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ARTICLE OPEN Viral dynamics and antibody responses in people with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2021年第6期6卷 1788-1794页

作者： Zhiwei Sui Xinhua Dai Qingbin Lu Yulan Zhang Min Huang Shufen Li Tao Peng Jie Xie Yongzhuo Zhang Chunchen Wu Jianbo Xia Lianhua Dong Jiayi Yang Wenfeng Huang Siyuan Liu Ziquan Wang Ke Li Qingfang Yang Xi Zhou Ying Wu Wei Liu Xiang Fang Ke Peng Center for Advanced Measurement Science National Institute of MetrologyBeijingChina department of Laboratorial Science and Technology School of Public HealthPeking UniversityBeijingChina State Key Laboratory of Virology Wuhan Institute of VirologyCenter for Biosafety Mega-ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanHubeiChina Joint Laboratory of infectious diseases and Health Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan HospitalWuhanChina department of Laboratory Medicine Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHUSTWuhanHubeiChina department of Laboratory Medicine Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei ProvinceTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co. Ltd.ShenzhenChina University of Chinese Academy of Sciences BeijingChina State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology and School of Basic Medical Sciences Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity Beijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyBeijingChina

Over 40% of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)COVID-19 patients were asymptomatically infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)and the immune responses of these asymptomatic individuals is a critical factor for developing the strategy to contain the COVID-19 ***,we determined the viral dynamics and antibody responses among 143 asymptomatic individuals identified in a massive screening of more than 5 million people in eight districts of Wuhan in May *** individuals were admitted to the government-designated centralized sites in accordance with *** incidence rate of asymptomatic infection is〜2.92/100,*** individuals had low viral copy numbers(peaked at 315 copies/mL)and short-lived antibody responses with the estimated diminish time of 69 *** antibody responses in individuals with persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection is much longer with the estimated diminish time of 257 *** results imply that the immune responses in the asymptomatic individuals are not potent enough for preventing SARS-CoV-2 re-infection,which has recently been reported in recovered COVID-19 *** casts doubt on the efficacy of forming"herd-immunity"through natural SARS-CoV-2 infection and urges for the development of safe and effective vaccines.

关键词： asymptomatic admitted immunity

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Near-fatal Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia,shock and complicated extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulation:A case report

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World Journal of Critical Care Medicine 2021年第5期10卷 301-309页

作者： Joshua Cuddihy Shreena Patel Nabeela Mughal Christopher Lockie Richard Trimlett Stephane Ledot Nicholas Cheshire Ajay Desai Suveer Singh Magill department for Anaesthesia Critical Care and Pain MedicineChelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation TrustLondon SW109NHUnited Kingdom department of Surgery and Cancer Imperial College LondonLondon SW72BUUnited Kingdom Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation TrustLondon SW109NHUnited Kingdom Warwick Medical School Warwick UniversityWarwick CV47HLUnited Kingdom microbiology and infectious diseases Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation TrustLondon SW109NHUnited Kingdom Imperial College London Imperial College LondonLondon SW72BUUnited Kingdom Intensive Care Unit Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation TrustLondon SW109NHUnited Kingdom Cardiac Surgery Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation TrustLondon SW36NPUnited Kingdom Adult Intensive Care Unit Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation TrustLondon SW36NPUnited Kingdom Vascular Surgery Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation TrustLondon SW36NPUnited Kingdom Paediatric Intensive Care Unit Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation TrustLondon SW36NPUnited Kingdom

