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Amorphous BaTiO_(3) Electron Transport Layer for thermal Equilibrium-Governed γ-CsPbl_(3) Perovskite Solar Cell with High Power Conversion Efficiency of 19.96%

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energy & environmental Materials 2024年第3期7卷 291-302页

作者： Changhyun Lee Chanyong Lee Kyungjin Chae Taemin Kim Seaeun Park Yohan Ko Yongseok Jun Department of energy Environment Policy and Technology Graduate School of Energy and Environment(KU-KIST Green School)Korea UniversitySeoul 02841Republic of Korea Nano Electronic Materials and Components Research Center Gumi Electronics and Information Technology Research Institute(GERI)Gumi 39171Republic of Korea energy Materials Research Center Clean Energy Research DivisionKorea Institute of Science and Technology(KIST)Seoul 02792Republic of Korea

Compared to organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites,the cesium-based allinorganic lead halide perovskite(CsPbI_(3))is a promising light absorber for perovskite solar cells owing to its higher resistance to thermal ***,additional research is required to reduce the nonradiative recombination to realize the full potential of CsPbI_(3).Here,the diffusion of Cs ions participating in ion exchange is proposed to be an important factor responsible for the bulk defects inγ-CsPbI_(3)*** based on first-principles density functional theory reveal that the[PbI_(6)]^(4-)octahedral tilt modifies the perovskite crystallographic properties inγ-CsPbI_(3),leading to alterations in its bandgap and crystal *** addition,by substituting amorphous barium titanium oxide(a-BaTiO_(3))for TiO_(2)as the electron transport layer,interfacial defects caused by imperfect energy levels between the electron transport layer and perovskite are ***-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy demonstrate that a-BaTiO_(3)forms entirely as a single phase,as opposed to Ba-doped TiO_(2)hybrid nanoclusters or separate domains of TiO_(2)and BaTiO_(3)***,inorganic perovskite solar cells based on the a-BaTiO_(3)electron transport layer achieved a power conversion efficiency of 19.96%.

关键词： amorphous BaTiO_(3) electron transport layer moisture γ-CsPbI_(3)

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Current situation and future perspectives of European natural gas sector

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Frontiers in energy 2015年第1期9卷 1-6页

作者： Vincenzo BIANCO Federico SCARPA Luca A. TAGLIAFICO division of thermal energy and environmental conditioning DIME/TEC University of Genoa Via All'OperaPia 15/A 16145 Genova Italy

Gas market in Europe is experiencing a radical change for different reasons, partially determined and accelerated by economic downturn of the last period. In the past few years, many European countries adopted energy policies largely based on the utilization of natural gas. In fact, a sharp increase of the demand was observed and, at the same time, a lot of infrastructures were developed to assure the necessary supply. In the last few years, due to the economic downturn, natural gas demand decreased, causing a consistent oversupply on the market, which altered the consolidated dynamics of the sector. Under- standing the changes currently under development in the European gas market is of paramount importance in order to design future strategies for the sector; in particular, it is necessary to understand if the present situation will cause a reshaping of the sector.

关键词： natural gas natural gas market oil-linkedcontracts supply infrastructures gas hubs

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Long-term experimental study on gravitational sedimentation of water aluminum oxide nanofluid at different volumetric concentrations

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2023年第3期38卷 303-315页

作者： Mario Misale Johan Augusto Bocanegra Annalisa Marchitto DIME-Department of Mechanics Energetics Management and Transportation Thermal Engineering and Environmental Conditioning Division University of Genoa

The stability of nanofluids is critical in engineering applications. The sedimentation of the nanoparticles in the base fluid limits the stability of the nanofluid. By measuring the absorbance of a visible laser through water aluminum oxide nanofluids it is possible to observe the evolution of the sedimentation process. A simple experimental setup consisting of a thin closed test cavity（0.8 mm or 1.5 mm thickness）filled with nanofluid and a set of laser diodes-photodiodes pairs was used in the experiments to determine the absorbance and the local volumetric concentration. The evolution of the local volumetric concentration of the nanofluid was measured at 13 height positions along the test cavity. Five initial volumetric concentrations of aluminum oxide（Al2O3; 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 3.0% and 4.0%） were considered. Data and digital photos were acquired for a total time lapse of 260 days. The results were independent of the container thickness. The same general trend was consistent for all the initial volumetric concentrations, i.e., the sedimentation rate decreases in time. The time evolution of the volumetric concentration was compared with results from a modified Mason-Weaver model. The comparison was possible by setting a variable sedimentation velocity in the model, suggesting that the sedimentation is affected by the dynamics of nanoparticle clusters with diverse sizes produced by agglomeration.

