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Field performance of alternate wetting and drying furrow irrigation on tomato crop growth, yield, water use efficiency, quality and profitability

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2016年第10期15卷 2380-2392页

作者： Khokan Kumer Sarker M.A.R.Akanda S.K.Biswas D.K.Roy A.Khatun M.A.Goffar Irrigation and Water Management division Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute Horticulture Research Centre Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute

Sustainable irrigation method is now essential for adaptation and adoption in the areas where water resources are limited. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to test the performance of alternate wetting and drying furrow irrigation（AWDFI） on crop growth, yield, water use efficiency（WUE）, fruit quality and profitability analysis of tomato. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with six treatments replicated thrice during the dry seasons of 2013-2014 and 2014-2015. Irrigation water was applied through three ways of furrow： AWDFI, fixed wetting and drying furrow irrigation（FWDFI） and traditional（every） furrow irrigation（TFI）. Each irrigation method was divided into two levels： irrigation up to 100 and 80% field capacity（FC）. Results showed that plant biomass（dry matter） and marketable fruit yield of tomato did not differ significantly between the treatments of AWDFI and TFI, but significant difference was observed in AWDFI and in TFI compared to FWDFI at same irrigation level. AWDFI saved irrigation water by 35 to 38% for the irrigation levels up to 80 and 100% FC, compared to the TFI, respectively. AWDFI improved WUE by around 37 to 40% compared to TFI when irrigated with 100 and 80% FC, respectively. Fruit quality（total soluble solids and pulp） was found greater in AWDFI than in TFI. Net return from AWDFI technique was found nearly similar compared to TFI and more than FWDFI. The benefit cost ratio was viewed higher in AWDFI than in TFI and FWDFI by 2.8, 8.7 and 11, 10.4% when irrigation water was applied up to 100 and 80% FC, respectively. Unit production cost was obtained lower in AWDFI compared to TFI and FWDFI. However, AWDFI is a useful water-saving furrow irrigation technique which may resolve as an alternative choice compared with TFI in the areas where available water and supply methods are limited to irrigation.

关键词： alternate furrow irrigation alternate drying process tomato yield quality water use efficiency net return

Chemical pre-treatments improve seed germination and seedling growth in Semecarpus kurzii:an ethnomedicinally important plant

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Journal of Forestry Research 2018年第5期29卷 1283-1289页

作者： Ajit Arun Waman Pooja Bohra Avinash Norman division of Horticulture and Forestry ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute

Semecarpus kurzii *** an important ethnomedicinal plant used for curing tumours,inflammation,fever and pain,and is also a source of iso ricinoleic *** the present investigation,effect of chemical pretreatments on germination and seedling growth revealed significant *** pre-treatments could improve germination and treatment with KNO_3 （9.9 mM）was significantly superior（94%） to the untreated control（76%）.Mean daily germination varied among the treatments（0.90–4.14 seeds per day）,when compared with 2.27 seeds per day in *** germination time was significantly reduced from 22.14 days（control） to 16.40 days（19.8 mM KNO_3） and 17.16 days（1.45 mM GA_3）.Treatment with KNO_3（19.8 mM） and GA_3（1.45 and 2.90 mM）significantly reduced the time for 50% *** with higher concentrations of GA_3 and KNO_3 exhibited significantly faster germination initiation（11.0 and 12.0 days,respectively） over the control（17.0 days）.Seedling vigour index was not improved by *** treatments did not improve shoot growth,collar thickness,or number of seedling leaves; however,root growth was significantly improved over *** with GA_3（2.90 mM） promoted leaf elongation but reduced leaf width *** with KNO_3 and GA_3 could be recommended to obtain healthy seedlings for establishing new plantations of this important medicinal plant species.

关键词： Conservation Indian system of medicines Tribal healthcare Wild cashew

Chemodynamics of heavy metals in long-term contaminated soils:Metal speciation in soil solution

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2009年第11期21卷 1532-1540页

作者： Kwon-Rae Kim Gary Owens Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation University of South Australia Climate Change & Agroecology division Department of Agricultural Environment National Academy of Agricultural Science

The concentration and speciation of heavy metals in soil solution isolated from long-term contaminated soils were investigated. The soil solution was extracted at 70% maximum water holding capacity （MWHC） after equilibration for 24 h. The free metal concentrations （Cd^2＋, Cu^2＋, Pb^2＋, and Zn^2＋） in soil solution were determined using the Donnan membrane technique （DMT）. Initially the DMT was validated using artificial solutions where the percentage of free metal ions were significantly correlated with the percentages predicted using MINTEQA2. However, there was a significant difference between the absolute free ion concentrations predicted by MINTEQA2 and the values determined by the DMT. This was due to the significant metal adsorption onto the cation exchange membrane used in the DMT with 20%, 28%, 44%, and 8% mass loss of the initial total concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in solution, respectively. This could result in a significant error in the determination of free metal ions when using DMT if no allowance for membrane cation adsorption was made. Relative to the total soluble metal concentrations the amounts of free Cd^2＋（3%-52%） and Zn^2＋（11%-72%） in soil solutions were generally higher than those of Cu^2＋（0.2%-30%） and Pb^2＋（0.6%-10%）. Among the key soil solution properties, dissolved heavy metal concentrations were the most significant factor governing free metal ion concentrations. Soil solution pH showed only a weak relationship with free metal ion partitioning coefficients （Kp） and dissolved organic carbon did not show any significant influence on Kp.