BACKGROUND Panton-Valentine leukocidin(PVL)is an exotoxin secreted by Staphylococcus aureus(***),responsible for skin and soft tissue *** a cause of severe necrotising pneumonia,it is associated with a high mortality rate.A rare entity,the epidemiology of PVL ***(PVL-SA)pneumonia as a complication of influenza coinfection,particularly in young adults,is incompletely *** SUMMARY An adolescent girl presented with haemoptysis and respiratory distress,deteriorated rapidly,with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)and profound shock requiring extensive,prolonged resuscitation,emergency critical care and venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO).Cardiac arrest and a rare complication of ECMO cannulation necessitated intra-procedure extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation,i.e.,venoarterial *** infectious disease,microbiology and Public Health England engagement identified causative agents as PVL-SA and influenza A/H3N2 from bronchial aspirates within *** further complications of critical illness,the patient made an excellent recovery with normal cognitive *** coordinated approach of numerous multidisciplinary specialists,nursing staff,infection control,specialist cardiorespiratory support,hospital services,both adult and paediatric and Public Health are testimony to what can be achieved to save life against expectation,against the *** case serves as a reminder of the deadly nature of PVL-SA when associated with influenza and describes a rare complication of ECMO *** PVL-SA can cause severe ARDS and profound shock,with influenza infection.A timely coordinated multispecialty approach can be lifesaving.

关键词： Panton-Valentine leukocidin-Staphylococcus aureus Adolescent Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation Case report

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Disseminated cryptosporidiosis:Case report and literature review

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World Journal of Clinical infectious diseases 2017年第2期7卷 32-37页

作者： Shehla Khalil Bijay R Mirdha Jaishree Paul Ashutosh Panda Yogita Singh department of microbiology All India Institute of Medical Sciences School of Life Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University

Cryptosporidiosis,better known as an intestinal disease may disseminate to infect other sites including the respiratory tract. Little information however is available on respiratory cryptosporidiosis that may largely be due to lower frequency of respiratory cryptosporidiosis. Respiratory cryptosporidiosis has been majorly reported in immunocompromised individuals and children. Here we report a case of respiratory and intestinal cryptosporidiosis in a fifteen months old child with CD8+ deficiency. The patient in spite of treatment with Nitazoxanide and Azithromycin followed by Intravenous immunoglobulin and Bovine colostrum had a fatal outcome. The Cryptosporidium spp. isolate was subjected to molecular characterization. The Cryptosporidium spp. was identified both in stool specimen and Endotracheal aspirate(ETA). The blood sample was negative for Cryptosporidium spp. The Cryptosporidium spp. isolate from stool as well as ETA was identified as Cryptosporidium hominis(C. hominis) using Multiplex Allele Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction assay and was subtyped as Ia A23G1R1 subtype using gp60 gene polymerase chain reaction assay followed by sequencing.

关键词： Cryptosporidiosis Disseminated disease CD8+deficiency Cryptosporidium hominis Subtyping

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Molecular Docking and Evaluation of Antileishmania Activity of a Ruthenium Complex with Epiisopiloturine and Nitric Oxide

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2020年第5期8卷 42-53页

作者： Joabe Lima Araújo Ruan Sousa Bastos Gardênia Taveira Santos Michel Muálem de Moraes Alves Kayo Alves Figueiredo Lucas Aires de Sousa Ionara Nayana Gomes Passos Fernando Aécio de Amorim Carvalho Francisco das Chagas Alves Lima Jefferson Almeida Rocha Postgraduate Program in Nanoscience and Nanobiotechnology Department of Genetics and Morphology University of Brasília Brasília DF Brazil Research Group in Natural Sciences and Biotechnology Department of Natural Sciences/Chemistry Federal University of Maranhao Grajaú MA Brazil Research Group in Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology QUIMEBIO Federal University of Maranhao Sao Bernardo MA Brazil Postgraduate Program in Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modeling Federal University of Pará Belém PA Brazil department of Nursing State University of Maranhao Colinas MA Brazil department of veterinary Morphophysiology Federal University of Piauí Teresina PI Brazil department of Health Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology of Piauí Teresina PI Brazil Postgraduate Program in Materials Science Center for Social Sciences Health and Technology Federal University of Maranhao Imperatriz MA Brazil department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology Federal University of Piauí Teresina PI Brazil department of Chemistry Quantum Computational Chemistry Laboratory Federal University of Piauí Teresina PI Brazil

Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease that affects both animals and humans, caused by flagellated parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania. The disease is estimated to reach about 700,000 to 1 million people, causing the deaths of 20 to 30,000 individuals annually. Thus, the present study aims to perform molecular docking tests and evaluation of antileishmania activity in vitro of a ruthenium complex with epiisopiloturine and nitric oxide. AutoDockTools-1.5.6 software was used to perform molecular docking tests. Molecular targets were considered rigid, and Epiruno2 considered flexible. The genetic algorithm Lamarckian (AGL) with global search and pseudo-Solis and Wets with local search were the methods adopted in the docking. The most promising results of molecular interaction were achieved in the targets Pteridine reductase and UDP-glucose Pyrophosphorylase with rates of -10.68 Kcal·mol-1 and -10.51 Kcal·mol-1, respectively. This demonstrates that Epiruno2 has molecular affinity with the targets of L. major. In vitro assays prove the antileishmania activity of the complex in the face of promastigote forms with inhibition of growth, concluding through this study that the Epiruno2 complex has antileishmania activity.

关键词： Molecular Docking Simulation Neglected diseases Leishmania major

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Pathogen Analysis of Central Nervous System Infections in a Chinese Teaching Hospital from 2012-2018: A Laboratory-based Retrospective Study

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Current Medical Science 2019年第3期39卷 449-454页

作者： Lei TIAN Zhen ZHANG Zi-yong SUN department of Clinical Laboratory Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China department of Pharmacy Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China

Central nervous system (CNS) infections are associated with high mortality rates. The clinical presentation of many CNS infections by different pathogens is difficult to distinguish, but the definite diagnosis of the etiology is critical for effective therapy and prognosis. The aim of this study was to explore the etiology of CNS infections with definite diagnoses based on data from a clinical microbiology laboratory in Tongji Hospital, a teaching hospital in China, obtained over a six-year period. We conducted a retrospective study on all cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens submitted to our clinical microbiology laboratory from September, 2012 to December, 2018. The etiology of CNS infections caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and common bacteria was analyzed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted on all isolates. The results showed that 1972 cases of CNS infections were identified from 18 300 CSF specimens. Common bacterial meningitis (BM), cryptococcal meningitis (CM) and tuberculous meningitis (TM) accounted for 86.3%(677/785), 9.4%(74/785) and 4.3%(34/785) respectively of cases over the six-year period. BM was the most common among the different age groups, followed by CM. Of the TM cases, 44.1%(15/34) were distributed within the age group of 15-34 years, whereas for CM cases, 52.7%(39/74) occurred within the 35-54-year age group, and the age distribution of BM cases was fairly even. Among the bacterial pathogens isolated, Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common, accounting for 12.5%(98/785), followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (ABA) and Staphylococcus aureus (SAU), accounting for 11.8%(93/785) and 7.6%(60/785) respectively. The resistance rates to antibiotics were >75%, with the exception of the resistance rate of ABA to tegafycline, which was <3%. More than 60% of SAU strains displayed resistance to penicillin, oxacillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, cefazolin, cefuroxime, gentamycin, tobramycin, erythromycin and levofl

关键词： central nervous system infection bacterial meningitis cryptococcal meningitis tuberculous meningitis antimicrobial resistance

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Pineapple (<i>Ananas comosus</i>L. Merr.), Waste Streams, Characterisation and Valorisation: An Overview

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Open Journal of Ecology 2021年第9期11卷 610-634页