关键词： Pure nanofluid Aluminum oxide Nanoscale alumina particles Colloid sedimentation Nanoparticle settling Mason-Weaver model

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Low-carbon design towards sustainable city development:Integrating glass space with natural greenery

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2024年第9期67卷 2659-2674页

作者： CAO Shi-Jie ZHANG CunKuan WANG JunQi FENG ZhuangBo CHEN Gang HAGHIGHAT Fariborz School of Architecture Southeast UniversityNanjing 210096China Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Urban Heat and Pollution Control Southeast UniversityNanjing 210096China Global Centre for Clean Air Research Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringFaculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordGU27XHUnited Kingdom The Third Construction Co. Ltd.of China Construction Eighth Engineering DivisionNanjing 210046China energy and Environment Group Department of BuildingCivil and Environmental EngineeringConcordia UniversityMontrealH3G 1M8Canada

The rapid urban development has caused serious problems such as high energy consumption and carbon emissions,especially under the context of climate *** are particularly energy-intensive,generating about one third of global energyrelated carbon *** with active solutions(like mechanical systems),passive solutions offer the potential to balance energy consumption,thermal comfort,and ecological *** potential solution is the integration of green glass space(GGS)into passive building *** is a transitional building space with glass curtain walls that exhibit excellent insulation performance during ***,GGS is susceptible to overheating during summer,which limits its ***,this work proposes a strategy of integrating vertical greenery into GGS,leveraging the nature-based solution of greenery(i.e.,flourishes in summer and withers in winter)to address this seasonal challenge of *** results demonstrated that the strategic application of vertical greenery can effectively mitigate the overheating in GGS and improve comprehensive *** using full coverage of vertical greenery in a linear layout,the air temperature of GGS and cooling energy consumption were largely reduced by 8.02℃and 12.2%,respectively,while the carbon abatement was enhanced by up to 101.11 *** on a comprehensive evaluation of energy,economy,and environmental benefits,it is recommended to use a greenery configuration with 50%coverage in a vertical linear layout for *** integration of greenery into building design can mitigate adverse environmental impacts,reduce energy consumption,and contribute to the sustainable development of low-carbon cities.

关键词： low-carbon design green glass space vertical greenery greenery configuration carbon abatement

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Mechanistic modeling of copper corrosions in data center environments

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Building Simulation 2024年第3期17卷 483-492页

作者： Rui Zhang Jianshun Zhang Roger Schmidt Jeremy L.Gilbert Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering College of Engineering and Computer ScienceSyracuse UniversitySyracuseNY13244USA Buildings and Transportation Science division Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37830USA SyracuseCoE-New York Center of Excellence in environmental and energy Systems Syracuse University727 E.Washington StreetSyracuseNY13244USA Department of Bioengineering Clemson UniversityClemson-Medical University of South Carolina Bioengineering ProgramCharlestonSC29425USA

Air-side economizers are increasingly used to take advantage of“free-cooling”in data centers with the intent of reducing the carbon footprint of ***,they can introduce outdoor pollutants to indoor environment of data centers and cause corrosion damage to the information technology *** evaluate the reliability of information technology equipment under various thermal and air-pollution conditions,a mechanistic model based on multi-ion transport and chemical reactions was *** model was used to predict Cu corrosion caused by Cl_(2)-containing pollutant *** also accounted for the effects of temperature(25℃and 28℃),relative humidity(50%,75%,and 95%),and *** also identified higher air temperature as a corrosion barrier and higher relative humidity as a corrosion accelerator,which agreed well with the experimental *** average root mean square error of the prediction was 13.7Å.The model can be used to evaluate the thermal guideline for data centers design and operation when Cl_(2)is present based on pre-established acceptable risk of corrosion in data centers’environment.

