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Changes in the adult sex ratio of six duck species breeding populations over two decades

Avian Research 2024年第2期15卷 202-210页

作者： Monika Homolkova Petr Musil Diego Pavon-Jordan Dorota Gajdosova Zuzana Musilova Sarka Neuzilova Jan Zouhar department of ecology Faculty of Environmental SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PragueKamýcka 129CZ-16521Prague–SuchdolCzech Republic department of terrestrial ecology Norwegian Institute for Nature Research(NINA)PO Box 5685 TorgardenTrondheimN-7485Norway department of Econometrics Faculty of Informatics and StatisticsUniversity of Economicsnam.W.Churchilla 4CZ-13067Prague 3Czech Republic

Despite all efforts,long-term changes in the adult sex ratios of breeding duck populations are still unclear;this uncertainty is especially true for male-bias populations,which are often under the scrutiny of researchers lacking convenient results for the active protection of endangered species.Species with male-bias populations are usually strongly affected by a decline in population size that leads to a higher extinction risk.In this study,we examined our long-term data of the abundance of breeding populations in six duck species(Mallard Anas platyrhynchos,Gadwall Mareca strepera,Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina,Common Pochard Aythya ferina,Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula,and Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula)from fishponds in South Bohemia,Czechia,between 2004 and 2022.This evidence was used to assess long-term changes in the adult sex ratio in these breeding populations and investigate the possible effects of the NAO index(North Atlantic Oscillation index)on them,indicating climate conditions in winter.We determined a long-term decrease of the proportion of females in the breeding season in two of the six examined species:Common Pochard and Red-crested Pochard,which is driven by the long-term increase in the number of males in contrast to the decreasing or stable number of females likely caused by different migration behaviours between females and males.In the case of Common Pochard,in breeding populations,we estimated 60-65%of males in the early 2000s rising to 75-80%in the early 2020s.However,we establish no significant effects linked to climate conditions of the previous winter in these species as a crucial cause of the changes of the proportion of females in the breeding population.

关键词： Adult sex ratio Breeding population Population dynamics Red-listed species Waterfowl Winter weather conditions

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A test of the species confidence hypothesis in dusky damselfish

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Current Zoology 2024年第1期70卷 79-86页

作者： Elle Overs Sydney Stump Isabel Severino Daniel T.Blumstein department of ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90095-1606USA

Visual cues are important in both interspecific and intraspecific communication.The species confidence hypothesis proposes that animals are more attracted to conspecific colors and repelled by colors,not on their bodies.Studies on terrestrial lizards and birds have tested the species confidence hypothesis and shown that conspecific colors elicit reduced antipredator behavior.To date,the species confidence hypothesis has not been tested in the marine environment,specifically on coral reefs where color communication is of vital importance.We addressed this knowledge gap by measuring flight initiation distance(the distance an individual moves away from an approaching threat)in dusky damselfish(Stegastes nigricans)in response to an approaching disc of 1 of 4 different color treatments:conspecific,blue,yellow,and black.If the species confidence hypothesis explained variation in damselfish flight initiation distance,then we expected individuals to tolerate closer approaches when approached by a conspecific color.In addition,we calculated the color difference between each stimulus and its corresponding back-ground as a potential alternative explanation for flight responses.Damselfish tolerated the closest approach from the conspecific color stimulus;there were no significant differences between other colors and there was no support for the alternative color difference hypothesis.As with similar terrestrial studies,these results are relevant to ecotourists'choice of swimsuit and wetsuit colors because color choice may modify naturalantipredatorbehavior.