关键词： Donnan membrane technique free metal ion heavy metals partitioning coefficient solubility speciation

Ecohydrologic modeling of crop evapotranspiration in wheat(Triticum-aestivum)at sub-temperate and sub-humid region of India

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International Journal of agricultural and Biological Engineering 2013年第4期6卷 19-26页

作者： Rohitashw Kumar division of agricultural Engineering Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of KashmirShalimar CampusSrinagar 190025India

Efficient water management of crop requires accurate irrigation scheduling which,in turn,requires the accurate measurement of crop water *** evapotranspiration plays an important role for the determination of water requirements for crops and irrigation *** models/approaches varying from empirical to physically base distributed are available for the estimation of reference *** study identified most suitable reference evapotranspiration model for sub-temperate,sub humid agro-climatic condition using climatic and lysimeter *** Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)recommended crop coefficient values are modified for the local agro-climatic *** field experiment was conducted in sub-temperate and sub-humid agro-climate of Solan,Himachal Pradesh,*** crop evapotranspiration for different crop growth stages of wheat(Triticum-aestivum)has been obtained from water balance studies using lysimeter *** observed and computed individual-stage wise crop evapotranspiration values are compared,to identify the most suitable reference evapotranspiration model for computing crop *** Monteith model shows close agreement with observed value with coefficient of determination,standard error estimate and average relative discrepancy values of 0.96,13.69 and-5.8,***,an effort has been made to compare the accuracy of various widely used methods under different climatic conditions.

关键词： crop coefficient crop evapotranspiration reference evapotranspiration lysimeter

Diapause development in early and late emerging phenotypes of Delia floralis

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Insect Science 2014年第1期21卷 103-113页

作者： Tor J. Johansen Richard Meadow Arctic Agriculture and Land Use division Bioforsk - Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research Tromsm plant Health and Plant Protection division Bioforsk - Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research As Norway

The turnip fly, Delia floralis Fall6n （Diptera： Anthomyiidae） is an important insect pest of brassica vegetable crops in the holarctic region. Different populations have strongly varying temperature requirements for fly emergence, a challenge for accurate prediction of activity. This study focused on diapause development in one early and one late emerging phenotype. The physiological state after various treatments was deduced from emergence data. Our results showed a slow diapause progression at chilling conditions for both populations and diapause ended about 7 months after pupae were formed for the early population. For the late population held at 4℃ diapause did not end, no matter how long the duration of chilling. These pupae required a period with elevated temperatures above 6~C to continue development. At constant non-chilling conditions （18℃） from the time pupae were formed both populations completed diapause most rapidly. These results indicate that chilling delayed, rather than accelerated development and was not a prerequisite for diapause development. For post-diapause, results indicated a linear relationship between rate of development and temperature within the range of 6-18℃and a theoretical base temperature for development of about 2℃ for both populations. In conclusion, D. floralis pupae are in diapause throughout a long winter period, and delayed emergence of the late population appears to be caused by prolonged diapause regulated by a developmental temperature threshold. The study has added information on the biology of turnip fly populations, a prerequisite for improved pest control.

关键词： brassica chilling emergence hibernation quiescence

Salt Tolerance in Rice: Focus on Mechanisms and Approaches

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Rice science 2017年第3期24卷 123-144页

作者： Inja Naga Bheema Lingeswara REDDY Beom-Ki KIM In-Sun YOON Kyung-Hwan KIM Taek-Ryoun KWON Genetic Engineering division Department of Agricultural Biotechnology National Institute of Agricultural Sciences Rural Development Administration Jeonju-54874 South Korea

Salt tolerance is an important constrain for rice, which is generally categorized as a typical glycophyte. Soil salinity is one of the major constraints affecting rice production worldwide, especially in the coastal areas. Susceptibility or tolerance of rice plants to high salinity is a coordinated action of multiple stress responsive genes, which also interacts with other components of stress signal transduction pathways. Salt tolerant varieties can be produced by marker-assisted selection or genetic engineering by introducing salt-tolerance genes. In this review, we have updated on mechanisms and genes which can help in transferring of the salt tolerance into high-yielding rice varieties. We have focused on the need for integrating phenotyping, genomics, metabolic profiling and phenomics into transgenic and breeding approaches to develop high-yielding as well as salt tolerant rice varieties.

