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Continuous Symmetry Analysis of the Effects of City Infrastructures on Invariant Metrics for House Market Volatilities

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2022年第12期133卷 619-638页

作者： Chien-Wen Lin Jen-Cheng Wang Bo-Yan Zhong Joe-Air Jiang Ya-Fen Wu Shao-Wei Leu Tzer-En Nee Department of Electrical Engineering Taiwan Ocean UniversityKeelung20224Taiwan Department of Computer Science National Taipei University of EducationTaipei10671Taiwan Department of Electronic Engineering Chang Gung UniversityTao-Yuan City33302Taiwan Department of Biomechatronics Engineering National Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan Department of Medical research China Medical University HospitalChina Medical UniversityTaichung40447Taiwan Department of Electronic Engineering Ming Chi University of TechnologyNew Taipei City24301Taiwan Artificial Intelligence research Center Chang Gung UniversityTao-Yuan City33302Taiwan

The invariant metrics of the effects of park size and distance to public transportation on housing value volatilities in Boston,Milwaukee,Taipei and Tokyo are *** reveal a Cobb-douglas-like *** scaleinvariant exponents corresponding to the percentage of a green area(a)are 7.4,8.41,14.1 and 15.5 for Boston,Milwaukee,Taipei and Tokyo,respectively,while the corresponding direct distances to the nearest metro station(d)are−5,−5.88,−10 and−10,for Boston,Milwaukee,Taipei and Tokyo,*** multiphysics-based analysis provides a powerful approach for the symmetry characterization of market *** scaling exponent ratio between park area percentages and distances to metro stations is approximately 3/*** scaling exponent ratio expressed in the perceptual stimuli will remain invariant under group *** to Stevens’power law,the perception-dependent feature spaces for parks and public transportation can be described as two-and three-dimensional conceptual *** on the prolongation structure of the Schroinger equation,the SL(2,R)models are used to analyze the house-price *** with Shepard’s law,the rotational group leads to a Gaussian pattern,exhibiting an extension of the special linear group structure by embedding SO(3)■R(3)in SL(2,R).The influencing factors related to cognitive functioning exhibit substantially different scaleinvariant characteristics corresponding to the complexity of the socio-economic ***,the contour shapes of the price volatilities obtained from the group-theoretical analysis not only corroborate the impact of the housing pricing estimation in these cities but also reveal the invariant features of their housing markets are faced with the forthcoming sustainable development of big data technologies and computational urban science research.

关键词： Invariant metrics Schroinger equation group theory

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CONSORT 2010说明与详述:报告平行对照随机临床试验指南的更新

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中西医结合学报 2010年第8期8卷 701-741页

作者： David Moher Sally Hopewell Kenneth F Schulz Victor Montori Peter C Gφtzsche P J Devereaux Diana Elbourne Matthias Egger douglas G Altman 周庆辉卞兆祥刘建平 Ottawa Methods centre Clinical Epidemiology ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawa HospitalOttawaOntario centre for Statistics in Medicine University of Oxford Wolfson College Family Health International Research Triangle Park UK Knowledge and Encounter research Unit Mayo Clinic Rochester The Nordic Cochrane centre Rigshospitalet Blegdamsvej 9 McMaster University Health Sciences centre Hamilton Medical Statistics Unit London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM) University of Bern

大量证据显示随机对照临床试验(randomised controlled trial,RCT)的报告质量不理想。报告不透明,则读者既不能评判试验结果是否真实可靠,也不能从中提取可用于系统综述的信息。最近的方法学分析表明,报告不充分和设计不合理与对治疗效... 详细信息