关键词： antipredator behavior flight initiation distance risk assessment species confidence hypothesis Stegastes nigricans

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Role of climatic variability in shaping intraspecific variation of thermal tolerance in Mediterranean water beetles

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Insect Science 2024年第1期31卷 285-298页

作者： Susana Pallarés David Garoffolo Belén Rodríguez David Sánchez-Fernández department of Zoology University of SevilleSevilleSpain Faculty of Biology Department of Ecology and HydrologyUniversity of MurciaCampus EspinardoMurciaSpain

The climatic variability hypothesis(CVH)predicts that organisms in more thermally variable environments have wider thermal breadths and higher thermal plasticity than those from more stable environments.However,due to evolutionary trade-offs,taxa with greater absolute thermal limits may have little plasticity of such limits(trade-off hypothesis).The CVH assumes that climatic variability is the ultimate driver of thermal tolerance variation across latitudinal and altitudinal gradients,but average temperature also varies along such gradients.We explored intraspecific variation of thermal tolerance in three typical Mediterranean saline water beetles(families Hydrophilidae and Dytiscidae).For each species,we compared two populations where the species coexist,with similar annual mean temperature but contrasting thermal variability(continental vs.coastal population).We estimated thermal limits of adults from each population,previously acclimated at 17,20,or 25℃.We found species-specific patterns but overall,our results agree with the CVH regarding thermal ranges,which were wider in the continental(more variable)population.In the two hydrophilid species,this came at the cost of losing plasticity of the upper thermal limit in this population,supporting the trade-off hypothesis,but not in the dytiscid one.Our results support the role of local adaptation to thermal variability and trade-offs between basal tolerance and physiological plasticity in shaping thermal tolerance in aquatic ectotherms,but also suggest that intraspecific variation of thermal tolerance does not fit a general pattern among aquatic insects.Overlooking such intraspecific variation could lead to inaccurate predictions of the vulnerability of aquatic insects to global warming.

关键词： acclimation capacity aquatic insects climate change heat coma temperature supercooling point thermal plasticity

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Life forms affect beta-diversity patterns of larch forests in China

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Plant Diversity 2024年第1期46卷 49-58页

作者： Wenjing Fang Qiong Cai Chengjun Ji Jiangling Zhu Zhiyao Tang Jingyun Fang School of ecology and Environmental Science Yunnan UniversityKunming 650091China department of ecology College of Urban and Environmental Sciencesand Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of EducationPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China

Beta-diversity reflects the spatial changes in community species composition which helps to understand how communities are assembled and biodiversity is formed and maintained. Larch(Larix) forests, which are coniferous forests widely distributed in the mountainous and plateau areas in North and Southwest China, are critical for maintaining the environmental conditions and species diversity. Few studies of larch forests have examined the beta-diversity and its constituent components(species turnover and nestedness-resultant components). Here, we used 483 larch forest plots to determine the total betadiversity and its components in different life forms(i.e., tree, shrub, and herb) of larch forests in China and to evaluate the main drivers that underlie this beta-diversity. We found that total betadiversity of larch forests was mainly dependent on the species turnover component. In all life forms,total beta-diversity and the species turnover component increased with increasing geographic, elevational, current climatic, and paleoclimatic distances. In contrast, the nestedness-resultant component decreased across these same distances. Geographic and environmental factors explained 20%-25% of total beta-diversity, 18%-27% of species turnover component, and 4%-16% of nestedness-resultant component. Larch forest types significantly affected total beta-diversity and species turnover component. Taken together, our results indicate that life forms affect beta-diversity patterns of larch forests in China, and that beta-diversity is driven by both niche differentiation and dispersal limitation. Our findings help to greatly understand the mechanisms of community assemblies of larch forests in China.

