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Impacts of PI3K/protein kinase B pathway activation in reactive astrocytes: from detrimental effects to protective functions

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第4期20卷 1031-1041页

作者： Ramón Pérez-Núñez María Fernanda González Ana María Avalos Lisette Leyton Cellular Communication Laboratory Programa de Biología Celular y MolecularCenter for Studies on ExerciseMetabolism and Cancer(CEMC)Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas(ICBM)Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases(ACCDiS) Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences&Faculty of MedicineUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad Autónoma de ChileSantiagoChile

Astrocytes are the most abundant type of glial cell in the central nervous *** injury and inflammation,astrocytes become reactive and undergo morphological and functional *** on their phenotypic classification as A1 or A2,reactive astrocytes contribute to both neurotoxic and neuroprotective responses,***,this binary classification does not fully capture the diversity of astrocyte responses observed across different diseases and *** analysis has revealed that reactive astrocytes have a complex landscape of gene expression profiles,which emphasizes the heterogeneous nature of their *** actively participate in regulating central nervous system inflammation by interacting with microglia and other cell types,releasing cytokines,and influencing the immune *** phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT)signaling pathway is a central player in astrocyte reactivity and impacts various aspects of astrocyte behavior,as evidenced by in silico,in vitro,and in vivo *** astrocytes,inflammatory cues trigger a cascade of molecular events,where nuclear factor-κB serves as a central mediator of the pro-inflammatory ***,we review the heterogeneity of reactive astrocytes and the molecular mechanisms underlying their *** highlight the involvement of various signaling pathways that regulate astrocyte reactivity,including the PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR),αvβ3 integrin/PI3K/AKT/connexin 43,and Notch/PI3K/AKT *** targeting the inactivation of the PI3K/AKT cellular signaling pathway to control reactive astrocytes and prevent central nervous system damage,evidence suggests that activating this pathway could also yield beneficial *** dual function of the PI3K/AKT pathway underscores its complexity in astrocyte reactivity and brain function *** review emphasizes the importance of employing astrocyte-exclusive models to underst

关键词： inflammation integrins neuroprotective neurotoxic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase reactive astrocytes signal transduction Thy-1(CD90)

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Boron in Plants: deficiency and Toxicity

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Journal of Integrative Plant biology 2008年第10期50卷 1247-1255页

作者： Juan J. Camacho-Cristóbal Jesús Rexach Agustín Gonzlez-Fontes departamento de fisiología Anatomía y Biología Celular Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales Universidad Pablo de OlavideE-41013 Sevilla Spain

Boron （B） is an essential nutrient for normal growth of higher plants, and B availability in soil and irrigation water is an important determinant of agricultural production. To date, a primordial function of B is undoubtedly its structural role in the ceil wall; however, there is increasing evidence for a possible role of B in other processes such as the maintenance of plasma membrane function and several metabolic pathways. In recent years, the knowledge of the molecular basis of B deficiency and toxicity responses in plants has advanced greatly. The aim of this review is to provide an update on recent findings related to these topics, which can contribute to a better understanding of the role of B in plants.

关键词： boron-binding molecules boron transporter cell wall-related genes gene expression nitrogen metabolism,

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Kainate receptors in the CA2 region of the hippocampus

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Neural Regeneration Research 2023年第2期18卷 320-321页

作者： yuniesky Andrade-Talavera Antonio Rodríguez-Moreno Laboratorio de Neurociencia celulary Plasticidad Departamento de FisiologíaAnatomía y Biología CelularUniversidad Pablo de OlavideSevillaSpain

The hippocampus is involved in important brain functions such as learning and memory,spatial navigation,fear processing,and social behavior(Dudek et al,2016).The most prominent areas of the hippocampus are typically denoted as the dentate gyrus and the three areas of the cornu ammonis(CA1,CA2,and CA3).Discovered by Lorente de Nó(1934),the CA2 region of the hippocampus is a relatively small area interposed between CA3 and CA1 that forms the nexus linking the input of the entorhinal cortex to the output of CA1(Chevaleyre and Siegelbaum,2010).

