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Mixed-method study on medicinal herb collection in relation to wildlife conservation:the case of giant pandas in China

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Integrative Zoology 2019年第6期14卷 604-612页

作者： Yichao ZENG Jindong ZHANG Vanessa HULL Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA Key Laboratory of Southwest China wildlife Resources conservation China West Normal UniversityMinistry of EducationNanchongChina

Medicinal herb collection has historical and cultural roots in many rural communities in developing countries.Areas where herb collection occurs may overlap with biodiversity hotspots and crucial habitat of endangered and threatened species.However,impacts of such practices on wildlife are unknown and possibly underestimated,perhaps due to the elusive nature of such activities.We examined this phenomenon in Wolong Nature Reserve,China,a protected area in the South-Central China biodiversity hotspot that also supports a community of Tibetan,Qiang and Han people who use herb collection as a supplementary source of livelihood.We adopted a participatory approach in which we engaged local people in outlining spatial and temporal dynamics of medicinal herb collection practices.We found that the overall spatial extent of herb collection increased in the past two decades.We then overlaid herb collection maps with localities of giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)feces collected over two time points in the reserve.Using a Bayesian parameter estimation,we found evidence for declined giant panda occurrence in the areas most recently impacted by emerging medicinal herb collection.Our methodology demonstrates the potential power of integrating participatory approaches with quantitative methods for processes like herb collection that may be difficult to examine empirically.We discuss future directions for improving explanatory power and addressing uncertainty in this type of mixed-method,interdisciplinary research.This work has implications for future attempts to understand whether and how prevalent but subtle human activities may affect wildlife conservation.

关键词： Bayesian parameter estimation medicinal herb collection participatory mapping wildlife conservation

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Recovery of threatened plant species and their habitats in the biodiversity hotspot of the Southwest Australian Floristic Region

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Plant Diversity 2019年第2期41卷 59-74页

作者： Leonie Monks Sarah Barrett Brett Beecham Margaret Byrne Alanna Chant David Coates J.Anne Cochrane Andrew Crawford Rebecca Dillon Colin Yates Biodiversity and conservation Science Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions Parks and wildlife Service Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions

The Southwest Australian Floristic Region(SWAFR) is a global biodiversity hotspot with high plant diversity and endemism and a broad range of threatening processes. An outcome of this is a high proportion of rare and threatened plant species. Ongoing discovery and taxonomic description of new species, many of which are rare, increases the challenges for recovery of threatened species and prioritisation of conservation actions. Current conservation of this diverse flora is based on integrated and scientific evidence-based management. Here we present an overview of current approaches to the conservation of threatened flora in the SWAFR with a focus on active management through recovery and restoration that is integrated with targeted research. Key threats include disease, fragmentation, invasive weeds, altered fire regimes, grazing, altered hydro-ecology and climate change. We highlight the integrated approach to management of threats and recovery of species with four case studies of threatened flora recovery projects that illustrate the breadth of interventions ranging from In situ management to conservation reintroductions and restoration of threatened species habitats. Our review and case studies emphasise that despite the scale of the challenge, a scientific understanding of threats and their impacts enables effective conservation actions to arrest decline and enhance recovery of threatened species and habitats.

关键词： Threatened species Threatening processes conservation Recovery Restoration Biodiversity hotspot

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Developmental environment contributes to rapid trait shifts among newly colonized subterranean habitats

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Zoological Research 2023年第4期44卷 808-820页

作者： Nathan E.Swanson Andrew G.Gluesenkamp Alexandra E.Donny Suzanne E.McGaugh department of Fisheries Wildlife and Conservation BiologyUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMN 55108USA department of ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California IrvineIrvineCA 92697-2525USA Center for conservation and Research San Antonio ZooSan AntonioTexas 78212USA ecology Evolutionand BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMN 55108USA department of Biology Stanford UniversityStanfordCA 94305USA