大量证据显示随机对照临床试验(randomised controlled trial,RCT)的报告质量不理想。报告不透明,则读者既不能评判试验结果是否真实可靠,也不能从中提取可用于系统综述的信息。最近的方法学分析表明,报告不充分和设计不合理与对治疗效果产生评价偏倚有关。这种系统误差对RCT损害严重,而RCT正是以其能减少或避免偏倚而被视为评价干预措施的金标准。为了提高RCT的报告质量,一个由专家和编辑组成的工作组制定了临床试验报告的统一标准(Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials,CONSORT)声明。CONSORT声明于1996年首次发表,并于2001年更新。声明由对照检查清单和流程图组成,供作者在报告RCT时使用。许多核心医学期刊和主要国际性编辑组织都已认可CONSORT声明。该声明促进了对RCT的严格评价和解释。2001年,在对CONSORT进行修订时,人们就已经清楚地认识到,解释和说明制定CONSORT声明的原理,有助于研究人员等撰写或评价临床试验报告。一篇CONSORT说明与详述文章于2001年同2001版CONSORT声明一起发表。2007年1月的专家会议之后,对CONSORT声明作了进一步修订并已发表,即"CONSORT2010声明"。这次更新对原版对照检查清单作了文字上的修改,使其更为明晰,并收入了与一些新近才认识到的主题相关的建议,如选择性报告结局产生的偏倚。说明与详述文件旨在加强人们对CONSORT声明的理解、应用和传播,这次也作了大量修订,对每一项新增或更新的清单条目的含义和增改理由进行了解释,提供了优秀的报告实例,还尽可能地提供了相关的经验性研究的参考文献。文中收入了若干流程图实例。"CONSORT2010声明"、其说明与详述文件,以及相关网站(***),对于改进随机临床试验报告必将有所裨益。

关键词：临床试验随机对照试验指南 CONSORT

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Clinical, cellular, microscopic, and ultrastructural studies of a case of fibrogenesis imperfecta ossium

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Bone research 2017年第2期5卷 123-136页

作者： Melissa L Barron Mark S Rybchyn Sutharshani Ramesh Rebecca S Mason S Fiona Bonar Paul Stalley Sundeep Khosla Bernie Hudson Christopher Arthur Edward Kim Roderick J Clifton-Bligh Phillip B Clifton-Bligh Department of Physiology School of Medical Sciences Bosch Institute University of Sydney Sydney 2006 New South Wales Australia douglas HanlyMoir Pathology Macquarie Park 2113 New South Wales Australia Department of Orthopaedics Royal Prince Alfred HospitalCamperdown 2050 New South Wales Australia Department of Endocrinology Mayo Clinic Rochester 55905 MN USA Department of Microbiology Royal North Shore Hospital St Leonards 2065 New South Wales Australia Department ofMicrobiology Royal North Shore Hospital St Leonards 2065 New South Wales Australia Department of Haematology Royal North Shore Hospital St Leonards 2065 New South Wales Australia Department of Endocrinology Royal North Shore Hospital St Leonards 2065 New SouthWales Australia and Faculty of Medicine University of Sydney Sydney 2006 New South Wales Australia

Fibrogenesis imperfecta ossium is a rare disorder of bone usually characterized by marked osteopenia and associated with variable osteoporosis and osteosclerosis, changing over time. Histological examination shows that newly formed collagen is abnormal, lacking birefringence when examined by polarized light. The case presented demonstrates these features and, in addition, a previously undocumented finding of a persistent marked reduction of the serum C3 and C4. Osteoblasts established in culture from a bone biopsy showed abnormal morphology on electron microscopy and increased proliferation when cultured with benzoylbenzoyl-ATP and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, contrasting with findings in normal osteoblasts in culture. A gene microarray study showed marked upregulation of the messenger RNA(mRNA) for G-protein-coupled receptor 128(GPR 128), an orphan receptor of unknown function and also of osteoprotegerin in the patient's osteoblasts in culture. When normal osteoblasts were cultured with the patient's serum, there was marked upregulation of the mRNA for aquaporin 1. A single pathogenetic factor to account for the features of this disorder has not been defined, but the unique findings described here may facilitate more definitive investigation of the abnormal bone cell function.

关键词： ultrastructural cellular Clinical

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电休克治疗用于精神分裂症的激越症状:随机对照试验的meta分析（英文）

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上海精神医学 2017年第1期29卷 1-14页

作者：顾小静郑伟郭彤 Gabor S.Ungvari Helen F.K.CHiu 操小兰 CarlD＇Arcy 孟祥飞宁玉萍项玉涛 The Second Affiliated hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Henan Mental Hospital Guangzhou Brain hospital (Guangzhou Huiai hospital) Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University The National Clinical research Center for Mental Disorders ＆ Beijing Anding hospital Capital Medical University School of Psychiatry ＆ Clinical Neurosciences University of Western Australia The University of Notre Dame Australia/Marian centre Department of Psychiatry Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Psychological Healthcare ＆ Shenzhen Institute of Mental Health Shenzhen Kangning Hospital ＆ Shenzhen Mental Health Center Department of Psychiatry ＆ School of Public Health University of Saskatchewan Department of Psychiatry McG ill University and the Douglas Mental Health University Institute Unit of Psychiatry Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Macao