关键词： CA2 cortex linking

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Exocytosis,endocytosis and recycling of secretory vesicles in neuroendocrine cells,and its regulation by cortical actin

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BIOCELL 2022年第8期46卷 1867-1873页

作者： ANA M.CÁRdeNAS I.GALLO FERNANDO D.MARENGO Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de ValparaísoValparaíso2360102Chile Instituto de fisiología Biología Molecular y NeurocienciasCONICET.Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y CelularFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires1428Argentina

The cortical actin network is a mesh of filaments distributed beneath the plasmalemma that dynamically reacts in response to *** dynamic network of cortical filaments,together with motor myosin partners,adjusts the plasmalemma tension,organizes membrane protein microdomains,remodels the cell surface and drives vesicle motion in order to fine-tune exocytosis,endocytosis and recycling of secretory *** this review,we discuss how these mechanisms work in secretory cells.

关键词： Cortical actin Neuroendocrine cell Chromaffin cell Exocytosis Endocytosis

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Reversing gastric mucosal alterations during ethanol-induced chronic gastritis in rats by oral administration of Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2006年第27期12卷 4318-4324页

作者： Ricardo Vázquez-Ramírez Marisela Olguín-Martínez Carlos Kubli-Garfias Rolando Hernández-Mu■oz depto.de biología celular y fisiología Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Apdo. Postal 70-243México D.F. 04510Mexico depto.de biología celular Instituto de Fisiología Celular. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Apdo. Postal 70-243México D.F. 04510Mxico depto. de biología celular Institute de Fisiología Celular. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Apdo. Postal 70-243México D.F. 04510Mxico

AIM： To study the effect of mucilage obtained from cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica （Cactaceae） on the healing of ethanol-induced gastritis in rats. METHODS： Chronic gastric mucosa injury was treated with mucilage （5 mg/kg per day） after it was induced by ethanol. Lipid composition, activity of 5＇-nucleotidase （a membrane-associated ectoenzyme） and cytosolic activities of lactate and alcohol dehydrogenases in the plasma membrane of gastric mucosa were determined. Histological studies of gastric samples from the experimental groups were included. RESULTS： Ethanol elicited the histological profile of gastritis characterized by loss of the surface epithelium and infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Phosphatidylcholine （PC） decreased and cholesterol content increased in plasma membranes of the gastric mucosa. In addition, cytosolic activity increased while the activity of alcohol dehydrogenases decreased. The administration of mucilage promptly corrected these enzymatic changes. In fact, mucilage readily accelerated restoration of the ethanol-induced histological alterations and the disturbances in plasma membranes of gastric mucosa, showing a univocal anti-inflammatory effect. The activity of 5＇-nucleotidase correlated with the changes in lipid composition and the fluidity of gastric mucosal plasma membranes. CONCLUSION： The beneficial action of mucilage seems correlated with stabilization of plasma membranes of damaged gastric mucosa. Molecular interactions between mucilage monosaccharides and membrane phospholipids, mainly PC and phosphatidylethanolamine （PE）, may be the relevant features responsible for changing activities of membrane-attached proteins during the healing process after chronic gastric mucosal damage.

关键词： Gastritis Mucilage Chronic gastric mucosal injury Ethanol

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development and postnatal neurogenesis in the retina: a comparison between altricial and precocial bird species

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Neural Regeneration Research 2021年第1期16卷 16-20页

作者： Guadalupe Álvarez-Hernán José Antonio de Mera-Rodríguez yolanda Gañán Jorge Solana-Fajardo Gervasio Martín-Partido Joaquín Rodríguez-León Javier Francisco-Morcillo Área de biología celular Departamento de AnatomíaBiología Celular y ZoologíaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de ExtremaduraBadajozSpain Área de Anatomía Humana Departamento de AnatomíaBiología Celular y ZoologíaFacultad de MedicinaUniversidad de ExtremaduraBadajozSpain Servicio de Oftalmología Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de BadajozBadajozSpain

