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Molecular and morphological characterization of stunt nematodes of wheat, maize, and rice in the savannahs of northern Nigeria

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2022年第2期21卷 586-595页

作者： Sulaiman ABDULSALAM PENG Huan LIU Shi-ming HUANG Wen-kun KONG Ling-an PENG De-liang State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Institute of Plant Protection Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100193P.R.China division of agricultural colleges Department of Crop ProtectionAhmadu Bello UniversityZaria 810107Nigeria

Stunt nematodes(Tylenchorhynchus spp.)are obligate migratory root ecto-parasitic nematodes found in the fields of many cultivated *** nematodes,with phyto-sanitary potential,are frequently ignored or misdiagnosed as pests,and this may pose a threat to food *** accuracy of its identification based on a morphological approach has been challenged recently,due to the overlapping of the morphological and morphometric characters of the ***,the objective of this study is to identify and characterize stunt nematodes present in 54 fields cultivated with cereal crops(wheat,maize and rice)in the savannahs of northern Nigeria,using integrative taxonomy and molecular *** molecular and morphological studies identified and confirmed the presence of *** as the occurring specie in the savannahs of northern *** phylogenetic analysis was carried out using the internal transcribed spacer(ITS)and 28S genes of ribosomal DNA further confirmed the presence of *** first molecular characterization and sequences of the ITS and 28S rDNA gene for *** from Nigeria were provided by this ***,according to our literature search,this is the first report on *** in wheat,maize and rice in the savannahs of northern *** study to test the pathogenicity of the parasitic nematode species found in this survey is recommended for the prioritization and development of efficient management strategies.

关键词： plant-parasitic nematodes food security Tylenchorhynchus annulatus ITS phylogeny

Delineating Key Determinants of Domestic Fuelwood Consumption of Rural Households in Western Himalaya-Policy Implications

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Journal of Mountain Science 2014年第1期11卷 195-204页

作者： MUSHTAQ Tahir SOOD Kamal Kishor PESHIN Rajinder division of Agroforestry Sher-e-kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology division of agricultural Extension Education Sher-e-kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology

A study was carried out in district Samba of Western Himalayan province of Jammu and Kashmir of *** data were collected in an interview schedule in personal interview with 180 household *** association between the level of fuelwood consumption(low versus high consumption) and different factors,each individually,was investigated using chi-square test of association at 0.001 level of *** was found that out of 25 socio-economic,biophysical and alternate fuel factors,15 factors(each individually) significantly influenced the domestic fuelwood *** regression models of alternate fuel use,social,economic and biophysical factors were developed to identify key variables influencing fuelwood consumption levels within each respective category.A composite model was also developed to identify key factors when all variables in all the pre-said categories were considered ***,in contrast to expectation the model with alternate fuel use did not provide a good *** biophysical model also did not provide a good *** economic and composite models were the same with equal level of accuracy of *** implies that economic aspects,rather than the availability of alternate fuels,dominate fuelwood consumption levels of rural *** to increase the exposure of the head of household to outside world needs to formulated to reduce the domestic fuelwood consumption *** nearer to state forests are to be educated about efficient use of fuelwood and be encouraged to intensify use of Liquified Petroleum *** wider implications of study are:the availability of alternate fuels is not a necessary condition to decrease household level domestic fuelwood *** factors needs to be considered in designing strategies to reduce fuelwood *** employment opportunities would increase the opportunity cost of fuelwood collection and this would reduce its use.

关键词： Social Economic Household Alternate fuel Regression

A Modified Plate Assay for Rapid Screening of Potassium-Solubilizing Bacteria

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Pedosphere 2016年第5期26卷 768-773页

作者： Mahendra Vikram Singh RAJAWAT Surender SINGH Satya Prakash TYAGI Anil Kumar SAXENA division of Microbiology Indian Agricultural Research Institute

The utility of microorganisms for solubilizing the unavailable forms of potassium(K) from soil has led to renewed interest in fabrication of rapid and sensitive plate assays for their isolation and screening. The present study developed a modified plate assay and compared it with previously reported methods for the isolation and screening of K-solubilizing bacteria. The newly developed plate assay is based on improved visualization of halo zone formation around the colonies on agar plates, through inclusion of an acid-base indicator dye, bromothymol blue(BTB), to modify the previously reported Aleksandrov medium. The halo zone exhibited a significant correlation(R = 0.939) with K released in liquid medium. The visualization of potential K solubilizers was improved using this method, which would help in detection of weak/non-acid producers based on secretion of organic acids in the medium. Organic acids in plate diffuse radially and form halo zones in response to reaction with the acid-base indicator dye BTB. Furthermore, K solubilization on plates with this method can be observed within 48–72 h, against the incubation time of 4–5 d needed in the earlier method. Therefore, the newly developed protocol for the plate assay was time saving, more sensitive, and beneficial in comparison to the previously reported Aleksandrov plate assay.