背景:躁动在精神分裂症治疗中是一个重大挑战。电休克疗法(ECT)对各种精神疾病是一种快速、有效、和安全的治疗,但ECT对精神分裂症的躁动治疗的相关meta分析还尚未报道。目标:系统地评估单一使用ECT或ECT合并使用其他抗精神病药物(APs)... 详细信息

背景:躁动在精神分裂症治疗中是一个重大挑战。电休克疗法(ECT)对各种精神疾病是一种快速、有效、和安全的治疗,但ECT对精神分裂症的躁动治疗的相关meta分析还尚未报道。目标:系统地评估单一使用ECT或ECT合并使用其他抗精神病药物(APs)的对精神分裂症的躁动治疗的有效性和安全性。方法:进行随机对照试验(RCT)的系统文献搜索。两名独立评估者筛选研究、提取结果数据与现有数据的安全性、进行质量评估和数据合成。采用建议、评估、开发、和评价的工作组等级(GRADE)来判断主要成果的证据的总体水平。结果:一共确定了中国有七个RCTs,包括ECT单一使用(4个RCTs有5个治疗组,n=240)和ECT-APs合并使用(3个RCTs,n=240)。研究对象平均年龄34.3(4.5)岁,平均治疗时间为4.3(3.1)周。所有7个RCTs非盲法,并且根据Jadad量表7项RCTs均被评为低质量。样本的Meta分析发现与APs单一治疗相比,单一使用ECT或ECT-APs合并使用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)的躁动子因子评分改善均无显著性差异(ECT单一使用:weighted mean difference(WMD)=-0.90,95%confidence interval(CI):(-2.91,1.11),p=0.38;ECT-APs合并使用:WMD=-1.34,(95%CI:-4.07,1.39),p=0.33)。然而,PANSS总分(WMD=-7.13,I^2=0%,p=0.004)和兴奋子因子评分(WMD=-1.97,p<0.0001)、ECT治疗14天后的PANSS总分(WMD=-7.13,I^2=0%,p=0.004)和第7天和第14天的兴奋子因子评分(WMD=-1.97to-1.92,p=0.002 to 0.0001)均显示单一使用ECT优于APs单一治疗。ECT-APs合并治疗结束时(WMD=-10.40,p=0.03)和治疗后7天(WMD=-5.01,p=0.02)的PANSS总分显示均优于APs单药治疗。头痛(p=0.0001,number-needed-to-harm(NNH)=3,95%CI=2-4)是唯一的ECT单一治疗后不良反应,并且ECT单一治疗组比APs单药治疗发生的更频繁。根据GRADE方法,主要结果的证据水平被评为"非常低"(37.5%)和"低"(50%)。结论:基于中国7个RCTs合并的数据发现ECT单一治疗或ECT-APs合并治疗在精神分裂症患者的躁动治疗中并没有优势。然而,ECT单一治疗或ECT-APs合并治疗均与PANSS总分减低显著有关。需要高质量的RCTs验证目前的解释。

关键词：电休克治疗躁动精神分裂症头痛,meta分析

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N-linked glycoproteomic profiling in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2022年第29期28卷 3869-3885页

作者： Qi-Wei Liu Hao-Jie Ruan Wei-Xia Chao Meng-Xiang Li Ye-Lin Jiao douglas G Ward She-Gan Gao Yi-Jun Qi Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment/Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics/Cancer hospital The First Affiliated HospitalCollege of Clinical MedicineHenan University of Science and TechnologyLuoyang 471003Henan ProvinceChina Department of Pathology The First People’s Hospital of Luo YangLuoyang 471000Henan ProvinceChina Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirmingham B152TTUnited Kingdom