The visual system is affected by neurodegenerative diseases caused by the degeneration of specific retinal neurons,the leading cause of irreversible blindness in *** vertebrate phylogeny,the retina has two kinds of specialized niches of constitutive neurogenesis:the retinal progenitors located in the circumferential marginal zone and Müller *** proliferative activity in the retinal progenitors located in the circumferential marginal zone in precocial birds such as the chicken,the commonest bird model used in developmental and regenerative studies,is very *** region adds only a few retinal cells to the peripheral edge of the retina during several months after hatching,but does not seem to be involved in retinal regeneration.Müller cells in the chicken retina are not proliferative under physiological conditions,but after acute damage some of them undergo a reprogramming event,dedifferentiating into retinal stem cells and generating new retinal ***,regenerative response after injury occurs with low efficiency in the precocial avian *** contrast,it has recently been shown that neurogenesis is intense in the retina of altricial birds at *** particular,abundant proliferative activity is detected both in the circumferential marginal zone and in the outer half of the inner nuclear ***,stem cell niches are very active in the retina of altricial *** more extensive research is needed to assess the potential of proliferating cells in the adult retina of altricial birds,it emerges as an attractive model for studying different aspects of neurogenesis and neural regeneration in vertebrates.

关键词： altricial birds circumferential marginal zone Müller glia postnatal neurogenesis precocial regeneration retinogenesis

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Epigenetic regulation of stemness maintenance in the neurogenic niches

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World Journal of Stem Cells 2015年第4期7卷 700-710页

作者： Raquel Montalbán-Loro Ana Domingo-Muelas Alexandra Bizy Sacri R Ferrón departamento de biología celular Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad de Valencia

In the adult mouse brain, the subventricular zone lining the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus are two zones that contain neural stem cells(NSCs) with the capacity to give rise to neurons and glia during the entire life of the animal. Spatial and temporal regulation of gene expression in the NSCs populationis established and maintained by the coordinated interaction between transcription factors and epigenetic regulators which control stem cell fate. Epigenetic mechanisms are heritable alterations in genome function that do not involve changes in DNA sequence itself but that modulate gene expression, acting as mediators between the environment and the genome. At the molecular level, those epigenetic mechanisms comprise chemical modifications of DNA such as methylation, hydroxymethylation and histone modifications needed for the maintenance of NSC identity. Genomic imprinting is another normal epigenetic process leading to parentalspecific expression of a gene, known to be implicated in the control of gene dosage in the neurogenic niches. The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from NSCs by expression of defined transcription factors, provide key insights into fundamental principles of stem cell biology. Epigenetic modifications can also occur during reprogramming of NSCs to pluripotency and a better understanding of this process will help to elucidate the mechanisms required for stem cell maintenance. This review takes advantage of recent studies from the epigenetic field to report knowledge regarding the mechanisms of stemness maintenance of neural stem cells in the neurogenic niches.

关键词： Neurogenesis Neural stem cell Epigenetics Gene expression regulation Chromatin modifications DNA methylation

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Molecular complexity of visual mapping: a challenge for regenerating therapy

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Neural Regeneration Research 2020年第3期15卷 382-389页

作者： Mara Medori Gonzalo Spelzini Gabriel Scicolone CONICET–Universidad de Buenos Aires Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias“Prof.E.De Robertis”(IBCN)Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresArgentina Universidad de Buenos Aires Facultad de MedicinaDepartamento de Biología CelularHistologíaEmbriología y GenéticaCiudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresArgentina

Investigating the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the development of topographically ordered connections in the central nervous system constitutes an important issue in neurobiology because these connections are the base of the central nervous system normal *** dominant model to study the development of topographic maps is the projection from the retinal ganglion cells to the optic tectum/*** expression pattern of Eph/ephrin system in opposing gradients both in the retina and the tectum,labels the local addresses on the target and gives specific sensitivities to growth cones according to their topographic origin in the *** rigid precision of normal retinotopic mapping has prompted the chemoaffinity hypothesis,positing axonal targeting to be based on fixed biochemical affinities between fibers and ***,several lines of evidence have shown that the mapping can adjust to experimentally modified targets with flexibility,demonstrating the robustness of the guidance *** we discuss the complex ways the Ephs and ephrins interact allowing to understand how the retinotectal mapping is a precise but also a flexible process.