关键词： rice mechanism salinity salt tolerance yield gene protein

Molecular diagnosis and direct quantification of cereal cyst nematode(Heterodera filipjevi) from field soil using TaqMan real-time PCR

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2023年第8期22卷 2591-2601页

作者： JIAN Jin-zhuo HUANG Wen-kun KONG Ling-an JIAN Heng Sulaiman ABDULSALAM PENG De-liang PENG Huan State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100193P.R.China Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193P.R.China division of agricultural colleges/Department of Crop Protection Ahmadu Bello UniversityZaria 810107Nigeria

Heterodera filipjevi continues to be a major threat to wheat production *** detection and quantification of cyst nematodes are essential for more effective control against this nematode *** the present study,a TaqManminor groove binder(TaqMan-MGB)probe-based fluorescence quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR)was successfully developed and used for quantifying *** from DNA extracts of *** primers and probe designed from the obtained RAPD-SCAR marker fragments of *** showed high specificity to *** using DNA from isolatesconfirmed species of 23 Heterodera spp.,1 Globodera *** 3 Pratylenchus *** qPCR assay is highly sensitive and provides improved *** detection sensitivity of as low as 4^(-3) single second-stage juvenile(J2)DNAs,10^(-3) female DNAs,and 0.01μgμL^(-1) genomic DNAs.A standard curve relating to the threshold cycle and log values of nematode numbers was generated and validated from artificially infested soils and was used to quantify *** in naturally infested field *** was a high correlation between the *** numbers estimated from 32 naturally infested field soils by both conventional methods and the numbers quantified using the qPCR *** potentially provides a useful platform for the efficient detection and quantification of *** directly from field soils and to quantify this species directly from DNA extracts of field soils.

关键词： cereal cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi molecular diagnosis quantification TaqMan real-time PCR

Quantification of changes in zero valent iron morphology using X-ray computed tomography

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2013年第11期25卷 2344-2351页

作者： Ping Luo Elizabeth H.Bailey Sacha J.Mooney division of agricultural and Environmental Sciences School of Biosciences University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington CampusSutton Bonington

Morphological changes within the porous architecture of laboratory scale zero valent iron （ZVI） permeable reactive barriers （PRBs）, after exposure to different groundwater conditions, have been quantified experimentally for different ZVI/sand ratios （10%, 50% and 100%, W/W） with the aim of inferring porosity changes in field barriers. Column studies were conducted to simulate interaction with different water chemistries, a synthetic groundwater, acidic drainage and deionised （DI） water as control. Morphological changes, in terms of pore size and distribution, were measured using X-ray computed tomography （CT）. CT image analysis revealed significant morphological changes in columns treated with different water chemistries. For example, 100% ZVI （W/W） columns had a higher frequency of small pores （0.6 mm） was observed in ZVI grains reacted with typical groundwater, resulting in a porosity of 27%, compared to 32% when exposed to DI water. In comparison, ZVI grains treated with the acidic drainage had higher porosity （44%） and larger average pore size （2.8 mm）. 10% ZVI PRB barrier material had the highest mean porosity （56%） after exposure to any water chemistry whilst 100% ZVI （W/W） columns always had the lowest （34%） with the 50% ZVI （W/W） in between （40%）. These results agree with previously published PRB field data and simultaneously conducted geochemical monitoring and mass balance calculation, indicating that both the geochemical and hydraulic environment of the PRB play an important role in determining barrier lifespan. This study suggests that X-ray CT image analysis is a powerful tool for studying the detailed inter pores between ZVI grains within PRBs.

关键词： porosity change X-ray computer tomography mass balance permeable reactive barrier zero valent iron acidic drainage typical groundwater pore-clogging

Relative bioavailability of tribasic zinc sulfate for broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2015年第10期14卷 2042-2049页

作者： LI Wen-xiang MA Xin-yan LU Lin ZHANG Li-yang LUO Xu-gang Mineral Nutrition Research division Institute of Animal Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute of Animal Science Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences

An experiment was carried out to investigate the relative bioavailability of tribasic zinc（Zn） sulfate relative to Zn sulfate for broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet. A total of 504 1-d-old Arbor Acres commercial male chicks were randomly assigned by body weight of birds to one of seven treatments involving a 2×3 factorial arrangement with three levels of added Zn（30, 60, or 90 mg of Zn kg–1） and two Zn sources（tribasic Zn sulfate and Zn sulfate） plus a control with no added Zn for an experimental phase of 14 d. Plasma Zn, tibia ash Zn, pancreas Zn, and pancreas metallothionein（MT） messenger RNA（m RNA） were analyzed at 6 or 14 d of age post-hatching. The results showed that plasma Zn, tibia ash Zn, pancreas Zn, and pancreas MT m RNA increased linearly（P〈0.002） as dietary Zn concentration increased at 6 or 14 d of age. The R2 for a linear model was greater on d 6 than on d 14 for the above 4 responsive criteria, and among these indices, the fitting of the tibia ash Zn concentration was the best（R2=0.99）. Therefore, based on slope ratios from the multiple linear regressions of the above 4 indices of the birds at 6 d of age on daily intake of dietary Zn, the bioavailabilities of tribasic Zn sulfate relative to Zn sulfate（100%） were 95.6%（P=0.18）, 83.5%（P=0.01）, 87.9%（P=0.53）, and 75.9%（P=0.38） for the tibia ash Zn, pancreas Zn, plasma Zn, and pancreas MT m RNA, respectively. The results indicated that generally, Zn from tribasic Zn sulfate was as available as Zn from Zn sulfate for broilers.

关键词： tribasic zinc sulfate bioavailability Zn concentration MT gene expression broilers