BACKGROUND Mass spectrometry-based proteomics and glycomics reveal post-translational modifications providing significant biological insights beyond the scope of genomic *** To characterize the N-linked glycoproteomic profile in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)via two complementary *** Using tandem multilectin affinity chromatography for enrichment of N-linked glycoproteins,we performed N-linked glycoproteomic profiling in ESCC tissues by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis(2-DE)-based and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification(iTRAQ)labeling-based mass spectrometry quantitation in parallel,followed by validation of candidate glycoprotein biomarkers by Western *** 2-DE-based and iTRAQ labeling-based quantitation identified 24 and 402 differentially expressed N-linked glycoproteins,respectively,with 15 in common,demonstrating the outperformance of iTRAQ labeling-based quantitation over 2-DE and complementarity of these two *** showed the distinct compositions of functional categories between proteins and glycoproteins with differential expression associated with *** blot analysis validated the up-regulation of total procathepsin D and high-mannose procathepsin D,and the downregulation of total haptoglobin,high-mannose clusterin,and GlcNAc/sialic acid-containing fraction of 14-3-3ζ in ESCC *** serum levels of glycosylated fractions of clusterin,prolinearginine-rich end leucine-rich repeat protein,and haptoglobin in patients with ESCC were remarkably higher than those in healthy *** Our study provides insights into the aberrant N-linked glycoproteome associated with ESCC,which will be a valuable resource for future investigations.

关键词： Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma N-linked glycoprotein Post-translational modification Lectin Cathepsin D Haptoglobin 14-3-3ζ

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Acupuncture-moxibustion in treating irritable bowel syndrome: How does it work?

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第20期20卷 6044-6054页

作者： Xiao-Peng Ma Jue Hong Cai-Ping An Dan Zhang Yan Huang Huan-Gan Wu Cui-Hong Zhang Sian Meeuwsen Key Laboratory of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Immunology Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University Graduate School Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine research Department Bodystat Ltd. Douglas IM99 1DQ United Kingdom

Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)is a functional intestinal disease characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort and altered bowel *** has drawn great attention because of its high prevalence,reoccurring symptoms,and severe influence on patients’*** clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of acupuncturemoxibustion in treating *** attention has been paid to research regarding the action mechanisms of acupuncture-moxibustion for IBS,and the adoption of modern techniques has achieved some *** article reviews the latest advances among actionmechanism studies from the perspectives of gastrointestinal motility,visceral hypersensitivity,the braingut axis,the neuroendocrine system,and the immune *** is shown that acupuncture-moxibustion can effectively regulate the above items,and thus,this treatment should have a high efficacy in the treatment of *** article also identifies existing problems in current mechanism research and raises several ideas for future *** revelations regarding these action mechanisms will promote the application of acupuncture-moxibustion in treating IBS.

关键词： Irritable bowel syndrome Acupuncturemoxibustion Me

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Enduring association between irritable bowel syndrome and war trauma during the Nicaragua civil war period:A population-based study

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2023年第45期29卷 5953-5961页

作者： Edgar M Peña-Galo Daniel Wurzelmann Javier Alcedo Rodolfo Peña Loreto Cortes douglas Morgan Department of Digestive Diseases Miguel Servet University HospitalZaragoza 50009AragonSpain Javier Alcedo Aragon Health Research InstituteIIS AragonZaragoza 50009AragonSpain Department of Mental Health Carolina PartnersDurhamNC 27707United States Department of Data Analysis CIDE(ResearchDevelopment and Epidemiology Center)Tegucigalpa 11101Francisco MorazánHonduras School of Medicine National Autonomous University of NicaraguaLeon 21000LeonNicaragua Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology UAB University of Alabama BirminghamBirminghamAL 35233United States School of Medcine The University of North CarolinaChapel HillNC 9500United States

BACKGROUND Psychosocial and physical trauma are known risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome(IBS),including in war veterans,whereas war exposure in civilians is *** experienced two wars,1970-1990:The Sandinistas Revolution(1970s)and The Contra War(1980s).Our aim was to investigate the role of exposure to war trauma in the subsequent development of IBS in the context of an established health surveillance system(11000 households).AIM To investigate in a civilian population the relationship between exposure to war trauma and events and the subsequent development of IBS in the context of an established public health and demographic surveillance system in western *** We conducted a nested population-based,cross-sectional study focused on functional gastrointestinal disorders based on Rome II criteria.1617 adults were randomly *** Spanish Rome II Modular Questionnaire and Harvard Trauma Questionnaire were validated in *** exposure was assessed with 10 measures of direct and indirect war trauma and post-war *** exposures were defined by≥3 *** The prevalence of IBS was 15.2%[Female(F)17.1%,Male(M)12.0%],war exposure 19.3%(F 9.3%,M 36.7%),and post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)5.6%(F 6.4%,M 4.3%).Significant associations with IBS in the civilian population were observed(adjusted by gender,age,socioeconomic status,education):physical and psychological abuse[adjusted odds ratio(aOR):2.25;95%confidence interval:1.1-4.5],witnessed execution(aOR:2.4;1.1-5.2),family member death(aOR:2.2;1.2-4.2),and multiple exposures(aOR:2.7;1.4-5.1).PTSD was independently associated with IBS(aOR:2.6;1.2-5.7).CONCLUSION An enduring association was observed in the Nicaragua civilian population between specific civil war-related events and subsequent *** populations in regions with extended armed conflict may warrant provider education and targeted interventions for patients.