关键词： bromothymol blue (BTB) Aleksandrov medium halo zone formation indicator dye K solubilizers microorganisms

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae uses XopL effector to suppress pomegranate immunity

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2018年第4期60卷 341-357页

作者： Madhvi Soni Kalyan K.Mondal division of Plant Pathology ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae （Xap） causing bacterial blight is an important pathogen that incurs significant losses to the exportability of pomegranate. Xap uses the Xop TTSS-effector, via the type three secretion system, to suppress pomegranate immunity. Here, we investigate the role of XopL during blight pathogenesis. We observed that XopL is essential for its in planta growth and full virulence. Leaves inoculated with Xap AxopL produced restricted water-soaked lesions compared to those inoculated with wild-type Xap. XopL supports Xap for its sustained multiplication in pomegranate by suppress- ing the plant cell death （PCD） event. We further demon- strated that XopL suppresses immune responses, such as callose deposition and production of reactive oxygen species （ROS）. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that immune responsive genes were upregulated when challenged with Xap AxopL, whereas upregulation of such genes was compromised in the complemented strain containing the xopL gene. The transiently expressed XopL：：EYFP fusion protein was local- ized to the plasma membrane, indicating the possible site of its action. Altogether, this study highlights that XopL is an important TTSS-effector of Xap that suppresses plant immune responses, including PCD, presumably to support the multiplication of Xap for a sufficient time-period during blight disease development.

关键词： punicae uses XopL effector to suppress pomegranate immunity Xanthomonas axonopodis pv PCD

Treatment of tunnel wash waters-experiments with organic sorbent materials. PartⅡ: Removal of toxic metals

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2008年第8期20卷 1042-1045页

作者： PARUCH Adam M ROSETH Roger Bioforsk-the Norwegian Institute for agricultural and Environmental Research Soil and Environment Division

In the first part of the article, the column and the bag experiments concerning removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nonpolar oil (NPO) from tunnel wash waters using organic sorbent materials have been described. This part presents the results of removal of toxic metals. The metals of concern (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mo, Ni, and Zn) were selected based on the priority toxicant pollutants defined in surface water quality criteria. Concentrations of these metals in the collected effluent...

关键词： electrostatic filters reduction level sorbents tunnel toxic metals treatment efficiency wash water

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Effect of Different Spacing and Urea Application Rates on Fruit Nutrient Composition, Growth and Yield of Tomato in Derived Savannah Vegetation of Kogi State, Nigeria

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2015年第14期6卷 2227-2233页

作者： S. K. Ogundare J. A. Oloniruha F. G. Ayodele I. A. Bello College of Agriculture Division of Agricultural Colleges Ahmadu Bello University Kabba Nigeria

Experiments were located at Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority, Ejiba and Horticultural Section College of Agriculture, Kabba in 2014 cropping season to investigate the effect of different spacing and urea application rates on fruit nutrient composition, growth and fruit yield of tomato in derived savanna vegetation of Nigeria. Field experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design in factorial fashion with three replications. The row spacing were 75 × 40 cm (33,333 plant·ha-1, 75 × 50 cm (26,666 plant·ha-1) and 75 × 60 cm (22,222 plant·ha-1) while the urea rates comprised control (0 kg urea·ha-1), 54.3 and 108.6 kg urea·ha-1. Growth and yield parameters taken were as follows: average plant height, stem girth, leaf area (m2) and yield per land area. Data were collected from ten randomly selected plants in each plot. The data were statistically analyzed using GENSTAT. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to find out the significance of variation among the treatments while the significant difference between mean treatments was separated using least significance Difference at 5% level of probability. The result obtained from this study indicated that urea application and spacing affected significantly growth parameters of tomato and yield per land area. It could be concluded that there was a significant increase in plant height, number of leaves, number of fruits per plant and final fruit weight of tomato as a result of urea fertilizer application at the rate of 108.6 kg urea/ha. However, this was not significantly better than plots with urea application at 54.8 kg/ha in both Ejiba and Kabba. Row spacing of 75 × 50 cm showed better performance in number of fruit and fruit yield per plots. Farmers in Ejiba and Kabba should apply urea at the rate of 54.8 kg per hectare and plant the crop at a row spacing of 75 × 50 cm for optimum yield and for a more profitable production of tomato.

