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Household air pollution and lung cancer in China:a review of studies in Xuanwei

Chinese Journal of Cancer 2014年第10期33卷 471-475页

作者： Wei Jie Seow Wei Hu Roel Vermeulen H.Dean Hosgood III George S.Downward Robert S.Chapman Xingzhou He Bryan A.Bassig Christopher Kim Cuiju Wen Nathaniel Rothman Qing Lan division of Cancer epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of Health Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences Division of Environmental EpidemiologyUtrecht University Department of epidemiology & population health Albert Einstein College of Medicine College of Public health Sciences Chulalongkorn University Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

Over half of the world's population is exposed to household air pollution from the burning of solid fuels at home. Household air pollution from solid fuel use is a leading risk factor for global disease and remains a major public health problem, especially in low- and mid-income countries. This is a particularly serious problem in China, where many people in rural areas still use coal for household heating and cooking. This review focuses on several decades of research carried out in Xuanwei County, Yunnan Province, where household coal use is a major source of household air pollution and where studies have linked household air pollution exposure to high rates of lung cancer. We conducted a series of case-control and cohort studies in Xuanwei to characterize the lung cancer risk in this population and the factors associated with it. We found lung cancer risk to vary substantially between different coal types, with a higher risk associated with smoky(i.e., bituminous) coal use compared to smokeless(i.e., anthracite) coal use. The installation of a chimney in homes resulted in a substantial reduction in lung cancer incidence and mortality. Overall, our research underscores the need among existing coal users to improve ventilation, use the least toxic fuel, and eventually move toward the use of cleaner fuels, such as gas and electricity.

关键词：空气污染家用空调肺癌中国固体燃料公共卫生问题世界人口无烟煤

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Mapping the high burden areas of cholera in Nepal for potential use of oral cholera vaccine: An analysis of data from publications and routine surveillance systems

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2020年第3期13卷 107-114页

作者： Chulwoo Rhee Birendra Prasad Gupta Bibek Kumar Lal Jacqueline Kyungah Lim TAnh Wartel JuliaLynch Sushant Sahastrabuddhe International Vaccine Institute(IVI) SeoulRepublic of Korea epidemiology and Disease Control division Department of Health ServicesMinistry of Health and PopulationKathmanduNepal

Objective:To assess the extent of existing published evidence on cholera and to characterize the epidemiologic data of cholera in ***:We conducted a literature scoping review by summarizing published literature reporting on cholera in Nepal from January 1946 to March 2019 in online databases:MEDLINE,Embase,Cochrane,and Global ***,we reviewed national surveillance data on clinically diagnosed and laboratory confirmed cholera reported by the Ministry of health and ***:Most of the published studies were conducted predominantly in Kathmandu Valley during the rainy season;however,outbreaks have been reported in other parts of Nepal including Terai,Hilly and Mountain *** literature review exhibited that all age groups were affected by cholera,but particularly children and young adults were at-risk age groups in *** cholerae serogroup O1,biotype El Tor,serotype Ogawa has been predominantly isolated with an emergence of resistant strains since *** mass vaccination campaigns using oral cholera vaccines were conducted:Rautahat district in 2014 and Banke district in ***:Capacity building for a nation wide systematic cholera surveillance with rapid and reliable diagnosis is needed to better estimate the burden of cholera and identify geographically at-risk areas associated with the disease in *** is essential for developing an adequate policy on oral cholera vaccine introduction and effective water,sanitation and hygiene interventions.

关键词： Cholera Outbreak Oral cholera vaccine Surveillance Nepal

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epidemiology of ovarian cancer:a review

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Cancer Biology & Medicine 2017年第1期14卷 9-32页

作者： Brett M.Reid Jennifer B.Permuth Thomas A.Sellers Department of Cancer epidemiology Division of Population SciencesMoffitt Cancer CenterTampa 33612FLUSA