关键词： Beta-diversity Species turnover Nestedness-resultant Geographic distance Climatic distance Larch forest

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Aging Mongolian pine plantations face high risks of drought-induced growth decline:evidence from both individual tree and forest stand measurements

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Journal of Forestry Research 2024年第2期35卷 109-120页

作者： Mingyong Li Leilei Yang Yu Cao Dedong Wu Guangyou Hao CAS Key Laboratory of Forest ecology and Management Institute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016People’s Republic of China Key Laboratory of terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Neutrality Liaoning ProvinceShenyang 110016People’s Republic of China Daqinggou Ecological Research Station Institute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016People’s Republic of China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049People’s Republic of China Research Institute of Sand Control and Utilization Liaoning ProvinceFuxin 123000People’s Republic of China

Discerning vulnerability differences among different aged trees to drought-driven growth decline or to mortality is critical to implement age-specific countermeasures for forest management in water-limited areas.An important species for afforestation in dry environments of northern China,Mongolian pine(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica Litv.)has recently exhibited growth decline and dieback on many sites,particularly pronounced in old-growth plantations.However,changes in response to drought stress by this species with age as well as the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood.In this study,tree-ring data and remotely sensed vegetation data were combined to investigate variations in growth at individual tree and stand scales for young(9-13 years)and aging(35-52 years)plantations of Mongolian pine in a water-limited area of northern China.A recent decline in tree-ring width in the older plantation also had lower values in satellited-derived normalized difference vegetation indices and normalized difference water indices relative to the younger plantations.In addition,all measured growth-related metrics were strongly correlated with the self-calibrating Palmer drought severity index during the growing season in the older plantation.Sensitivity of growth to drought of the older plantation might be attributed to more severe hydraulic limitations,as reflected by their lower sapwood-and leaf-specific hydraulic conductivities.Our study presents a comprehensive view on changes of growth with age by integrating multiple methods and provides an explanation from the perspective of plant hydraulics for growth decline with age.The results indicate that old-growth Mongolian pine plantations in water-limited environments may face increased growth declines under the context of climate warming and drying.

关键词： Tree age Drought stress Mongolian pine plantation Tree rings Remote sensing Plant hydraulics

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Physiological strategies in wild rodents:immune defenses of commensal rats

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Integrative Zoology 2024年第3期19卷 350-370页

作者： Ivana MIRKOV Dina TUCOVIC Jelena KULAS Anastasija MALESEVIC Dragan KATARANOVSKI Milena KATARANOVSKI Aleksandra POPOV ALEKSANDROV Immunotoxicology Group Department of EcologyInstitute for Biological Research“Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of SerbiaUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia

The importance of issues associated with urban/commensal rats and mice(property damage,management costs,and health risks)press upon research on these animals.While the demography of commensal rodents is mostly studied,the need for understanding factors influencing their natural morbidity/mortality is also stressed.In this respect,more attention is expected to be paid to immunity,the physiological mechanism of defense against host survival threats(pathogens,parasites,diseases).Commensal rats and mice carry numerous pathogens that evoke diverse immune responses.The state of immunity in commensal house mice is studied in great detail,owing to the use of laboratory strains in biomedical research.Because commensal rats are,compared to mice,carriers of more zoonotic agents,rats’immunity is studied mainly in that context.Some of these zoonotic agents cause chronic,asymptomatic infections,which justified studies of immunological mechanisms of pathogen tolerance versus clearance regulation in rats.Occurrence of some infections in specific tissues/organs pressed upon analysis of local/regional immune responses and/or immunopathology.A survey of immunological activity/responses in commensal rats is given in this review,with mention of existing data in commensal mice.It should throw some light on the factors relevant to their morbidity and lifespan,supplementing the knowledge of commensal rodent ecology.

关键词： commensal rats and mice immunopathology infection inflammation tolerance

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Climate change filtered out resource-acquisitive plants in a temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia,China

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2024年第2期67卷 403-413页

作者： Heying Jing Xingshuo Xiong Feng Jiang Xucai Pu Wenhong Ma Daijiang Li Zhongling Liu Zhiheng Wang Institute of ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education College of Urban and Environmental SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau School of Ecology and EnvironmentInner Mongolia UniversityHohhot 010021China department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLA 70803USA