Recent colonization of extreme environments provides unique opportunities to study the early steps of adaptation and the potential for rapid convergent evolution.However,phenotypic shifts during recent colonization may also be due to plasticity in response to changes in the rearing environment.Here,we analyzed a suite of morphological and behavioral traits in paired surface,subterranean,and facultatively subterranean Mexican tetras(Astyanax mexicanus)from recent introductions in two separate watersheds outside of their native range.We found a variety of phenotypic and behavioral shifts between subterranean and surface populations that are similar to those observed in relatively ancient populations in Mexico.Despite this rapid morphological divergence,we found that most of these trait differences were due to plasticity in response to rearing environments.While most trait assays in common-garden,lab-raised fish indicated that phenotypic shifts in wild fish were the result of plasticity,we also found evidence of genetic control in several traits present in subterranean populations.Interestingly,wall-following behavior,an important subterranean foraging behavior,was greater in lab-born subterranean fish than in lab-born surface fish,suggesting rapid divergence of this trait between subterranean and surface populations.Thus,this study sheds light on the early steps of subterranean evolution,identifies potential rapid behavioral evolution,and suggests that plasticity in traits involving exploratory behavior may facilitate subterranean colonization.

关键词： Plasticity Adaptation Subterranean Cavefish Evolution Common garden

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Genomic differentiation with isolation by distance along a latitudinal gradient in the spotted-leg treefrog Polypedates megacephalus

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Integrative Zoology 2023年第3期18卷 569-580页

作者： Long JIN Yuchi ZHENG Xiaofeng LUAN Wenbo LIAO Key Laboratory of Southwest China wildlife Resources conservation(Ministry of Education) China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina School of ecology and Nature conservation Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina

The patterns of isolation by distance(IBD)entailing increased genetic differentiation among populations have aroused extensive concerns for evolutionary biologists.Although the IBD may act on spatial processes contribut-ing to the genetic differentiation among populations in anuran species,the factors shaping the IBD of frogs among populations in natural systems are largely unknown.Here,we studied the genetic differentiation among six popula-tions with 24 individuals of the spotted-leg treefrog along a latitudinal gradient(1860.31 km)based on 1020 single nucleotide polymorphisms from restriction site-associated DNA sequencing.The results showed that the genetic diversity differed signiﬁcantly among populations and that the insular populations had higher genetic diversity than the mainland populations.Furthermore,we also found a signiﬁcant genetic differentiation among populations(FST=0.277)and no sign of inbreeding(FUNI=-0.145).The IBD was detected for all populations,and a higher degree of the IBD was indicated when controlling for the effects of the isolation between Hainan and mainland populations caused by the Qiongzhou Strait.Ourﬁndings suggest that the form of the Qiongzhou Strait plays a key role in shaping the genetic diversity and population differentiation in treefrogs.

关键词： genetic diversity isolation by distance Polypedates megacephalus population differentiation single nucleotide polymorphisms

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Characterization of intestinal microbiota and fecal cortisol,T3,and IgA in forest musk deer(Moschus berezovskii)from birth to weaning

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Integrative Zoology 2021年第3期16卷 300-312页

作者： Yimeng LI Tianxiang ZHANG Minghui SHI Baofeng ZHANG Xin HU Shanghua XU Jianhong DING Shuqiang LIU Defu HU Daniel RUBENSTEIN School of ecology and Nature conservation Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina department of ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton UniversityPrincetonNew JerseyUSA Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive wildlife Technology Beijing ZooBeijingChina

Analysis of the intestinal microbiota and physiological parameters in mammalian infancy can reveal health status.In this study,we used a combination of molecular and immunochemical approaches to assess fecal microbiota as well as Cortisol(Cor),Triiodothyronine(T3),and immunoglobulin A(IgA)levels of young forest musk deer(FMD),from birth to one month after weaning(7 days of age–110 days of age).During development as the diet of FMD changes from consuming milk to eating plants,the richness and diversity of intestinal microbiota of young FMD increased significantly.Cor levels remained unchanged throughout early development while significantly increased after weaning,T3 and IgA initially were derived from milk during lactation,significantly decreased after weaning.Correlation network analysis showed that the community of food-oriented microbes were highly structured and that many genera were correlated.Overall,this study provides scientific insights into effective management strategies for the protection of FMD population.