作者： Wafaa M. Hikal Abeer A. Mahmoud Hussein A. H. Said-Al Ahl Amra Bratovcic Kirill G. Tkachenko Miroslava Kačániová Ronald Maldonado Rodriguez department of Biology Faculty of Science University of Tabuk Tabuk Saudi Arabia Water Pollution Research department Environmental Research Division National Research Centre 33 El-Bohouth St. Dokki Giza Egypt department of Botany (Plant Physiology Section) Faculty of Agriculture Cairo University Giza Egypt Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research department National Research Centre 33 El-Bohouth St. Dokki Giza Egypt department of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Faculty of Technology University of Tuzla Tuzla Bosnia and Herzegovina V. L. Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences Saint Petersburg Russia department of Fruit Science Viticulture and Enology Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering Slovak University of Agriculture Nitra Slovakia department of Bioenergetics Food Analysis and Microbiology Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition University of Rzeszow Cwiklinskiej 1 Rzeszow Poland The Fluoromatics Laboratory 10 Rue du Vieux-Moulin 1213 Onex Geneva Switzerland

Processing pineapple industry produces huge amounts of waste thus contributing to worsen the global environmental problem. Valorising pineapple waste through further processing until it is transformed into valuable products using environmentally friendly techniques is both, a challenge, and an opportunity. The aim of this review is to characterize and highlight the phytochemical constituents of pineapple peel, their biological activity, and to evaluate the current state-of-art for the utilization of pineapple waste from the processing industry for obtaining pharmaceuticals, food, and beverages, biocombustibles, biodegradable fibers, and other different usage. Pineapple residues are rich in many bioactive compounds such as ferulic acid, vitamin A and C as antioxidant, and containing alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycoside, steroids, triterpenoids and phytosterols may provide a good source of several beneficial properties, as well as bromelain that showed significant anticancer activity. Also, pineapple processing residues contain important volatile compounds used as aroma enhancing products and have high potential to produce value-added natural essences. Pineapple peels can be used as nonpharmacological therapeutical in the form of processed food and instant drinks;its potent natural antimicrobial properties may be applied for food conservation and as potential leads to discover new drugs to control some infectious microbial. Pineapple waste is a promising source of metabolites for therapeutics, functional foods, and cosmeceutical applications.

关键词： Pineapple Peel Ananas comosus Phytochemical Constituents Antioxidant Activity Anticancer Antimicrobial Activities

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The Antiviral Action of Polyhexamethylene Guanidine Derivatives

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Journal of Life Sciences 2014年第1期8卷 22-26页

作者： Andriy Lysytsya Mykola Mandygra department of Boundary Value Epizootology Institute of Veterinary Medicine of National Academy of the Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine Rivne 33028 Ukraine

Although the PHMG (polyhexamethylene guanidine) and other oligomer guanidines are known as highly efficient biocides against a broad spectrum of microorganisms and eukaryotic cells, the cell protection by PHMG derivatives has been established firstly in this study. The antiviral protection was also exhibited after 15 min pretreatment of different cell cultures with low-concentration of PHMG salts. Monolayers of the continuous bovine tracheal cells culture (TCC) and primary culture of chicken embryo fibroblasts (FCE) were treated with aqueous solutions of PHMG chloride salts or PHMG succinate. The molecules of PHMG polycation adhered to the plasma membrane of the cells tested as they were treated with PHMG for 15-30 min. The viral material was added to the cell cultures after the wash-out carried out twice to rid of unbound PHMG. The viruses of Equine herpesvirus type 1, Rhinotracheitis infectious bovine and Equine infectious anemia virus were used. The protective effect from the cytopathic action of herpes and retroviruses was exhibited after 15 min pretreatment of cell monolayer with PHMG chloride at the TCC concentrations of 10 -3 - 10 -2 % and FCE concentrations of 10 -5 - 10 -4 %. The unique antiviral properties of PHMG salts represented in our research had never been shown before.

