems used,their mechanisms of action,obtained results during each phase of their clinical development and their regulatory approval *** also analyze how nanotechnology is impacting global health and economy during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.

关键词： Nanovaccines mRNA Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19