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Einstein Probe discovery of EP240408a: A peculiar X-ray transient with an intermediate timescale

Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2025年第1期Mechanics & Astronomy) .卷 222-240页

作者： Wenda Zhang Weimin Yuan Zhixing Ling Yong Chen Nanda Rea Arne Rau Zhiming Cai Huaqing Cheng Francesco Coti Zelati Lixin Dai Jingwei Hu Shumei Jia Chichuan Jin Dongyue Li Paul O’Brien Rongfeng Shen Xinwen Shu Shengli Sun Xiaojin Sun Xiaofeng Wang Lei Yang Bing Zhang Chen Zhang Shuang-Nan Zhang Yonghe Zhang Jie An David Buckley Alexis Coleiro Bertrand Cordier Liming Dou Rob Eyles-Ferris Zhou Fan Hua Feng Shaoyu Fu Johan P.U.Fynbo Lluis Galbany Saurabh W.Jha Shuaiqing Jiang Albert Kong Erik Kuulkers Weihua Lei Wenxiong Li Bifang Liu Mingjun Liu Xing Liu Yuan Liu Zhu Liu Chandreyee Maitra Alessio Marino Itumeleng Monageng Kirpal Nandra Jeremy Sanders Roberto Soria Lian Tao Junfeng Wang Song Wang Tinggui Wang Zhongxiang Wang Qingwen Wu Xuefeng Wu Dong Xu Yanjun Xu Suijian Xue Yongquan Xue Zijian Zhang Zipei Zhu Hu Zou Congying Bao Fansheng Chen Houlei Chen Tianxiang Chen Wei Chen Yehai Chen Yifan Chen Chenzhou Cui Weiwei Cui Yanfeng Dai Dongwei Fan Ju Guan Dawei Han Dongjie Hou Haibo Hu Maohai Huang Jia Huo Zhenqing Jia Bowen Jiang Ge Jin Chengkui Li Junfei Li Longhui Li Maoshun Li Wei Li Zhengda Li Tianying Lian Congzhan Liu Heyang Liu Huaqiu Liu Fangjun Lu Laidan Luo Jia Ma Xuan Mao Haiwu Pan Xin Pan Liming Song Hui Sun Yunyin Tan Qingjun Tang Yihan Tao Hao Wang Juan Wang Lei Wang Wenxin Wang Yilong Wang Yusa Wang Qinyu Wu Haitao Xu Jingjing Xu Xinpeng Xu Yunfei Xu Zhao Xu Changbin Xue Yulong Xue Ailiang Yan Haonan Yang Xiongtao Yang Yanji Yang Juan Zhang Mo Zhang Wenjie Zhang Zhen Zhang Zhen Zhang Ziliang Zhang Donghua Zhao Haisheng Zhao Xiaofan Zhao Zijian Zhao Hongyan Zhou Yilin Zhou Yuxuan Zhu Zhencai Zhu National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Astronomy and space Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of space Sciences (ICE) CSIC Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics Innovation Academy for Microsatellites Chinese Academy of Sciences department of Physics University of Hong Kong School of Physics and Astronomy University of Leicester School of Physics and Astronomy Sun Yat-sen University department of Physics Anhui Normal University Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Physics department Tsinghua University Nevada Center for Astrophysics University of Nevada Las Vegas department of Physics and Astronomy University of Nevada Las Vegas South African Astronomical Observatory department of Astronomy University of Cape Town department of Physics University of the Free State Université Paris Cité CNRS Astroparticule et Cosmologie Université Paris Cité CEA Paris-Saclay IRFU/DAp-AIM department of Astronomy Guangzhou University Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) Niels Bohr Institute University of Copenhagen department of Physics and Astronomy Rutgers the State University of New Jersey Institute for Cosmic Ray Research The University of Tokyo ESA/ESTEC department of Astronomy School of Physics Huazhong University of Science and Technology INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino Sydney Institute for Astronomy School of Physics The University of Sydney department of Astronomy Xiamen University Institute for Frontiers in Astronomy and Astrophysics Beijing Normal University department of Astronomy University of Science and Technology School of Astronomy and space Sciences University of Science and Technology of China Institute of Deep space Sciences Deep space Exploration Laboratory department of Astronomy School of Physics and Astronomy Yunnan University Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chi

We report the discovery of a peculiar X-ray transient,EP240408a,by Einstein Probe （EP） and follow-up studies made with EP,Swift,NICER,GROND,ATCA and other ground-based multiwavelength *** new transient was first detected with Wide-field X-ray Telescope （WXT） on board EP on April 8th,2024,manifested in an intense yet brief X-ray flare lasting for *** flare reached a peak flux of 3.9×10-9erg cm-2s-1in 0.5-4 ke V,～300 times brighter than the underlying X-ray emission detected throughout the *** and more precise follow-up observations by EP/FXT,Swift and NICER confirmed the finding of this new *** X-ray spectrum is non-thermal in 0.5-10 ke V,with a power-law photon index varying *** X-ray light curve shows a plateau lasting for ～4 d,followed by a steep decay till becoming undetectable ～10 d after the initial *** on its temporal property and constraints from previous EP observations,an unusual timescale in the range of 7-23 d is found for EP240408a,which is intermediate between the commonly found fast and long-term *** counterparts have been found in optical and near-infrared,with the earliest observation at 17 h after the initial X-ray detection,suggestive of intrinsically weak emission in these *** demonstrate that the remarkable properties of EP240408a are inconsistent with any of the transient types known so far,by comparison with,in particular,jetted tidal disruption events,gamma-ray bursts,X-ray binaries and fast blue optical *** nature of EP240408a thus remains an *** suggest that EP240408a may represent a new type of transients with intermediate timescales of the order of～10 *** detection and follow-ups of more of such objects are essential for revealing their origin.