Ovarian cancer(OC) is the seventh most commonly diagnosed cancer among women in the world and the tenth most common in China. Epithelial OC is the most predominant pathologic subtype, with five major histotypes that differ in origination,pathogenesis, molecular alterations, risk factors, and prognosis. Genetic susceptibility is manifested by rare inherited mutations with high to moderate penetrance. Genome-wide association studies have additionally identified 29 common susceptibility alleles for OC, including 14 subtype-specific alleles. Several reproductive and hormonal factors may lower risk, including parity, oral contraceptive use, and lactation, while others such as older age at menopause and hormone replacement therapy confer increased risks. These associations differ by histotype, especially for mucinous OC, likely reflecting differences in etiology. Endometrioid and clear cell OC share a similar, unique pattern of associations with increased risks among women with endometriosis and decreased risks associated with tubal ligation. OC risks associated with other gynecological conditions and procedures, such as hysterectomy,pelvic inflammatory disease, and polycystic ovarian syndrome, are less clear. Other possible risk factors include environmental and lifestyle factors such as asbestos and talc powder exposures, and cigarette smoking. The epidemiology provides clues on etiology,primary prevention, early detection, and possibly even therapeutic strategies.

关键词： Ovarian cancer epidemiology risk factors histology reproductive history

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Fitting dynamic models to epidemic outbreaks with quantified uncertainty:A primer for parameter uncertainty,identifiability,and forecasts

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Infectious Disease Modelling 2017年第3期2卷 379-398页

作者： Gerardo Chowell division of epidemiology&Biostatistics School of Public HealthGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGAUSA division of International epidemiology and population Studies Fogarty International CenterNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA

Mathematical models provide a quantitative framework with which scientists can assess hypotheses on the potential underlying mechanisms that explain patterns in observed data at different spatial and temporal scales,generate estimates of key kinetic parameters,assess the impact of interventions,optimize the impact of control strategies,and generate *** review and illustrate a simple data assimilation framework for calibrating mathematical models based on ordinary differential equation models using time series data describing the temporal progression of case counts relating,for instance,to population growth or infectious disease transmission *** contrast to Bayesian estimation approaches that always raise the question of how to set priors for the parameters,this frequentist approach relies on modeling the error structure in the *** discuss issues related to parameter identifiability,uncertainty quantification and propagation as well as model performance and forecasts along examples based on phenomenological and mechanistic models parameterized using simulated and real datasets.

关键词： Parameter estimation Uncertainty quantification Bootstrap Parameter identifiability Model performance Forecasts Uncertainty propagation

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Systematic overview of hepatitis C infection in the Middle East and North Africa

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2018年第27期24卷 3038-3054页

作者： Karima Chaabna Sohaila Cheema Amit Abraham Hekmat Alrouh Albert B Lowenfels Patrick Maisonneuve Ravinder Mamtani Institute for population health Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar Department of Surgery and the Department of Family Medicine New York Medical College division of epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology

AIM To assess the quality of and to critically synthesize the available data on hepatitis C infections in the Middle East and North Africa(MENA) region to map evidence *** We conducted an overview of systematic reviews(SRs) following an a priori developed protocol(CRD42017076736). Our overview followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and metaanalyses guidelines for reporting SRs and abstracts and did not receive any funding. Two independent reviewers systematically searched MEDLINE and conducted a multistage screening of the identified articles. Out of 5758 identified articles, 37 SRs of hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection in populations living in 20 countries in the MENA region published between 2008 and 2016 were included in our overview. The nine primary outcomes of interest were HCV antibody(anti-) prevalences and incidences in different at-risk populations; the HCV viremic(RNA positive) rate in HCV-positive individuals; HCV viremic prevalence in the general population(GP); the prevalence of HCV co-infection with the hepatitis B virus, human immunodeficiency virus, or schistosomiasis; the HCV genotype/subtype distribution; and the risk factors for HCV transmission. The conflicts of interest declared by the authors of the SRs were also extracted. Good quality outcomes reported by the SRs were defined as having the population, outcome, study time and setting defined as recommended by the PICOTS framework and a sample size > *** We included SRs reporting HCV outcomes with different levels of quality and precision. A substantial proportion of them synthesized data from mixed populations at differing levels of risk for acquiring HCV or at different HCV infection stages(recent and prior HCV transmissions). They also synthesized the data over long periods of time(e.g., two decades). Anti-HCV prevalence in the GP varied widely in the MENA region from 0.1%(study dates not reported) in the United Arab Emirates to 2.1%-13.5%(2003-2006) in

关键词： Hepatitis C meta-research risk factors incidence genotype Middle East and North Africa systematic review Micro-elimination Pakistan Gulf Cooperation Council

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Infectious disease emergence and global change: thinking systemically in a shrinking world