关键词： chloride pollutant mixture copper corrosion model data center temperature relative humidity synergistic effect

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Influencing assessment of different heating modes on thermal comfort in electric vehicle cabin

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energy and Built Environment 2024年第4期5卷 556-567页

作者： Jingjing Wu Jianlin Liu Jingde Zhao Yun Su College of environmental Science and Engineering Donghua UniversityShanghaiChina College of Fashion and Design Donghua UniversityShanghaiChina

Electric vehicle(EV)is more environmental-friendly than gasoline vehicle because the main power is not *** the heating system,the waste heat generated by engines is recycled to heat the cabin of gasoline ones,while the EV need extra electric energy consumption for heating the cabin which decreases the driving *** comfort system(PCS)has been reported that it is an alternative technique to improve occupant thermal comfort and indirectly save building heating *** study aims to investigate the occupants’thermal sensation under four heating modes in the EV cabin in winter,including no heating,only PCS,only air conditioning,and both air conditioning and *** field survey is conducted in a parked EV with 12 *** thermal comfort indexes(PMV,SET^(*),and operative temperature Top)are used and assessed for their applicability in the thermal environment of the *** show that the thermal environment in the cabin is non-uniform and dynamic with the air conditioning mode,while the PCS mode just slightly affects the temperature differences ***,the subjects’thermal sensations cannot maintain neutral or warmer under the PCS mode *** results of PMV are lower than the subjects’actual thermal sensation votes(TSV),while the results of SET^(*)and Top show significant linear relationships with the TSV for the correlation coefficients above *** to the air conditioning mode,the neutral SET^(*)and neutral Top are decreased by 2.7℃ and 1.6℃ under the mode with PCS and air conditioning,*** findings indicate that PCS not only has a positive effect on improving the cabin environment and occupant’s thermal sensation but also has the potential to lower the setting temperature of air conditioner of EVs in winter.

关键词： Electric vehicle Personal comfort system(PCS) thermal sensation votes(TSV) Standard effective temperature(SET∗)

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Deep learning analysis of smart meter data from a small sample of room air conditioners facilitates routine assessment of their operational efficiency

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energy and AI 2024年第2期16卷 42-52页

作者： Weiqi Wang Zixuan Zhou Sybil Derrible Yangqiu Song Zhongming Lu Department of Computer Science and Engineering Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Bater BayKowloonHong Kong Special Administrative Region division of Environment and Sustainability Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong Kong Special Administrative Region Department of Civil Materials and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUnited States

Room air conditioners (RACs) are crucial household appliances that consume substantial amounts of electricity. Their efficiency tends to deteriorate over time, resulting in unnecessary energy wastage. Smart meters have become popular to monitor electricity use of home appliances, offering underexplored opportunities to evaluate RAC operational efficiency. Traditional supervised data-driven analysis methods necessitate a large sample size of RACs and their efficiency, which can be challenging to acquire. Additionally, the prevalence of zero values when RACs are off can skew training. To overcome these challenges, we assembled a dataset comprising a limited number of window-type RACs with measured operational efficiencies from 2021. We devised an intuitive zero filter and resampling protocol to process smart meter data and increase training samples. A deep learning-based encoder–decoder model was developed to evaluate RAC efficiency. Our findings suggest that our protocol and model accurately classify and regress RAC operational efficiency. We verified the usefulness of our approach by evaluating the RACs replaced in 2022 using 2022 smart meter data. Our case study demonstrates that repairing or replacing an inefficient RAC can save electricity by up to 17 %. Overall, our study offers a potential energy conservation solution by leveraging smart meters for regularly assessing RAC operational efficiency and facilitating smart preventive maintenance.

关键词： Room air conditioning Operational energy efficiency Smart meter Deep learning Smart preventive maintenance

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A New Method for the Aging Evaluation of Oil-Paper Insulation Using η-Butanol and Methanol

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CSEE Journal of Power and energy Systems 2024年第2期10卷 717-726页

作者： Jianyi Wang Yuanxiang Zhou Jun Liu Zhaowei Wang Song Bai Jiayu Lu Department of High Voltage China Electric Power Research InstituteBeijing 100192China State Key Laboratory of Power Grid environmental Protection Beijing 100192China Electrical Engineering Department Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Solar Storage division of State Key Lab of Power System and Generation Equipment School of Electrical EngineeringXinjiang UniversityUrumqi 830047China State Grid Wuwei Electric Power Supply Company Wuwei 733000China