关键词： X-ray transients ${\bm~{Einstein~~Probe}}$

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Wave effect of gravitational waves intersected with a microlens field Ⅱ:An adaptive hierarchical tree algorithm and population study

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2025年第1期Mechanics & Astronomy) .卷 241-254页

作者： Xikai Shan Guoliang Li Xuechun Chen Wen Zhao Bin Hu Shude Mao department of Astronomy Tsinghua University Purple Mountain Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute for Frontier in Astronomy and Astrophysics Beijing Normal University School of Physics and Astronomy Beijing Normal University School of Astronomy and space Science University of Science and Technology of China CAS Key Laboratory for Researches in Galaxies and Cosmology Department of Astronomy University of Science and Technology of ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences

The gravitational lensing wave effect generated by a microlensing field embedded in a lens galaxy is an inevitable phenomenon in strong lensed gravitational waves （SLGWs）.This effect presents both challenges and opportunities for the detection and application of ***,investigating this wave effect requires computing a complete diffraction integral over each microlens in the *** is extremely time-consuming due to the large number of microlenses （10～3-10～6）.Therefore,simply adding all the microlenses is ***,the complexity of the time delay surface makes the lens plane resolution a crucial factor in controlling numerical *** this paper,we propose a trapezoid approximation-based adaptive hierarchical tree algorithm to meet the challenges of calculation speed and *** find that this algorithm accelerates the calculation by four orders of magnitude compared to the simple adding method and is one order of magnitude faster than the fixed hierarchical tree algorithm proposed for electromagnetic *** importantly,our algorithm ensures controllable numerical errors,increasing confidence in the *** with our previous work （***.66,239511,2023）,this paper addresses all numerical issues,including integral convergence,precision,and computational time1).Finally,we conducted a population study on the microlensing wave effect of SLGWs using this algorithm and found that the microlensing wave effect cannot be ignored,especially for Type II SLGWs （from saddle position of the time delay surface） due to their intrinsic geometric structures and their typical intersection with a denser microlensing ***,more than 33%（11%） of SLGWs have a mismatch larger than 1%（3%） compared to the unlensed ***,we found that the mismatch between signal pairs in a doubly imaged GW is generally larger than 10-3,and 61%（25%） of signal pairs have a mismatch larger than 1%（3%）.Therefo

关键词： gravitational lensing diffractional integral algorithm gravitational wave

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Evaluation of KTJT-1,an early-maturity mutant of sweet sorghum acquired by carbon ions irradiation

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2014年第2期25卷 47-50页

作者：董喜存李文建 radiobiology department Institute of Modern PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences

Sweet sorghum has the potential of becoming a useful energy *** early-maturity mutant of sweet sorghum,KFJT-1,was obtained by carbon ions irradiation of KFJT-CK,a wild *** this paper,we evaluate the mutant from the length and fresh weight of radicle and leaves after seed germination,the growth rate at the elongation stage,and the internodal parameters under field trail *** results showed that the seedling growth of KFJT-1 was inhibited by carbon ions irradiation,and the leaf length,the fresh weight of radicle and leaves from KFJT-1 decreased by 15.32%,76.27%,and 27.08%than those of KFJT-CK,***,the growth rate of KFJT-1 on July 12,July 27 and August 1 increased by 16.19%,59.28%and26.87%,respectively,compared with the *** stalk diameter,total biomass yield and sugar content of KFJT-1 was higher than those of KFJT-CK,despite that the plant height of KFJT-1 was significantly less than KFJT-CK(P < 0.05).In addition,KFJT-1 differed from KFJT-CK in the internodal length,weight and sugar *** conclusion,the early-maturity mutant of KFJT-1 will be a promising variety for sweet sorghum industrialization in Gansu province,China.

关键词：早熟突变甜高粱碳离子离子辐照评价收购节间长度能源作物

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space Life Science of China in 2013

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空间科学学报 2014年第5期34卷 747-756页

作者： LEI Runhong ZHOU Guangming MA Hong ZHUANG Fengyuan DENG Yulin School of Life Science Beijing Institute of Technology department of space radiobiology Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and MedicineInstitute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences

In the past two years, space life science research in China is characterized by a wide area of basic researches for providing foundation for the future China space Station. The effect of microgravity and radiation was further studied from physiology phenomena to the level of bio-molecule mechanisms. Chinese space life science is maturing in a new era of comprehensive ***, we review and summarize researches on space life sciences which were contributed by Chinese scientists.