Global climate change has led to the decline of species and functional diversity in ecosystems,changing community composition and ecosystem functions.However,we still know little about how species with different resource-use strategies(different types of resource usage and plant growth of plants as indicated by the spectrum of plant economic traits,including acquisitive resource-use strategy and conservative resource-use strategy)would change in response to climate change,and how the changes in the diversity of species with different resource-use strategies may influence community-level productivity.Here,using long-term(1982–2017)observatory data in a temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia,we investigated how climate change had affected the species richness(SR)and functional richness(FRic)for the whole community and for species with different resource-use strategies.Specifically,based on data for four traits representing leaf economics spectrum(leaf carbon concentration,leaf nitrogen concentration,leaf phosphorus concentration,and specific leaf area),we divided 81 plant species appearing in the grassland community into three plant functional types representing resource-acquisitive,medium,and resource-conservative species.We then analyzed the changes in community-level productivity in response to the decline of SR and FRic at the community level and for different resource-use strategies.We found that community-level SR and FRic decreased with drying climate,which was largely driven by the decline of diversity for resource-acquisitive species.However,community-level productivity remained stable because resource-conservative species dominating this grassland were barely affected by climate change.Our study revealed distinctive responses of species with different resource-use strategies to climate change and provided a new approach based on species functional traits for predicting the magnitude and direction of climate change effects on ecosystem functions.

关键词： biodiversity ecological strategy functional diversity functional trait long-term change species diversity

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Greenhouse gas emissions from Daihai Lake,China:Should eutrophication and salinity promote carbon emission dynamics?

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第1期135卷 407-423页

作者： Xiangwei Li Ruihong Yu Jun Wang Heyang Sun Xinyu Liu Xiaohui Ren Shuai Zhuang Zhiwei Guo Xixi Lu Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of River and Lake ecology School of Ecology and EnvironmentInner Mongolia UniversityHohhot 010070China Key Laboratory of Mongolian Plateau ecology and Resource Utilization Ministry of EducationHohhot 010070China Autonomous Region Collaborative Innovation Center for Integrated Management of Water Resources and Water Environment in the Inner Mongolia Reaches of the Yellow River Hohhot 010018China department of Geography National University of Singapore117570Singapore

Greenhouse gases(GHGs)emitted or absorbed by lakes are an important component of the global carbon cycle.However,few studies have focused on the GHG dynamics of eutrophic saline lakes,thus preventing a comprehensive understanding of the carbon cycle.Here,we conducted four sampling analyses using a floating chamber in Daihai Lake,a eutrophication saline lake in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China,to explore its carbon dioxide(CO_(2))and methane(CH_(4))emissions.The mean CO_(2)emission flux(FCO_(2))and CH_(4)emission flux(FCH_(4))were 17.54±14.54 mmol/m^(2)/day and 0.50±0.50 mmol/m^(2)/day,respectively.The results indicated that Daihai Lake was a source of CO_(2)and CH_(4),and GHG emissions exhibited temporal variability.The mean CO_(2)partial pressure(p CO_(2))and CH_(4)partial pressure(p CH_(4))were 561.35±109.59μatm and 17.02±13.45μatm,which were supersaturated relative to the atmosphere.The regression and correlation analysis showed that the main influencing factors of p CO_(2)were wind speed,dissolved oxygen(DO),total nitrogen(TN)and Chlorophyll a(Chl.a),whereas the main influencing factors of p CH_(4)were water temperature(WT),Chl.a,nitrate nitrogen(NO_(3)^(-)-N),TN,dissolved organic carbon(DOC)and water depth.Salinity regulated carbon mineralization and organic matter decomposition,and it was an important influencing factor of p CO_(2)and p CH_(4).Additionally,the trophic level index(TLI)significantly increased p CH_(4).Our study elucidated that salinity and eutrophication play an important role in the dynamic changes of GHG emissions.However,research on eutrophic saline lakes needs to be strengthened.