To improve the accuracy and efficiency of the aging life prediction and assessment of transformer oil-paper insulation,and to make up for the deficiencies of traditional characterizers,such as 2-furfural,carbon monoxide,and carbon dioxide,a method for the simultaneous determination of methanol,ethanol,n−propanol,and η-butanol in oil with a single injection is established by headspace-gas chromatography-mass *** measured results show that the determination limits of the four alcohol characterizers can be controlled to 10μg/kg *** on this method,the change patterns of the above four alcohols with thermal aging time and degree of polymerization are obtained through thermal aging experimental ***,η-propanol,and η-butanol in oil indicate nearly linear correlations with thermal aging time and degree of polymerization,similar to that of *** analyzing 52 sets of measured data of 500 kV EHV transformers in operation,η-butanol is found to have excellent performance,and a new method to evaluate the aging state of oil-paper insulation employing η-butanol and methanol is proposed along with the aging attention value *** measured data of 500 kV EHV transformers in operation indicate that the combination of η-butanol and methanol as the preferred characterizers can effectively compensate for the shortcoming of traditional characterizers in the early stages of aging,and the feasibility of the method is *** possible pathways for the generation of η-butanol by cellulose cleavage during the aging of oil-paper are proposed from the chemical structure of cellulose.

关键词： Aging characterization determination method methanol η-butanol oil-paper insulation 500 kV transformers

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Numerical Simulations of a Micro-Channel Wall-Tube Condenser for Domestic Refrigerators

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Tsinghua Science and Technology 2010年第4期15卷 426-433页

作者：张会勇李俊明李红旗 Key Laboratory of thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education Department of Thermal Engineering Tsinghua University College of environmental and energy Engineering Beijing University of Technology

In recent years, microchannel heat exchangers have begun to be used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems. This paper introduces a microchannel condenser for domestic refrigerators with a theoretical model to evaluate its performance. The model was used to obtain the optimal design parameters for different numbers of tubes and tube lengths. The results show that the needed tube height of the down- ward section decreases with the number of tubes and the tube diameter. Compared with the original con- denser, the present optimal design parameters can reduce the total metal mass by 48.6% for the two wall two side design and by 26% for the two wall one side design. Thus, the present condenser is much better than the condensers usually used in actual domestic refrigerators.

关键词： refrigerator micro-tube condenser numerical simulation

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Approach for C_(1)to C_(2)products commencing from carbon dioxide:A brief review

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Petroleum 2024年第3期10卷 373-398页

作者： G.R.Dey Radiation and Photochemistry division Bhabha Atomic Research CentreTrombayMumbai 400085India Homi Bhabha National Institute AnushaktinagarMumbai 400094India

The carbon dioxide(CO_(2))conversion to useable compounds remains a great contest to scientists,engineers,and environmentalists with regard to the reverse of the oxidative degradation of *** conversion is essential for the development of complementary fuels and raw materials for various industries,which in turn will help in avoiding the drastic increase in tropospheric temperature due to greenhouse effect leading to global *** solar energy is the earth's essential power source along with the other various forms of energy for example fossil fuels,hydropower,wind,and biomaterials,*** final goal is to establish the artificial photosynthesis,which can be replicated thru various chemical reduction techniques of CO_(2)by employing appropriate photo-,thermal-and electro-catalysts in order to produce different one carbon atom(C_(1))and higher carbon atoms containing ***,the utilization of clean and sustainable CO_(2)towards high-value products is of great interest today due to the recognized environmental worries and subsequent lessening of the fossil fuels utilization load to meet the energy demand of *** way,solar energy can directly and/or indirectly be altered and stored in chemical energy form for industrial as well as societal *** this article our endeavor is to summarize the advances in CO_(2)chemical reduction research area till date especially in free radical-based methods such as electrochemical,photochemical and plasma chemical for the development of carbon species up to two carbon(C_(2))atoms containing products perceived in the chemical reduction of CO_(2).The author hopes that this piece of work will be helpful to researchers and readers who are focused on the field of CO_(2).

关键词： Photocatalysis Electrocatalysis Plasmolysis Thermolysis Carbon dioxide Chemical reduction

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