关键词： forest musk deer intestinal microbiota weaning

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Effects of rodent abundance and richness on cache pilfering

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Integrative Zoology 2018年第3期13卷 331-338页

作者： Jacob W.DITTEL Stephen B.VANDER WALL department of Fisheries and wildlife Oregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA department of Biology and the Program in ecology Evolutionand Conservation BiologyUniversity of NevadaRenoNevadaUSA

Scatterhoarding is a common behavioral strategy to conserve food during periods of scarcity,but this type of food storage is vulnerable to theft or pilferage.A variety of environmental factors and cache characteristics influence the rate of pilferage.Here we investigate 2 environmental factors,which heretofore have not received much attention:the abundance and species richness of scatterhoarding animals in the vicinity of scatterhoarded seeds.We measured the rate of cache pilferage at 7 sites that differed in the number and species composition of granivorous rodents in western Nevada using local native seeds and sunflower seeds.We found that there was no difference between the pilferage rate of native seeds and sunflower seeds,but that sites with different rodent abundances had different pilferage rates.Pilferage rates were proportional to the abundance of scatterhoarding rodents.Scatterhoarding rodents removed seeds at the rate of 1.3%/day/rodent individual.Species richness of scatterhoarding rodents was not correlated with rates of pilferage.These results suggest that density-dependent competition for scatterhoarded seeds is a strong determinant of pilferage rates.

关键词： cache pilfering competition food hoarding heteromyids rodent abundance scatter hoarding sciurids

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Spatial density estimate of the snow leopard, Panthera uncia, in the Central Tibetan Plateau, China

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Integrative Zoology 2023年第4期18卷 677-687页

作者： Xiaoxing BIAN Xuchang LIANG Byron WECKWORTH Dorje JYAL Vanessa HULL Le YANG School of Natural Resources and Environment University of FloridaGainesvilleUSA Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of FloridaGainesvilleUSA wildlife conservation Society China BeijingChina Panthera New YorkUSA Tibet Plateau Institute of Biology LhasaChina

Knowledge of large carnivore population abundance is essential for wildlife management and conservation,but these data are often difﬁcult to obtain in inherently low-density species.In particular,the snow leopard,Panthera uncia,an enigmatic cat occupying remote mountains in Central Asia,has received insufﬁcient assessments of its population abundance because of logistical and methodological challenges.Here,we aimed to develop a robust density estimation of snow leopards based on 81 days of camera trapping within a contiguous and previously un-surveyed 1950 km2 area of habitat on the Tibetan Plateau(Mayue Township,Shenzha County,Tibet Autonomous Region,China).By applying spatially explicit capture–recapture models,we produced an estimate of 1.40(95%CI:1.06–1.84)individuals per 100 km2.Results also suggested sex-speciﬁc variation in the range of movement around activity centers,with male(N=10,σ=4.02)movement considerably greater than female(N=8,σ=1.84)move-ment.Theﬁndings can serve as a reliable baseline reference for assessing the population trends of this endangered felid species with future estimates.This study will provide context to contribute toward a better understanding of ecological factors shaping the distribution and abundance of snow leopards and the related conservation measures needed to sustain their long-term survival on the Tibetan Plateau.

关键词： population density snow leopard spatial capture–recapture Tibetan Plateau

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Morphological Variations,Distribution and Population Estimation of Indian Spiny Tailed Liza rd(Uromastyx hardwickii Gray,1827)from District Bahawalnagar,Punjab,Pakistan

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Asian Herpetological Research 2020年第3期11卷 257-262页

作者： Waqas ALI Arshad JAVID Saddam HUSSAIN Ali HUSSAIN Syed Mohsin BUKHARI department of wildlife and ecology University of Veterinary and Animal SciencesLahorePakistan

This study was conducted in selected sites of District Bahawalnagar namely,Shaheed Chowk,Chak40/F,Chak 163/7 R and Fareedkot Tiba between March 2019 and August 2019.Sampling techniques included recording of burrows,flooding,burrow exaction,noose traps and pit fall traps were used to capture Uromast yx hardwickii.During this survey150 individuals were captured from study area for morphological measurement and population estimation.The average snout to vent length(SVL)of male,female and juveniles were(172.50±19.71)mm,(155.50±18.72)mm and(86.25±11.72)mm respectively.The average weight of male,female and juvenile was(93.06±8.56)g,(88.16±7.95)g and(40.16±4.30)g respectively.The relative abundance(Pi)of males,females and juveniles were 0.53,0.33 and 0.13.Indian spiny tailed lizard(U.hardwickii)has been listed in the IUCN Red list and CITES.Major threats to the species in the study area are increase in urbanization,habitat fragmentation,illegal hunting for meat and fat.In this regard strict implementation of the wildlife act is needed to protect the wildlife of Punjab.Furthermore,comprehensive surveys are required in throughout Punjab to declare conservation status of U.hardwickii.

