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Characterization of Particle Emissions of Turbocharged Direct Injection Gasoline Engine in Transients and Hot Start Conditions

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Journal of Thermal Science 2021年第6期30卷 2056-2070页

作者： Vincent BERTHOME David CHALET Jean-François HETET Ecole Centrale de Nantes LHEEA Lab.(ECN/CNRS)Nantes 44300France

Reducing pollutant emissions,particularly soot particles emitted by internal combustion engines,is a major challenge for car *** this paper,the experimental setup is a turbocharged three-cylinders gasoline direct injection engine installed on a HORIBA dynamic test driven by a HORIBA STARS *** particle-measuring device is a Pegasor Particles Sensor that measures the current carried by previously electrically charged *** hot engine stabilized tests,with lambda parameter lower or equal to one,have very low emission levels,unlike dynamic *** a consequence,the present paper deals with experiments in transient *** diesel engine,cycle tests show that particulate emissions vary *** understand the phenomenon,a simple transient was created and reproduced a hundred times in order to obtain enough data to analyze and compare these different *** transient starts from idle to reach the speed of 2000 r/min and 60 N·m in 5 *** reach this point,it is necessary to stay in full load for about 3 *** maximum deviations of particles reaches 85%with the standard deviationσ=18%.The cylinder pressure sensor shows significant variations at the very beginning of each transient,i.e.,during the first 500 *** kind of result was observed for Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycles(WLTC)with a maximum deviations of particles reaching 75%withσ=30%,on Real Drive Emissions Cycle(RDE)with a maximum deviations of particles reaching 45%withσ=22%and for a 300 s Mini-Cycle with a maximum deviations of particles reaching 70%withσ=17%.The Mini-cycle is made up of the five largest accelerations of the WLTP cycle.A complete analysis highlights the importance of filling the first engine *** depends on the opening speed of the throttle,the position of the crankshaft at the beginning of the transient,and the acceleration of the first ***,the NO_(x) sensor shows very slight variations between each *** a consequence,i

关键词： particles gasoline engine cycle-to-cycle variations transients oil consumption

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Oil Strategies Benefits over Different Driving Cycles using Numerical Simulation

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Journal of Thermal Science 2017年第4期26卷 371-377页

作者： Hanna SARA David CHALET Mickael CORMERAIS Jean-Francois HETET Ecole Centrale de Nantes LHEEA lab.(ECN/CNRS)NantesFrance MANN+HUMMEL France LavalFrance

95 g/kin is the allowed quantity of CO2 emission normalized to NEDC to be set in 2020. In addition, NEDC will be replaced by more severe driving cycles and will be united worldwide. To respond to those criteria, automotive industries are working on every possible field. Thermal management has been proved to be effective in reducing fuel consumption. Cold start is a primordial reason of ovcrconsumption, as the engine highest efficiency is at its optimal temperature. At cold start, the engine＇s oil is at its lowest temperature and thus its higher viscosity level. A high viscosity oil generates more friction, which is one of the most important heat losses in the engine. In th/s paper, hot oil storage is studied. Numerical simulations on GT-suite model were done. The model consists of a 4-cylinder turbocharged Diesel engine using a storage volume of 1 liter of hot oil. Ambient temperature vari- ation were taken into consideration as well as different driving cycles. Furthermore, different configurations of the thermal strategy （multifunction oil sump） were proposed and evaluated. Lubricant temperature and viscosity profiles are presented in the article as well as fuel consumption savings for different configurations, driving cycles and ambient temperatures.

