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A Comprehensive Review on Preclinical Safety and Toxicity of Medicinal Plants

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Clinical Complementary Medicine and Pharmacology 2024年第1期4卷 95-111页

作者： Madhav Nilakanth Mugale Kapil Dev Bhumika S.More Vaishali Sunil Mishra Kaveri R.Washimkar Kishan Singh Rakesh Maurya Srikanta Kumar Rath Debprasad Chattopadhyay Naibedya Chattopadhyay division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute(CSIR-CDRI)Lucknow 226031India division of phytochemistry CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants(CSIR-CIMAP)Lucknow 226015India Medicinal and Process Chemistry division CSIR-CDRI Lucknow 226031India division of Endocrinology CSIR-CDRI Lucknow 226031India division of Ethnomedicine ICMR-National Institute of Traditional MedicineNehru NagarBelagavi 590010and ICMR-Virus UnitKolkata 700010India Department of Health Research NSHM Knowledge CampusKolkata 700051India

Background:Globally,80%people use plant-derived products for treating or preventing *** prevalent perception about medicinal plants is that they are safe and devoid of adverse ***,approximately 1,50,000 plants contain toxic ***:The present review focuses on medicinal plant extracts/fractions toxicity assessments made in preclin-ical models by oral ***:Detail studies were searched from databases including PubMed and Google Scholar.A manual reference screening of the selected studies was done to identify relevant articles,with no language restriction being imposed at the time of ***:The studies included were performed in rodents,and the test substances were administered *** search revealed 33 widely used plants or products with significant toxicity,and phytochemicals from these plants have been *** a systematic review,we identified a plethora of medicinal plant extracts reporting safety and toxicity ***:In the future,preclinical toxicokinetic studies of herbs and the determination of their no-observed-adverse-effect levels are required for a complete safety ***,the interaction of herbs with com-monly used/over-the-counter drugs in terms of the latter’s metabolic profile should be undertaken.

关键词： Extract Herbal medicine Toxicity Rodent Secondary metabolite

Antidepressant-like effects of the ethanolic extract of XiaobuxinTang,a traditional Chinese herbal prescription in animal models of depression

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Chinese Medical Journal 2007年第20期120卷 1792-1796页

作者： ZHANG You-zhi LI Yun-feng YU Neng-jiang YUAN Li ZHAO Yi-min XIAO Wen-bin LUO Zhi-pu division of Psychopharmacology Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing 100850 China division of phytochemistry Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing 100850 China

Background Xiaobuxin-Tang, a traditional Chinese herbal prescription recorded in a silk scroll unearthed from Mogao Caves of Dunhuang has been indicated that it can remit depressive disorder. The present study was designed to investigate its antidepressant effects in various animal depression models.Methods Xiaobuxin-Tang was extracted by 70% alcohol, and then three behavioral despair models and 5-Hydroxytryptophan （HTP）-induced head twitch response model were adopted to assess the antidepressant effects of the ethanolic extract of Xiaobuxin-Tang with the study on spontaneous motor activity. Groups of mice and rats received oral treatment with Xiaobuxin-Tang （150-1200 mg/kg） only once acutely in all tests. The duration of immobility was measured during the last 4 minutes of the 6-minutes test period in mice forced swimming test, rats forced swimming test and mice tail suspension test. In 5-HTP-induced head twitch response, the mice were intraperitoneally administered with 120 mg/kg of L-5-HTP, and then the cumulative number of head twitches was counted in 20 minutes. Spontaneous motor activities of mice were recorded automatically in 10 minutes by VIDEOMEX-V image analytic system.Results The extract at doses of 300 mg/kg （p.o.） and 600 mg/kg （p.o.） significantly decreased the duration of immobility time in a dose dependent manner in mice forced swimming test; also, the extract at dose of 1200 mg/kg （p.o.） significantly decreased the duration of immobility time in rat forced swimming test. Furthermore, the extract at a dose of 600 mg/kg had the same effect in mice tail suspension test. Meanwhile, the extract at the effective doses for behavioral despair models, had no effect on spontaneous motor activity in mice. The extract （300-1200 mg/kg, p.o.） also increased the accumulative number of the 5-HTP-induced head twitch response in mice in 20 minutes.Conclusion Our results suggested that the ethanolic extract of Xiaobuxin-Tang exerts antidepressant-like effect.