关键词： Irritable bowel syndrome Functional gastrointestinal disorders War trauma Civil war Post-traumatic stress disorder Central America

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Re-expression of DIRAS3 and P53 induces apoptosis and impaired autophagy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

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Military Medical research 2021年第2期8卷 148-161页

作者： Zhe Liu douglas R.Hurst Xing Qu Li-Guang Lu Chen-Zhou Wu Yu-Yu Li Yi Li State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases&National Clinical research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengdu 610041China Department of Head and Neck Oncology West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengdu 610041China Department of Pathology University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAL 35216USA Department of Evidence Based Stomatology West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengdu 610041China.

Background:p53 and DIRAS3 are tumor suppressors that are frequently silenced in *** this study,we sought to determine whether the concurrent re-expression of p53 and DIRAS3 could effectively induce head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC)cell ***:CAL-27 and SCC-25 cells were treated with Ad-DIRAS3 and rAd-p53 to induce re-expression of DIRAS3 and p53 *** effects of DIRAS3 and p53 re-expression on the growth and apoptosis of HNSCC cells were examined by TUNEL assay,flow cytometric analysis and *** effects of DIRAS3 and p53 re-expression on Akt phosphorylation,oncogene expression,and the interaction of 4 E-BP1 with eIF4 E were determined by real-time PCR,Western blotting and immunoprecipitation *** ability of DIRAS3 and p53 re-expression to induce autophagy was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy,LC3 fluorescence microscopy and Western *** effects of DIRAS3 and p53 re-expression on HNSCC growth were evaluated by using an orthotopic xenograft mouse ***:TUNEL assay and flow cytometric analysis showed that the concurrent re-expression of DIRAS3 and p53 significantly induced apoptosis(P<0.001).MTT and flow cytometric analysis revealed that DIRAS3 and p53 reexpression significantly inhibited proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest(P<0.001).Mechanistically,the concurrent re-expression of DIRAS3 and p53 down-regulated signal transducer and activation of transcription 3(STAT3)and upregulated p21WAF1/CIP1 and Bax(P<0.001).DIRAS3 and p53 re-expression also inhibited Akt phosphorylation,increased the interaction of eIF4 E with 4 E-BP1,and reduced the expression of c-Myc,cyclin D1,vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),fibroblast growth factor(FGF),epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)and Bcl-2(P<0.001).Moreover,the concurrent re-expression of DIRAS3 and p53 increased the percentage of cells with GFP-LC3 puncta compared with that in cells treated with control adenovirus(50.00%±4.55%vs.4.67%±1.25%,P<

关键词： DIRAS3 p53 Apoptosis Autophagy Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

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The Impact of Enteric Contrast on Radiologist Confidence in Intravenously Enhanced MDCT of the Abdomen and Pelvis: A Randomized Controlled Trial

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Advances in Computed Tomography 2014年第2期3卷 18-23页

作者： Christopher M. Garcia Steven Boe Bret Coughlin David M. O’Sullivan douglas Moote Michael T. O’Loughlin Devika Jajoo Steve Lee Department of Radiology Hartford Hospital Hartford USA Department of research Hartford Hospital Hartford USA