关键词： Row Spacing Tomato Urea Application Growth Yield

Inversion of radiative transfer model for retrieval of wheat biophysical parameters from broadband reflectance measurements

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Information Processing in Agriculture 2016年第2期3卷 107-118页

作者： Vinay Kumar Sehgal Debasish Chakraborty Rabi Narayan Sahoo division of agricultural Physics Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi 110012India

This study describes the retrieval of wheat biophysical variables of leaf chlorophyll(Cab),leaf area index(LAI),canopy chlorophyll(CCC),and leaf wetness(Cw)from broadband reflectance data corresponding to IRS LISS-3(Linear Imaging Self Scanner)sensor by inversion of PROSAIL5B canopy radiative transfer *** data of wheat crop,grown under different treatments,were measured by hand-held spectroradiometer and later integrated to LISS-3 reflectance using its band-wise relative spectral response *** inversion techniques were used and their performance was compared using different statistical parameters and target *** inversion techniques tried were:a look up table with best solution(LUT-I),a look up table with mean of best 10%solutions(LUT-II)and an artificial neural network(ANN).All the techniques could estimate the biophysical variables by capturing variability in their observed values,though accuracy of estimation varied among the three *** diagram clearly depicted the superiority of LUT-II over the other two approaches indicating that a mean of best 10%solutions is a better strategy while ANN was worst performer showing highest bias for all the *** all the three inversion techniques,the general order of retrieval accuracy was LAI>Cab>CCC>*** range of Cw was very narrow and none of the techniques could estimate variations in *** most of the cases,the parameters were underestimated by model *** best identified LUT-II technique was then applied to retrieve wheat LAI from IRS LISS-3 satellite image of 5-Feb-2012 in Sheopur *** comparison with ground observations showed that the RMSE of LAI retrieval was about 0.56,similar to that observed in ground *** findings of this study may help in refining the protocol for generating operational crop biophysical products from IRS LISS-3 or similar sensors.

关键词： PROSAIL Look up table Neural network Leaf area index Chlorophyll content Target diagram IRS LISS-3

Evaluating Fertilization Effects on Soil Physical Properties Using a Soil Quality Index in an Intensive Rice-Wheat Cropping System

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Pedosphere 2016年第6期26卷 887-894页

作者： Bappa DAS Debashis CHAKRABORTY Vinod Kumar SINGH Mukhtar AHMED Amit Kumar SINGH Arijit BARMAN division of agricultural Physics Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi 110012(India) Project Directorate for Farming Systems Research ModipuramMeerut 250110(India) division of Soil Science and agricultural Chemistry Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi 110012(India)

Soil quality assessment has been suggested as an effective tool for evaluating sustainability of soil and crop management *** objective of this study was to develop a sensitive soil quality index(SQI) based on bulk density(BD),water-holding capacity(WHC),water-stable aggregates(WSA),aggregate mean weight diameter(AMWD),total organic C(TOC) and C input to evaluate the important rice-wheat cropping system on an Inceptisol in India.A long-term experiment has been conducted for 18 years at the Indian Council of agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research,Modipuram,*** treatments selected for this study were comprised of a no-fertilizer control and N,P and K fertilizers(NPK) combined with Zn and S fertilizers(NPK+ Zn+S),farmyard manure(NPK+FYM),green gram residues(NPK+GR) and cereal residues(NPK+CR),laid out in a randomized complete block design with three *** samples were collected and analyzed for BD,WHC,WSA and *** analysis revealed that both rice and wheat yields signi?cantly increased with the increases in AMWD,TOC and C input,but decreased with the increase in *** SQI values were then generated based on regression analysis of BD,WSA,AMWD,TOC and C input with rice and wheat yields for the 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil layers,*** analyses between crop yields and SQI values showed a quadratic type of relation with the coeffcient of determination(R^2) varying from 0.78 to *** regard to soil sustainability,applying crop residues to both rice and wheat could maintain soil quality for a longer period,whereas the highest yields of both the crops were recorded in the NPK+Zn+S *** regression equations developed in this study could be used to monitor soil quality in a subhumid tropical rice-wheat cropping system.

关键词： bulk density C input integrated nutrient management total organic C water-holding capacity water-stable aggregates

Suberin Biopolymer in Rice Root Exodermis Reinforces Preformed Barrier Against Meloidogyne graminicola Infection

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Rice science 2021年第3期28卷 301-312,I0028-I0030页

作者： Divya SINGH Tushar K.DUTTA Tagginahalli N.SHIVAKUMARA Manoranjan DASH Haritha BOLLINEDI Uma RAO division of Nematology ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi 110012India division of Genetics ICARIndian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi 110012India

Exploration of novel genetic resources against root-knot nematode(RKN)is necessary to strengthen the resistance breeding program in cultivated rice,and investigations on the role of genotype-specific root anatomy in conferring a structural barrier against nematode invasion are largely ***,we reported a highly-resistant rice germplasm Phule Radha that conferred remarkably lower RKN parasitic fitness in terms of reduced penetration and delayed development and reproduction when compared with susceptible cultivar *** histological and biochemical analyses,we demonstrated that an enhanced suberin deposition in the exodermal root tip tissue of Phule Radha compared to PB1121 can effectively form a penetrative barrier against RKN infection,and this preformed barrier in the control tissue did not necessarily alter to a greater extent when challenged with RKN *** qRT-PCR analysis,we showed that a number of suberin biosynthesis genes were greatly expressed in the exodermis of Phule Radha compared to *** sum,the present study established the role of rice exodermal barrier system in defense against an important soil-borne pathogen.

关键词： penetration suberin lamellae root-knot nematode rice root exodermis