关键词： Xiaobuxin-Tang traditional Chinese medicine antidepressant forced swimming test tail suspension test 5-Hydroxytryptophan induced head-twitch response

Repellent properties of Cardiospermum,halicacabum Linn.(Family:Sapindaceae)plant leaf extracts against three important vector mosquitoes

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2012年第8期2卷 602-607页

作者： M Govindarajan R Sivakumar division of Vector Biology and phytochemistry Department of ZoologyAnnamalai University

Objective:To determine repellent activity of hexane,ethyl acetate,benzene,chloroform and methanol extract of Cardiospermum halicacabum,(***) against Culex quinque/ascialus(***),Aedes aegypti(***) and Anopheles slephensi(***). Methods:Evaluation was carried out in a net cage(45 cm×30 cm×25 cm) containing 100 blood starved female mosquitoes of three mosquito species and were assayed in the laboratory condition by using the protocol of WHO 2005;The plant leaf crude extracts of *** was applied at 1.0,2.5,and 5.0 me/cm^2 separately in the exposed area of the fore *** ethanol served as ***:In this observation,the plant crude extracts gave protection against mosquito bites without any allergic reaction to the test person,and also,the repellent activity was dependent on the strength of the plant *** tested plant crude extracts had exerted promising repellent against all the three ***:From the results it can be concluded the crude extract of *** was potential for controlling ***, *** and *** mosquitoes.

关键词： Repellency Cardiospermum halicacabum Culex quinquefasciatus Aedes aegypti Anopheles stephensi

Mosquito larvicidal and ovicidal properties of Eclipta alba(L.) Hassk(Asteraceae) against chikungunya vector,Aedes aegypti(Linn.)(Diptera:Culicidae)

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2011年第1期4卷 24-28页

作者： M Govindarajan P Karuppannan division of phytochemistry and Vector Biology Department of ZoologyAnnamalai UniversityAnnamalai Nagar-608 002India

Objective:The present study deals with the investigation of larvicidal and ovicidal activities of benzene,hexane,ethyl acetate,methanol and chloroform leaf extract of Eclipta alba（***） against dengue vector,Aedes aegypti（***）.Methods:Twenty five earlyⅢinstar larvae of *** was exposed to various concentrations（50-300 ppm） and was assayed in the laboratory by using the protocol of WHO 2005;the 24 h LC50 values of the *** leaf extract was determined by Probit *** ovicidal activity,slightly modified method of Su and Mulla was *** ovicidal activity was determined against *** to various concentrations ranging from 100-350 ppm under the laboratory *** egg hatch rates were assessed 48 h post ***:The LC50 values of benzene,hexane,ethyl acetate,methanol and chloroform extract of *** against early third instar larvae of *** were 151.38,165.10, 154.88,127.64 and 146.28 ppm,*** larvicidal activity was observed in the methanol extract followed by chloroform,benzene,ethyl acetate and hexane *** mortality was observed in *** five solvent tested the methanol extract was found to be most effective for ovicidal activity against *** methanol extracts exerted 100%mortality （zero hatchability） at 300 ***:From the results it can be concluded the crude extract of *** was an excellent potential for controlling *** mosquito.

关键词： Eclipta alba Aedes aegypti Larvicidal activity Ovicidal activity

Evaluation of Andrographis paniculata Burm.f.(***) extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus(Say.) and Aedes aegypti(Linn.)(Diptera:Culicidae)

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2011年第3期4卷 176-181页

作者： Marimuthu Govindarajan division of Vector Biology and phytochemistry Department of ZoologyAnnamalai UniversityAnnamalainagar-608 002Tamil NaduIndia