关键词： axon growth axon guidance development Eph and ephrin mapping regeneration retinal ganglion cells retino-tectal system

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Phosphorylated tau as a toxic agent in synaptic mitochondria: implications in aging and Alzheimer’s disease

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Neural Regeneration Research 2022年第8期17卷 1645-1651页

作者： Angie K.Torres Bastián I.Rivera Catalina M.Polanco Claudia Jara Cheril Tapia-Rojas Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina(CEBICEM)Facultad de Medicina y CienciaUniversidad San SebastiánSede Los LeonesSantiagoChile

During normal aging,there is a decline in all physiological functions in the *** of the most affected organs is the brain,where neurons lose their proper synaptic function leading to cognitive *** is one of the main risk factors for the development of neurodegenerative diseases,such as Alzheimer’s *** of the main responsible factors for synaptic dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative diseases is the accumulation of abnormal proteins forming *** most studied brain aggregates are the senile plaques,formed by Aβpeptide;however,the aggregates formed by phosphorylated tau protein have gained relevance in the last years by their *** is reported that neurons undergo severe mitochondrial dysfunction with age,with a decrease in adenosine 5′-triphosphate production,loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential,redox imbalance,impaired mitophagy,and loss of calcium buffer ***,abnormal tau protein interacts with several mitochondrial proteins,suggesting that it could induce mitochondrial ***,whether tau-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction occurs indirectly or directly is still unknown.A recent study of our laboratory shows that phosphorylated tau at Ser396/404(known as PHF-1),an epitope commonly related to pathology,accumulates inside mitochondria during normal *** accumulation occurs preferentially in synaptic mitochondria,which suggests that it may contribute to the synaptic failure and cognitive impairment seen in aged ***,we review the main tau modifications promoting mitochondrial dysfunction,and the possible mechanism ***,we discuss the evidence that supports the possibility that phosphorylated tau accumulation in synaptic mitochondria promotes synaptic and cognitive impairment in ***,we show evidence and argue about the presence of phosphorylated tau PHF-1 inside mitochondria in Alzheimer’s disease,which could be considered as an early event

关键词： age pathology aging Alzheimer’s disease hippocampus memory mitochondria PHF-1 phosphorylated tau synaptic mitochondria tau

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Resource-sharing strategies in ecotypes of the invasive clonal plant Carpobrotus edulis: specialization for abundance or scarcity of resources

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2017年第4期10卷 681-691页

作者： Josefina G.Campoy Rubén Retuerto Sergio R.Roiloa departamento de biología celular y Ecología Área de EcologíaFacultad de BiologíaCampus VidaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela15782 Santiago de CompostelaSpain Grupo BioCost Departamento de Biología AnimalBiología Vegetal y EcologíaÁrea de EcologíaFacultad de CienciasUniversidade da Coruña15071 A CoruñaSpain

Aims Carpobrotus edulis(L.)*** known to invade many coastal ecosystems around the world,and it has been considered as one of the most severe threats to numerous terrestrial plant ***,the study of the relationships between life-history traits that may favour its invasiveness and the invasibility of the environments is necessary to improve our knowledge about inva-sion *** this research,we specifically tested the effects of physiological integration in genotypes from contrasting habitats,where the importance of integration is expected to ***,the main objective of this work was to detect the presence of adaptive plasticity in the capacity for clonal integration in this aggressive *** In a greenhouse experiment,we compared the performance,in terms of growth and photochemical efficiency,of two *** *** and severed ramet pairs from coastal sand dunes and rocky coast habitats were grown in substrates of different quality and *** Findings Our study clearly indicates that clonal integration improves growth and photosynthetic efficiency in the aggressive invader *** differ-ent aspects of clonal integration determine site-specific strategies in this species in order to optimize its successful propagation in a particular *** demonstrated that the adaptation of *** to local envi-ronments has led to a differential selection of two complex clonal traits associated with the capacity for clonal *** patchy sand dunes,*** has evolved ecotypes with ramets highly plastic in patterns of biomass allocation,which allows ramets to specialize in the acquisi-tion of the resource that is locally most abundant,i.e.,a spatial division of labour among ***,in the harsher rocky coast habitats,local adaptation produced highly integrated ecotypes,where resource sharing is not combined with a specialization of resource acquisition.

关键词： adaptive plasticity biomass allocation Carpobrotus edulis chlorophyll fluorescence clonal integration

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