关键词： Eutrophication Salinity Greenhouse gas emissions Inland lake Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

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Habitat preferences and nest site selection by sympatric populations of Middle Spotted Woodpecker(Dendrocoptes medius) and Syrian Woodpecker(Dendrocopos syriacus) in natural mountain forests of Southwest Iran

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Avian Research 2024年第1期15卷 81-90页

作者： Arya Shafaeipour Jerzy Michalczuk Behzad Fathinia department of Biology Yasouj UniversityYasujIran department of Nature Conservation and Landscape ecology University of RzeszowZelwerowicza 435-601RzeszowPoland

We examined habitat preferences and nesting requirements of sympatric populations of Middle Spotted Woodpecker(Dendrocoptes medius) and Syrian Woodpecker(Dendrocopos syriacus).We carried out our study in 2015–2018 in natural mountain forests of Southwest Iran.We compared selected features of nesting,territory,and outside territory tree stands of the studied woodpeckers.The Middle Spotted Woodpecker occupied only oak forests,but the Syrian Woodpecker inhabited heterogenic forests that included the preferred tree of this species,the Mount Atlas Mastic.We recorded that in the breeding territories of the Middle Spotted Woodpecker,a greater area covered by tree crowns,as well as a larger number of trees,and a larger trunk basal area were observed in comparison to the territories occupied by the more plastic Syrian Woodpecker.Different habitat preferences demonstrated by both species could be a result of the selection of tree stands that provide the necessary food resources for each woodpecker species.Adaptation of Syrian Woodpecker to use heterogenic forest stands including tree species that produce fruits and as Mount Atlas Mastic trees,which likely allowed this species to colonise in Asia and Europe non-forest tree stands as orchards or gardens.Our results showed that poor tree condition and large tree trunk dimensions had a positive impact on the selection of nesting sites by both species.The presence of trees with large trunk dimensions was associated with multiple years of use of woodpecker breeding sites in the studied forests.Maintaining habitats in suitable condition for both studied woodpeckers can be achieved by preserving natural forests in the mountain regions of Iran.

关键词： Habitat conservation Nesting requirements Primary cavity nesters Species co-occurrence

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Nitrogen mineralization in the oldest climax communities in the eastern Mediterranean region

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Journal of Forestry Research 2024年第1期35卷 213-228页

作者： Fatma Selcen Sakar Gürcan Güleryüz department of Biology Section Ecology GörükleGraduate School of Natural and Applied ScienceUniversity of Bursa Uludağ16059 NilüferBursaTurkey department of Biology Section Ecology GörükleFaculty of Science and ArtsUniversity of Bursa Uludağ16059 NilüferBursaTurkey

In this study,we investigated how tree species affect N mineralization in connection to some soil properties and seconder metabolite levels of litter,in the soil of the old-est native forest communities.In the oldest pure communi-ties of Pinus nigra(PN),Fagus orientalis(FO),and Abies bornmuelleriana(AB)in the mountain range of Mount Uludağ,Bursa,Turkey,annual net yield and N mineraliza-tion in the 0-5-and 5-20-cm soil layers were determined in a field incubation study over 1 year.Sampling locations were chosen from 1300 to 1600 m a.s.l.,and moisture content(%),pH,water-holding capacity(%),organic C,total N,and C/N ratio,and annual net mineral N yield of the soil and hydro-lyzed tannic acid and total phenolic compounds in litter were compared for these forest communities.F.orientalis had the highest annual net Nmin yield(43.9±4.8 kg ha^(-1) a^(-1)),P.nigra the lowest(30.5±4.2 kg ha^(-1) a^(-1)).Our findings show that in the oldest forest ecosystems,the seasonal soil moisture content and tree species play an essential role in N cycling and that hydrolyzed tannic acids and total phenolic compounds effectively control N turnover.Tannic acid and total phenolics in the litter were found to inhibit nitrification,but total phenolics were found to stimulate ammonification.

关键词： Oldest forest communities Nitrogen mineralization Nitrification Tannic acid Total phenolic Litter

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