After Institutional Review Board approval, 109 patients ≥ 18 years old undergoing intravenously enhanced Computed Tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis were prospectively enrolled and randomized into two arms. Patients with a history of inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis were excluded. The control arm received routine enteric contrast and intravenous contrast. The experimental arm did not receive oral contrast, but received the standard dose of intravenous (IV) contrast. One of four experienced body radiologists reviewed the studies and rated his/her confidence on a scale of 1 (no confidence) to 10 (all confident findings have been made). Confidence levels were compared between groups. The 109 subjects were distributed 54 (49.5%) in the control arm and 55 (50.5%) in the experimental arm. The average confidence level in the control arm was 8.7 ± 0.9 versus 8.4 ± 1.1 in the experimental arm, which is not statistically significant (p value = 0.09). Among radiologists, the average confidence levels ranged from 6 - 10 in the control arm and 7 - 10 in the experimental arm. No examinations were repeated for technical considerations in either group. No studies were repeated in the experimental group in order to administer oral contrast. When each radiologist was compared to the others, there were no differences in confidence level between pairs in the control arm;however, there were statistically significant differences in confidence level among three pairs of radiologists for the experimental arm. There was no statistically significant difference in radiologist confidence level between intravenously enhanced abdomen and pelvis CTs with enteric contrast and without enteric contrast.

关键词： Enteric Contrast Outpatient CT Confidence Oral Contrast

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Identification of new genetic risk factors for prostate cancer

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2009年第1期11卷 49-55页

作者： Michelle Guy Zsofia Kote-Jarai Graham G. Giles Ali Amin Al Olama Sarah K. Jugurnauth Shani Mulholland Daniel A. Leongamomlert Stephen M. Edwards Jonathan Morrison Helen I. Field Melissa C. Southey Gianluca Severi Jenny L. Donovan Freddie C. Hamdy David R Dearnaley Kenneth R. Muir Charmaine Smith Melisa Bagnato Audrey T. Ardern-Jones Amanda L. Hall Lynne T. O＇Brien Beatrice N. Gehr-Swain Rosemary A. Wilkinson Angela Cox Sarah Lewis Paul M. Brown Sameer G. Jhavar Malgorzata Tymrakiewicz Artitaya Lophatananon Sarah L. Bryant The UK Genetic Prostate Cancer Study Collaborators British Association of Urological Surgeons＇ Section of Oncology and The UK ProtecT Study Collaborators Alan Horwich Robert A. Huddart Vincent S. Khoo Christopher C. Parker Christopher J. Woodhouse Alan Thompson Tim Christmas Chris Ogden Cyril Fisher Charles Jameson Colin S. Cooper Dallas R. English John L. Hopper David E. Neal douglas E Easton Rosalind A. Eeles Section of Cancer Genetics The Institute of Cancer Research Sutton Surrey SM2 5NG UK Cancer Epidemiology centre The Cancer Council Victoria Carlton VIC 3053 Australia centre for Molecular Environmental Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology The University of Melbourne Carlton VIC 3053 Australia Cancer research UK Genetic Epidemiology Unit University of Cambridge Strangeways Laboratory Worts Causeway Cambridge CB1 8RN UK Department of Oncology University of Cambridge Strangeways Laboratory Worts Causeway Cambridge CB1 8RN UK Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory Department of Pathology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3052 Australia Department of Social Medicine University of Bristol Bristol BS8 2PR UK Academic Urology Unit University of Sheffield Sheffield SIO 2JF UK The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust Sutton Surrey SM2 5PT and London SW3 6JJ UK University of Nottingham Medical School Queens Medical Centre Nottingham NG7 2UH UK Institute for Cancer Studies University of Sheffield Sheffield SIO 2RX UK Surgical Oncology （Uro-Oncology S4） Departments of Oncology and Surgery University of Cambridge Addenbrooke＇s Hospital Cambridge CB2 2QQ UK A full list of authors is provided in the Supplementary Note online Ka Shing Centre Cambridge CB2 ORE UK Cancer research UK Cambridge research Institute Li Ka Shing Centre Cambridge CB2 ORE UK.

There is evidence that a substantial part of genetic predisposition to prostate cancer （PCa） may be due to lower penetrance genes which are found by genome-wide association studies. We have recently conducted such a study and seven new regions of the genome linked to PCa risk have been identified. Three of these loci contain candidate susceptibility genes： MSMB, LMTK2 and KLK2/3. The MSMB and KLK2/3 genes may be useful for PCa screening, and the LMTK2 gene might provide a potential therapeutic target. Together with results from other groups, there are now 23 germline genetic variants which have been reported. These results have the potential to be developed into a genetic test. However, we consider that marketing of tests to the public is premature, as PCa risk can not be evaluated fully at this stage and the appropriate screening protocols need to be developed. Follow-up validation studies, as well as studies to explore the psychological implications of genetic profile testing, will be vital prior to roll out into healthcare.

关键词： prostate cancer genetics susceptibility loci SNPs relative risks

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