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2012年第1期1卷 31-47页

作者： Colin D Butler National Centre for epidemiology and population health College of Medicine Biology and Environment Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia

Background:Concern intensifying that emerging infectious diseases and global environmental changes that could generate major future human ***:A focused literature review was undertaken,partly informed by a forthcoming report on environment,agriculture and infectious diseases of poverty,facilitated by the Special Programme for Tropical ***:More than ten categories of infectious disease emergence exist,but none formally analyse past,current or future burden of *** evidence suggests that the dominant public health concern focuses on two informal *** important is the perceived threat of newly recognised infections,especially viruses that arise or are newly discovered in developing countries that originate in species exotic to developed countries,such as non-human primates,bats and *** pathogens may be transmitted by insects or bats,or via direct human contact with *** second group is new strains of influenza arising from intensively farmed chickens or pigs,or emerging from Asian“wet markets”where several bird species have close *** forms appear justified because of two great pandemics:HIV/AIDS(which appears to have originated from bushmeat hunting in Africa before emerging globally)and Spanish influenza,which killed up to 2.5%of the human population around the end of World War *** appreciated is the contribution of the milieu which appeared to facilitate the high disease burden in these ***,excess anxiety over emerging infectious diseases diverts attention from issues of greater public health importance,especially:(i)existing(including neglected)infectious diseases and(ii)the changing milieu that is eroding the determinants of immunity and public health,caused by adverse global environmental changes,including climate change and other components of stressed life and civilisation-supporting ***:The focus on novel pathogens and minor forms of anti-micr

关键词： immunity formally originated

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Association of β3 Adrenergic Receptor and Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor Gamma 2 Polymorphisms With Insulin Sensitivity:A Twin Study

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2007年第2期20卷 99-105页

作者： TIAN-JIAO CHEN CHENG-YE JI XIAO-YING ZHENG AND YONG-HUAHU Institute of Child and Adolescent health Peking University Beijing 100083 China Institute of population Research Peking University/WHO Collaborating Center on Reproductive Health and Population Science Beijing 100083China Department of epidemiology and health Statistics School of Public Health Peking University Beijing 100083 China

Objective To study the effect of β3 adrenergic receptor （β3AR） Trp64Arg and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma 2 （PPAR72） Prol2Ala polymorphisms on insulin resistance. Methods One hundred and eight dizygotic twin pairs were enrolled in this study. Microsatellite polymorphism was used to diagnose zygosity of twins. Insulin sensitivity was estimated with logarithm transformed homeostasis model assessment （HOMA）. PCR-RFLP analysis was performed to detect the variants. As a supplement to the sib-pair method, identity by state （IBS） was used to analyze the association of polymorphisms with insulin sensitivity. Results The genotype frequencies of Trp64Trg, Trp64Arg, and Arg64Arg were 72.3%, 23.8%, and 3.9%, respectively, while the genotype frequencies of Pro12Pro, Pro12Ala, and Ala12Ala were 89.9%, 9.6%, and 0.5%, respectively. For β3AR Trp64Arg the interclass co-twin correlations of Waist-to-hip ratio （WHR）, blood glucose （GLU）, and insulin （INS）, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index （HOMA-IR） of the twin pairs sharing 2 alleles of IBS were greater than those sharing 0-1 allele of IBS, and HOMA4R had statistic significance. For PPAR3t2 Prol2Ala most traits of twin pairs sharing 2 alleles of IBS had greater correlations and statistic significance in body mass index （BMI）, WHR, percent of body fat （PBF） and GLU, but there were low correlations of either insulin or HOMA-IR of twin pairs sharing 1 or 2 alleles of IBS. The combined effects of the two variations showed less squared significant twin-pair differences of INS and HOMA-IR among twins sharing 4 alleles of IBS. Condusions β3AR Trp64Arg and PPAR）,2 Pro 12Ala polymorphisms might be associated with insulin resistance and obesity, and there might be slight synergistic effects between this two gene loci, and further studies are necessary to confirm this finding.

关键词： Dizygotic twins Beta-3 adrenergic receptor Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma 2 Polymorphism Insulin resistance.