Objective:To investigate the larvicidal and ovicidal efficacy of different extracts of Andrographis paniculata（***） against Culex quinquefasciatus（***） Say and Aedes aegypti（*** ） L（Diptera:Culicidae）.Methods:Larvicidal efficacy of the crude leaf extracts of *** with five different solvents like benzene,hexane,ethyl acetate, methanol and chloroform was tested against the early third instar larvae of *** and *** ovicidal activity was determined against two mosquito species to various concentrations ranging from 50-300 ppm under the laboratory ***:The benzene, hexane,ethyl acetate,methanol and chloroform leaf extract of *** was found to be more effective against *** than *** LC50 values were 112.19,137.48, 118.67,102.05,91.20 ppm and 119.58,146.34,124.24,110.12,99.54 ppm *** five tested solvent,methanol and ethyl acetate crude extract was found to be most effective for ovicidal activity against two mosquito *** extract of methanol and ethyl acetate exerted 100%mortality at 200 ppm against *** and at 250 ppm against ***. Conclusions:From the results it can be concluded the crude extract of *** was a potential for controlling *** and *** mosquitoes.

关键词： Andrographis paniculata larvicidal activity Ovicidal activity Culex quinquefasciatus Aedes aegypti

Larvicidal and repellent properties of some essential oils against Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles and Anopheles subpictus Grassi(Diptera:Culicidae)

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2011年第2期4卷 106-111页

作者： Marimuthu Govindarajan division of Vector Biology and phytochemistry Department of ZoologyAnnamalai UniversityAnnamalainagar-608 002Tamil NaduIndia

Objective:To investigate the larvicidal and repellent properties of essential oils from various parts of four plant species Cymbopogan citrates,Cinnamomum zeylanicum,Rosmarinus of ficinalis and Zingiber of ficinale against Culex tritaeniorhynchus（***） and Anopheles subpictus（***）.Methods:Essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation *** mosquitoes were reared in the vector control laboratory and twenty five late third ins tar larvae of *** and *** were exposed to based on the wide range and narrow range test,essential oil tested at various concentrations ranging from 25 to 250 *** larval mortality was observed after 24 h under the laboratory *** repellent efficacy was determined against two mosquito species at three concentrations viz., 1.0,2.5 and 5.0 mg/cm2 under laboratory ***:Results showed all the four plant essential oil produced significant larval mortality against two mosquito ***,the highest larvicidal activity was observed in the essential oil from Zingiber of ficinale against Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and *** with the LC50 and LC90 values as 98.83,57.98 ppm and 186.55, 104.23 ppm,*** the four essential oil shows significant repellency against Cx. tritaeniorhynchus than *** four essential oil tested the highest repellency was observed in Zingiber of ficinale,a higher concentration of 5.0 mg/cm2 provided 100%protection up to 150 and 180 min against *** and ***,***: In this work,it can be concluded that four essential oils which were distilled from Cymbopogan citrates,Cinnamomum zeylanicum,Rosmarinus of ficinalis and Zingiber of ficinale showed promising larvicidal and repellent agent against *** and ***.

关键词： Cymbopogan citrates Cinnamomum zeylanicum Rosmarinus officinalis Zingiber officinale Essential ois Larvicidal activity Repellent activity Mosquito vectors

Larvicidal and repellent activities of Sida acuta Burm.F.(Family:Malvaceae) against three important vector mosquitoes

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2010年第9期3卷 691-695页

作者： Marimuthu Govindarajan division of phytochemistry and Vector Biology Department of ZoologyAnnamalai UniversityAnnamalai Nagar-608 002India

Objective:To determine the larvicidal and repellent activities of Sida acuta Burm.F.（Family: Malvaceae）extract against Culex quinquefasciatus,Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi. Methods:Twenty five late III instar larve of three mosquito species were exposed to various concentrations（15-90 mg/L） and were assayed in the laboratory by using the protocol of WHO 2005:the 24 h LC50 values of the Sida acuta leaf extract was determined following Probit analysis. The repellent efficacy was determined against three mosquito species at three concentrations viz.,1.0,2.5 and 5.0 mg/cm2 under the laboratory ***:Results showed varying degree of larvicidal activity of crude extract of Sida acuta against three important mosquitoes with LC50 values ranging between 38 to 48 mg/*** crude extract had strong repellent action against three species of mosquitoes as it provided 100%protection against Anopheles stephensi for 180 min followed by Aedes aegypti（150 min） and Culex quinquefasciatus（120 min）.Conclusions: From the results it can be concluded the crude extract of Sida acuta was an excellent potential for controlling Culex quinquefasciatus,Aedes aegypti and Anopleles stephensi mosquitoes.