关键词： Thermal management Hot oil storage Oil sump Oil viscosity Fuel consumption

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New 0D/1D Physical Approach for Modelling the Gas Dynamics Behavior Inside the Intake System of an Engine

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Journal of Thermal Science 2018年第4期27卷 394-403页

作者： David CHALET Mohamad YASSINE Jérome MIGAUD Ecole Centrale de Nantes LHEEA lab. (ECN/CNRS) Nantes France MANN+HUMMEL France Laval France

The competition among carmakers to introduce the most innovative solutions is growing day by day. Since few years, simulation is being used widely in automotive industries. Instead of building costly prototypes and expending fuel for doing tests on a real engine, simulation became a good solution before taking new decisions. Concerning the study of gas dynamics and pressure wave's propagation in the intake system of an internal combustion engine, a precise modelling is needed in order to obtain good results. Unfortunately, the computational time for these simulations is considered as high compared to the real time. The main objective of the new approach presented in this paper, is to reduce simulation time of models in the internal combustion engine simulation code, allowing them to accomplish many engine simulations faster than one-dimensional non-linear approach. A transfer function is defined to link directly the relative pressure and the air mass flow rate. In a second time, the model is included into an internal combustion engine simulation code. The results obtained with this code are compared to experimental ones which are measured on a one-cylinder engine test bench. A good agreement is obtained between the experimental results and the numerical one. The model was improved by adding a transfer function for temperature evolution. The convergence time is then reduced as well as the global simulation time of the model.

关键词： gas dynamics compressible flow transfer function accuracy simulation time engine

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Optimization of Metal Coverage on the Emitter in n-Type Interdigitated Back Contact Solar Cells Using a PC2D Simulation

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Chinese Physics Letters 2013年第7期30卷 254-257页

作者： ZHANG Wei CHEN Chen JIA Rui Janssen G.J.M. ZHANG Dai-Sheng XING Zhao Bronsveld P.C.P. Weeber A.W. JIN Zhi LIU Xin-Yu Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029 ecn Solar Energy P.O.X1NL-1755 ZGPettenThe Netherlands

In interdigitated back contact(IBC)solar cells,the metal-electrode coverage on a p-type emitter is optimized by a PC2D *** result shows that the variation of the metal coverage ratio(MCR)will affect both the surface passivation and the electrode-contact properties for the p-type emitter in IBC solar *** find that when R_(c) ranges from 0.08 to 0.16Ω·cm^(2),the MCR is optimized with a value of 25%and 33%,resulting in a highest energy-conversion *** dependences of both Voc and fill factor on MCR are simulated in order to explore the mechanism of the IBC solar cells.

关键词： emitter digit electrode

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Parametric geometry representations for wind turbine blade shapes

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High Technology Letters 2011年第3期17卷 325-332页

作者： Chen Jin Zhang Shiqiang Hou Yi Eecen Peter State Key Laboratory of Mechanic Transmission Chongqing University Chongqing 400030 P. R. China ecn Energy research Centre of the Netherlands Petten The Netherlands

Based on the Joukowsky transformation and Theodorsen method, a novel parametric function （shape function） for wind turbine airfoils has been developed. The airfoil design space and shape control equations also have been studied. Results of the analysis of a typical wind turbine airfoil are shown to illustrate the evaluation process and to demonstrate the rate of convergence of the geometric characteristics. The coordinates and aerodynamic performance of approximate airfoils is rapidly close to the baseline airfoil corresponding to increasing orders of polynomial. Comparison of the RFOIL prediction and experimental results for the baseline airfoil generally show good agreement. A universal method for three-dimensional blade integration-＂ Shape function/Distribution function＂ is presented. By changing the parameters of shape function and distribution functions, a three dimensional blade can be designed and then transformed into the physical space in which the actual geometry is defined. Application of this method to a wind turbine blade is presented and the differences of power performance between the represented blade and original one are less than 0. 5%. This method is particularly simple and convenient for bodies of streamline forms.