关键词： habitat morphological characters population Uromastyx hardwickii

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Stable seasonal migration patterns in giant pandas

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Zoological Research 2023年第2期44卷 341-348页

作者： Meng Wang Yong-Gang Nie Ronald R.Swaisgood Wei Wei Wen-Liang Zhou Ze-Jun Zhang Gui-Ming Wang Fu-Wen Wei Key Laboratory of Animal ecology and conservation Biology Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Giant Panda Research San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation ResearchEscondidoCalifornia 92027USA department of wildlife Fisheries and AquacultureMississippi State UniversityMississippi 39762USA

A critical function of animal movement is to maximize access to essential resources in temporally fluctuating and spatially heterogeneous environments.Seasonally mediated resource fluctuations may influence animal movements,enabling them to track changing resource distributions,resulting in annual migration patterns.The conservation-dependent giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca) displays seasonal movement patterns;however,the key factor driving these seasonal migration patterns remains poorly understood.Here,we used GPS tracking collars to monitor the movements of six giant pandas over a 12-year period across different elevations,and performed statistical analysis of seasonal migration directions,routes,habitat revisitation,home range overlap,first arrival events,and stability.Our results revealed a compelling pattern of seasonal migrations that facilitated the ability of the pandas to forage at the appropriate time and place to maximize nutritional intake.Our results indicated that pandas utilize spatial memory to locate reliable food resources,as evidenced by their annual return to the same or similar winter and summer home ranges and the consistently maintained percentage of home range overlap.These novel insights into giant panda foraging and movement ecology not only enhance our understanding of its ability to adapt to nutritionally poor dietary resources but also provide important information for the development of resource utilization-based protection and management strategies.

关键词： Giant panda Seasonal migration Home range Foraging ecology Spatial memory

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Competitive interactions and coexistence of sympatric flagship carnivores in Asia

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Integrative Zoology 2024年第2期19卷 183-199页

作者： Zhilin LI Jiayu LU Xiaoyi SHI Li’an DUO James L.D.SMITH Tianming WANG Tianjin Key Laboratory of conservation and Utilization of Animal Diversity College of Life SciencesTianjin Normal UniversityTianjinChina department of Fisheries Wildlife and Conservation BiologyUniversity of MinnesotaSt.PaulMinnesotaUSA Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering College of Life SciencesBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for conservation ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard BeijingChina

Understanding the competition and coexistence of flagship carnivores is key to creating strategies for their conservation in the face of global carnivore declines.Although studies exploring the dynamics and competition between tigers(Panthera tigris)and leopards(P.pardus)span decades,there is a lack of understanding regarding the factors that influence their coexistence mechanisms on a broad scale,as well as the drivers determining their exploitative and interference competition.We gathered a comprehensive list of research papers among which 36 papers explored the interspecific interactions between tigers and leopards and tested the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the coexistence mechanisms along three dimensions using multiple response variables regression models;we also tested the influence of ecological drivers determining the exploitative or interference competition between tigers and leopards.Elevation and ungulate density were the most important predictors in regulating the coexistence mechanisms.Tigers and leopards exhibited more positive relations/higher overlaps as elevation increased in the spatial niche.In addition,they showed a higher dietary overlap in the prey-rich regions.We determined that interference competition between tigers and leopards was less frequently observed in habitats with dense tree cover and homogeneous vegetation structures.Meanwhile,studies with multiple metrics would promote the detection of interference competition.Our study provides new insight into the competitive interactions and coexistence mechanisms of tigers and leopards on a broad scale.Policy-makers and managers should pay more attention to the factors of elevation,prey abundance,and habitat structures for the conservation of tigers and leopards.

关键词： carnivores coexistence mechanisms competitive interactions exploitative competition interference competition

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