关键词：抗病毒作用聚六亚甲基胍衍生物传染性鼻气管炎马传染性贫血病毒细胞培养物鸡胚成纤维细胞马疱疹病毒

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Substrate specificity of avian influenza H5N1 neuraminidase

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World Journal of Virology 2014年第4期3卷 30-36页

作者： Naruthai Onsirisakul Shin-ichi Nakakita Chompunuch Boonarkart Alita Kongchanagul Ornpreya Suptawiwat Pilaipan Puthavathana Krisada Chaichuen Kanokwan Kittiniyom Yasuo Suzuki Prasert Auewarakul department of Clinical microbiology and Applied Technology Faculty of Medical TechnologyMahidol UniversityBangkok 73170Thailand department of microbiology Faculty of Medicine Siriraj HospitalMahidol UniveristyBangkok 10700Thailand Division of Functional Glycomics Life Sciences Research CenterKagawa UniversityTakamatsu 761-0793Japan Institute of Molecular Biosciences Mahidol UniversityNakhon Pathom 73170Thailand Faculty of veterinary Science Mahidol UniversityNakorn Pathom 73170Thailand College of Life and Health Sciences Chubu UniversityKasugai 487-8501Japan

AIM: To characterise neuraminidase(NA) substrate specificity of avian influenza H5N1 strains from humans and birds comparing to seasonal influenza ***: Avian influenza H5N1 strains from humans and birds were recruited for characterising their NA substrate specificity by using a modified commercial fluorescence Amplex Red assay. This method can identify the preference of α2,6-linked sialic acid or α2,3-linked sialic acid. Moreover, to avoid the bias of input virus, reverse genetic virus using NA gene from human isolated H5N1 were generated and used to compare with the seasonal influenza virus. Lastly, the substrate specificity profile was further confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) analysis of the enzymatic product. RESULTS: The H5N1 NA showed higher activity on α2,3-linked sialic acid than α2,6-linked(P < 0.0001). To compare the NA activity between the H5N1 and seasonal influenza viruses, reverse genetic viruses carrying the NA of H5N1 viruses and NA from a seasonal H3N2 virus was generated. In these reverse genetic viruses, the NA activity of the H5N1 showed markedly higher activity against α2,3-linked sialic acid than that of the H3N2 virus, whereas the activities on α2,6-linkage were comparable. Interestingly, NA from an H5N1 human isolate that was previously shown to have heamagglutinin(HA) with dual specificity showed reduced activity on α2,3-linkage. To confirm the substrate specificity profile, HPLC analytic of enzymatic product was performed. Similar to Amplex red assay, H5N1 virus showed abundant preference on α2,3-linked sialic ***: H5N1 virus maintains the avian specific NA and NA changes may be needed to accompany changes in HA receptor preference for the viral adaptation to humans.

关键词： H5N1 avian influenza virus Neuraminidase Sialic acid Adaptation Substrate preference

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Effectiveness of Gardnerella vaginalis culture and Nugent scoring in identifying bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women

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infectious diseases Research 2023年第2期4卷 14-24页

作者： Chijioke Ogomegbunam Ezeigwe George Uchenna Eleje Chidebe Christian Anikwe David Chibuike Ikwuka Boniface Chukwuneme Okpala Kindness Chidi Irikannu Emeka Philip Igbodike Emmanuel Umegbolu Ngozichukwu Uzoewulu Olufunke Onaadepo Malarchy Ekwunife Nwankwo Onyecherelam Monday Ogelle Choice Chinemerem Nworgu Jide Uzowulu Uzoigwe Ifeoma Frances Okwuonu Chisom Godswill Chigbo LazarusUgochukwu Okafor Chinekwu Sochukwu Anyaoku Chukwuemeka Okwudili Ezeama Charlotte Blanche Oguejiofor Joseph Ifeanyichukwu Ikechebelu department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital NnewiAnambra State 435001Nigeria department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Nnamdi Azikiwe UniversityNnewi campus 435001Nigeria department of Human Physiology Nnamdi Azikiwe UniversityNnewi Campus 435001Nigeria department of Medical Physiology University of RwandaHuye CampusHuye 0000Rwanda department of Parasitology and Entomology Nnamdi Azikiwe UniversityAwka 420007Nigeria department of Outpatient department General Hospital Oji River 401145Enugu StateNigeria department of Medical microbiology/Parasitology Nnamdi Azikiwe UniversityNnewi campus 435001Nigeria department of Physiology University of Nigeria Enugu CampusEnugu 410001Nigeria department of School of Public Health University of Port-HarcourtRivers State 500004Nigeria department of Family Medicine Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital NnewiAnambra State 435001Nigeria.