关键词： Sida acuta Mosquito vectors Larvicidal activity Repellent activity

Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of leaf essential oil from Clausena anisata (Willd.) *** Benth (Rutaceae) against three mosquito species

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2010年第11期3卷 874-877页

作者： Marimuthu Govindarajan division of phytochemistry and Vector Biology Department of ZoologyAnnamalai UniversityAnnamalai Nagar-608 002India

Objective:To determine the mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf essential oil and their chemical constituents from Clausena anisata（***）（Willd.） *** *** Culex quinquefasciatus,Aedes aegypti and Anopheles ***:Essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation and the chemical composition of the leaf essential oil was analyzed using gas chromatography—mass *** mosquitoes were reared in the vector control laboratory and twenty lateⅢinstar larvae of three mosquito species were exposed to based on the wide range and narrow range tests,essential oil was tested at 50.100.150,200 and 250 ppm and each compound was tested at various concentration（5-75 ppm） and were assayed in the laboratory by using the protocol of WHO 2005:the 24 h LC50 values of the *** leaf essential oil and their major compounds were determined following Probit ***:The oil contained were mainlyβ-pinene（32.8%）,sabinene（28.3%）,germacrene-D（12.7%）,estragole （6.4%） and linalool（5.9%）.The essential oil from the leaves of *** exhibited significant larvicidal activity,with 24 h LC50 values of 140.96,130.19 and 119.59 *** five pure constituents extracted from the *** leaf essential oil were also tested individually against three mosquito *** LC50 values ofβ-pinene,sabinene,germacrene-D,estragole and linalool appeared to be most effective against Anopheles stephensi(LC50-23.17,19.67,16.95. 11.01,35.17 ppm) followed by Aedes aegypti(LC50-27.69,21.20,18.76,12.70,38.64 ppm) and Culex quinquefasciatus(LC50-32.23,25.***.21.28,14.01,42.28).Conclusions:The essential oil of C. anisata contains five major compounds and has remarkable larvicidal properties,which may be considered as a potent source for the production of natural larvicides.

关键词： Mosquito vectors Clausena anisata Essential oil GC-MS analysis Larvicidal activity

Mosquito adulticidal and repellent activities of botanical extracts against malarial vector,Anopheles stephensi Liston(Diptera:Culicidae)

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2011年第12期4卷 941-947页

作者： Marimuthu Govindarajan Rajamohan Sivakumar division of Vector Biology and phytochemistry Department of ZoologyAnnamalai UniversityAnnamalai Nagar - 608 002Tamil NaduIndia

ObjectiveTo determine the adulticidal and repellent activities of different solvent leaf extracts of Eclipta alba (E. alba) and Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata) against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi (An. stephensi).MethodsAdulticidal efficacy of the crude leaf extracts of E. alba and A. paniculata with five different solvents like benzene, hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and chloroform was tested against the five to six day old adult female mosquitoes of An. stephensi. The adult mortality was observed after 24 h under the laboratory conditions. The repellent efficacy was determined against An. stephensi mosquito species at three concentrations viz., 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/cm2 under laboratory conditions.ResultsAmong the tested solvents the maximum efficacy was observed in the methanol extract. The LC50 and LC90 values of E. alba and A. paniculata against adults of An. stephensi were 150.36, 130.19 ppm and 285.22, 244.16 ppm, respectively. No mortality was observed in controls. The chi-square values were significant at P<0.05 level. Methanol extract of E. alba and A. paniculata was produce maximum repellency against An. stephensi.ConclusionsFrom the results it can be concluded the crude extract of E. alba and A. paniculata was an excellent potential for controlling An. stephensi mosquitoes.

关键词： Adulticidal activity Repellent activity Anopheles stephensi Eclipta alba Andrographis paniculata