关键词： wind turbine airfoils aerodynamic convergence shape function/ distribution function orders of polynomial (OP)

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Simulations of helicopter ditching using smoothed particle hydrodynamics

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2020年第4期32卷 653-663页

作者： G.Oger A.Vergnaud B.Bouscasse J.Ohana M.Abu Zarim M.De Leffe A.Bannier L.Chiron Y.Jus M.Gamier S.Halbout D.Le Touze Ecole Centrale de Nantes LHEE4 Laboratory(ECN and CNRS)NantesFrance Nextflow Software NantesFrance Bureau Veritas Solutions Marine and Offshore NantesFrance Airbus Helicopters MarseilleFrance

The present work has been performed in the context of the European H2020 project increased SAfety and Robust certification for ditching of Aircrafts and Helicopters(SARAH)dedicated to improving the safety during aircraft ditching,together with a better understanding of the physics involved during those crucial *** numerical and experimental aspects are explored during this *** present study focuses on the application of the smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)method to the simulation of helicopter ditching,as this method has proved to be particularly adapted to free surface impact *** are performed for three different impact configurations,for which the numerical solutions are compared with the experimental results(forces and kinematics)obtained at the wave basin of Ecole Centrale Nantes on a mock-up shape provided by Airbus *** of sensitivity analysis are also provided when needed,to assess the role of some parameters involved in the helicopter behavior and the fluid pressure forces exerted during the impact.

关键词： Helicopter ditching smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH) Free surface impact wave impact numerical vs experimental solutions

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以太网进军工业领域

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电子产品世界 2006年第07X期13卷 66-66,70页

作者： Jon Titus ecn

一提到'以太网',大多数人的脑海中就会立即浮现出办公网络的图景,而不会想到工业控制系统.然而,以太网是一种通用的通信媒质,因此将其用于要求苛刻的工业I/O与自动化系统时不会有什么问题.

关键词：工业领域以太网工业控制系统自动化系统办公网络 I/O

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Java:不仅仅是一门语言

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电子产品世界 2006年第07X期13卷 95-96页

作者： Jon Titus ecn

如果询问工程师们在嵌入式计算机语言方面有什么偏好的话,Java很有可能不会出现在他们开列的清单中.这意味着他们已经错过了利用某种出色的面向对象的开发'环境'的机会,这种环境所提供的精细的内存管理、严格的类型检查和安全功能正是C... 详细信息

如果询问工程师们在嵌入式计算机语言方面有什么偏好的话,Java很有可能不会出现在他们开列的清单中.这意味着他们已经错过了利用某种出色的面向对象的开发'环境'的机会,这种环境所提供的精细的内存管理、严格的类型检查和安全功能正是C和C++等语言所缺乏的.

关键词：计算机语言 Java 面向对象内存管理安全功能嵌入式工程师 C++ 环境

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微处理器和片上系统的全速实时调试

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电子产品世界 2004年第06B期11卷 86-87页

作者： Jon Titus ecn

过去十多年时间里,微处理器和微控制器生产商都提供了独立于CPU工作的内建监视功能.现在,许多处理器芯片都做为标准特性提供背景调试(background-debug功能.德州仪器(TI)、Freescale和First Silicon Solutions(FSS)等公司为设计人员进... 详细信息

过去十多年时间里,微处理器和微控制器生产商都提供了独立于CPU工作的内建监视功能.现在,许多处理器芯片都做为标准特性提供背景调试(background-debug功能.德州仪器(TI)、Freescale和First Silicon Solutions(FSS)等公司为设计人员进一步扩展了背景调试技术.

关键词：微处理器片上系统实时调试背景调试

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让软件测试适应代码要求

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电子产品世界 2005年第1B期12卷 76-77页

作者： Jon Titus ecn

Steve Robinson是2-Step公司的一名顾问,他的所有项目均采用相同的软件测试技术.为确保软件的运行正确无误,他始终将硬件与软件的测试同步进行.Robinson指出,'有时,我们必须让一个产品通过极端的条件测试,从而把软件推向它的极限.有时... 详细信息

Steve Robinson是2-Step公司的一名顾问,他的所有项目均采用相同的软件测试技术.为确保软件的运行正确无误,他始终将硬件与软件的测试同步进行.Robinson指出,'有时,我们必须让一个产品通过极端的条件测试,从而把软件推向它的极限.有时我会用示波器来查看软件与硬件如何相互作用,但我们从不单独测试完整的软件.'

关键词：软件测试技术代码 Steve 相互作用示波器硬件

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