Background:Bacterial vaginosis(BV),a lower genital tract syndrome,has been linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes and is regarded as the prevalent type of vaginal infection in females of childbearing ***:To determine the accuracy of Nugent scoring and Gardnerella vaginalis culture in the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis(BV)among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital,Nnewi,***:This cross-sectional study evaluated biospecimen from 333 pregnant women enrolled through systematic random sampling *** of vaginal discharge were tested for BV infection using Amsel’s criteria,Nugent’s score and culture of *** Amsel’s criteria as a“gold standard”,the Nugent’s score and culture of *** were ***:Prevalence of 26.12%,25.82% and 28.20% of BV was found using Amsel criteria,Nugent’s method and culture of ***,*** statistical relationship exists between socio-demographic characteristics and BV(P>0.05).Sexual exposure,and vaginal hygienic practices influences BV(P<0.05)infection and also with fishy odor during or after sexual intercourse,Gardnerella morphotypes,Bacteroides morphotypes and BV(P<0.05).An inverse relationship existed between lactobacilli morphotypes and *** prevalence of HIV was 5.41% and 16 out of 18 had BV diagnosed using Amsel *** method correlated strongly with Amsel criteria(P<0.05).In comparison with Amsel criteria,it had 78.16% sensitivity,92.68% specificity,79.07% positive predictive value,92.31% negative predictive value and 88.89% accuracy *** was in contrast distinction to the culture of ***,which had 56.32%sensitivity,81.70% specificity,52.13% positive predictive value,84.10% negative predictive value and 75.08% accuracy ***:Nugent method correlated strongly with Amsel criteria(P<0.05)and had 78.16% sensitivity,92.68% specificity,79.07% positive predictive value,92.31% negative

关键词： Amsel criteria bacterial vaginosis Gardnerella vaginalis Nugent score pregnant women prevalence HIV

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Antibiotic-resistant bugs in the 21st century:A public health challenge

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World Journal of Clinical infectious diseases 2011年第1期1卷 11-16页

作者： Samuel S Taiwo department of Medical microbiology College of Health SciencesLadoke Akintola University of Technology and Teaching HospitalOgbomoso23400001Nigeria

Antimicrobial resistance,which has been reported against almost every antibiotic discovered,is one of the most urgent public health problems,threatening to undermine the effectiveness of infectious disease treatment *** penicillin ushered in the antibiotic era in the mid 20th century,the scientific world had engaged in a war between the development of antibacterial agents and bacterial *** the first decade of the 21st century,grave concern has been expressed over the evolution of multi-drug resistant staphylococci,enterococci,and mycobacteria,which pose serious clinical and public health challenge to *** present picture is frighteningly similar to the pre-antibiotic era,with reports of nosocomial spread and intercontinental dissemination of multi-drug resistant *** infected patients,there is no magic *** microbial pathogens appear to be gaining the upper hand,coupled with a recent dramatic reduction in antibiotic research by pharmaceutical companies because of the high cost of drug *** compounds that have recently been developed or resurrected to treat gram-positive infections are still unable to meet the armamentarium of resistance mechanisms of these *** situation is worse for gramnegative organisms,where no new drug is currently being developed against them.A multi-disciplinary approach to combat resistance is required,which must be applied,sustained,and continuously *** key components for maintaining effective antimicrobial chemotherapy will include better use of existing agents,coupled with continuous investment in new and innovative technologies,which must include diagnostics and vaccines in addition to new antimicrobial agents.

关键词： Antimicrobial Resistance Bugs Public health

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