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Detecting circulating tumor material and digital pathology imaging during pancreatic cancer progression

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 2017年第6期9卷 235-250页

作者： Radim Moravec Rao Divi Mukesh Verma Surveillance Research Program Division of Cancer Control and Population SciencesNational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of Health Methods and Technologies Branch Division of Cancer Control and Population SciencesNational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of Health

Pancreatic cancer(PC) is a leading cause of cancerrelated death worldwide. Clinical symptoms typically present late when treatment options are limited and survival expectancy is very short. Metastatic mutations are heterogeneous and can accumulate up to twenty years before PC diagnosis. Given such genetic diversity, detecting and managing the complex states of disease progression may be limited to imaging modalities and markers present in circulation. Recent developments in digital pathology imaging show potential for early PC detection, making a differential diagnosis, and predicting treatment sensitivity leading to long-term survival in advanced stage patients. Despite large research efforts, the only serum marker currently approved for clinical use is CA 19-9. Utility of CA 19-9 has been shown to improve when it is used in combination with PC-specific markers. Efforts are being made to develop early-screening assays that can detect tumor-derived material, present in circulation, before metastasis takes a significant course. Detection of markers that identify circulating tumor cells and tumor-derived extracellular vesicles(EVs) in biofluid samples offers a promising non-invasive method for this purpose. Circulating tumor cells exhibit varying expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers depending on the state of tumor differentiation. This offers a possibility for monitoring disease progression using minimally invasive procedures. EVs also offer the benefit of detecting molecular cargo of tumor origin and add the potential to detect circulating vesicle markers from tumors that lack invasive properties. This review integrates recent genetic insights of PC progression with developments in digitalpathology and early detection of tumor-derived circulating material.

关键词： Circulating tumor cells Digital pathology Early detection Exosomes Pancreatic cancer

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Report on Childhood Obesity in China(8):Effects and Sustainability of Physical Activity Intervention on Body Composition of Chinese Youth

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2010年第3期23卷 180-187页

作者： YAN-PING LI XIAO=QI HU EVERT G. SCHOUTEN AI-LING LIU SONG-MING DU LIN-ZHONG LI ZHAO-HuI CUI DONG WANG FRANS J KOK FRANK B HU GUAN-SHENG MA National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing 100050 China division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University The Netherlands Departments of Nutrition and epidemiology Harvard School of Public Health USA Department of Global health and population Harvard School of Public Health USA

Objectives To determine whether a large-scale physical activity intervention could affect body composition in primary school students in Beijing, China. Methods The study design was one-year cluster randomized controlled trial of physical activity intervention （20 rain of daily exercise in the classroom） with an additional year of follow-up among 4 700 students aged 8-11 years at baseline. Results After the one-year intervention, BMI increased by 0.56 kg/m2 （SD 1.15） in the intervention group and by 0.72 kg/m^2 （SD 1.20） in the control group, with a mean difference of-0.15 kg/m^2 （95% CI： -0.28 to -0.02）. BMI z score decreased by -0.05 （SD 0.44） in the intervention group, but increased by 0.01 （SD 0.46） in the control group, with a mean difference of-0.07 （-0.13 to -0.01）. After another year of follow up, compared to the control group, children in the intervention group had significantly lower BMI （-0.13, -0.25 to -0.01 ）, BMI z score （-0.05, -0.10 to -0.01）, fat mass （-0.27 kg, -0.53 to -0.02） and percent body fat （-0.53, -1.00 to -0.05）. The intervention had a more pronounced effect on weight, height, BMI, BMI z score, and body composition among obese children than among normal weight or overweight children. Compared to the control group, the intervention group had a significantly higher percentage of children who maintained or reduced their BMI z score at year 1 （P-0.008） and year 2 （P=-0.04）. Conclusions These findings suggest that 20 min of daily moderate to vigorous physical activity during the school year is a feasible and effective way to prevent excessive gain of body weight, BMI, and body fatness in primary school students.

关键词： Intervention BMI School China

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Major Trends in population Growth Around the World

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China CDC weekly 2021年第28期3卷 604-613页

作者： Danan Gu Kirill Andreev Matthew E.Dupre United Nations population division New YorkUSA Department of population health Sciences&Department of Sociology Duke UniversityNorth CarolinaUSA

Summary The world’s population continues to grow,albeit at a slower *** decelerating growth is mainly attributable to fertility declines in a growing number of ***,there are substantial variations in the future trends of populations across regions and countries,with sub-Saharan African countries being projected to have most of the increase.

关键词： population Growth fertility

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