关键词： space life sciences Simulated microgravity Ionizing radiation

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Irradiation Response of Adipose-derived Stem Cells under Three-dimensional Culture Condition

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2015年第8期28卷 549-557页

作者： DU Ya Rong PAN Dong CHEN Ya Xiong XUE Gang REN Zhen Xin LI Xiao Man ZHANG Shi Chuan HU Bu Rong Gansu Key laboratory of space radiobiology Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences department of Radiation Oncology Sichuan Cancer Hospital

Objective Adipose tissue distributes widely in human body. The irradiation response of the adipose cells in vivo remains to be investigated. In this study we investigated irradiation response of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) under three-dimensional culture condition. Methods ASCs were isolated and cultured in low attachment dishes to form three-dimensional (3D) spheres in vitro. The neuronal differentiation potential and stem-liked characteristics was monitored by using immunofluoresence staining and flow cytometry in monolayer and 3D culture. To investigate the irradiation sensitivity of 3D sphere culture, the fraction of colony survival and micronucleus were detected in monolayer and 3D culture. Soft agar assays were performed for measuring malignant transformation for the irradiated monolayer and 3D culture. Results The 3D cultured ASCs had higher differentiation potential and an higher stem-like cell percentage. The 3D cultures were more radioresistant after either high linear energy transfer (LET) carbon ion beam or low LET X-ray irradiation compared with the monolayer cell. The ASCs’ potential of cellular transformation was lower after irradiation by soft agar assay. Conclusion These findings suggest that adipose tissue cell are relatively genomic stable and resistant to genotoxic stress.

关键词： Adipose-derived stem cells Three-dimensional cell culture Irradiation response High-and low-LET irradiation

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Propagation of Surface Wave Along a Thin Plasma Column and Its Radiation Pattern

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Plasma Science and Technology 2007年第5期9卷 526-529页

作者：王之江赵国伟徐跃民粱志伟徐杰 department of the space Exploration Center for Space Science and Application ResearchBeijing 100080China

Propagation of the surface waves along a two-dimensional plasma column and the far-field radiation patterns are studied in thin column approximation. Wave phase and attenuation coefficients are calculated for various plasma parameters. The radiation patterns are shown. Results show that the radiation patterns are controllable by flexibly changing the plasma length and other parameters in comparison to the metal monopole antenna. It is meaningful and instructional for the optimization of the plasma antenna design.

关键词： surface wave. radiation pattern plasma column

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Parameterization for the Depth of the Entrainment Zone above the Convectively Mixed Layer

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2005年第1期22卷 114-121页

作者：孙鉴泞蒋维楣陈子赟袁仁民 department of Atmospheric Sciences department of Earth and space Sciences

It has been noted that when the convective Richardson number Ri* is used to characterize the depth of the entrainment zone, various parameterization schemes can be obtained. This situation is often attributed to the invalidity of parcel theory. However, evidence shows that the convective Richardson number Ri* might be an improper characteristic scaling parameter for the entrainment process. An attempt to use an innovative parameter to parameterize the entrainment-zone thickness has been made in this paper. Based on the examination of the data of water-tank experiments and atmospheric measurements, it is found that the total lapse rate of potential temperature across the entrainment zone is proportional to that of the capping inversion layer. Inserting this relationship into the so-called parcel theory, it thus gives a new parameterization scheme for the depth of the entrainment zone. This scheme includes the lapse rate of the capping inversion layer that plays an important role in the entrainment process. Its physical representation is reasonable. The new scheme gives a better ordering of the data measured in both water-tank and atmosphere as compared with the traditional method using Ri*. These indicate that the parcel theory can describe the entrainment process suitably and that the new parameter is better than Ri*.

关键词： convectively mixed layer the depth of the entrainment zone capping inversion layer parameterization scheme parcel theory

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INDEPENDENT AND SYNERGIC INHIBITION OF VERAPAMIL AND ELECTRIC BEAM RADIATION ON CLONOGENIC GROWTH IN K562 AND K562/ADM CELL LINES IN VITRO

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Chinese Journal of Cancer Research 1995年第1期7卷 24-27页

作者：谢佐福沈世仁 department of radiobiology Tumor Research Institute Fujian Provincial Tumor Hospital Fuzhou

It was first reported here that verupamil(VP) and electric beam radiation(EBR) were capable of inhibiting,independently or synergically,clonogenic growth in two kinds of K562 cell lines, adriamycin(ADM)-sensitive and ADM-resistant(K562/S and K562/ADM).Results showed that clonogenic rate(CGR) decreased by 3%-99.9% in the prasence of dependent dose-ADM(3.8μg/ml) in K562/ADM cell lines,while treated with 0.5μM-6μM of *** was capable of potentiating radiosensitivity in K562/S and K562/ADM cell lines,whether before or after exposure of them to electric beam radiation,and significantly reduced CGR in these kinds of cell lines(P<0.01).

关键词： Verapamil Radiation K562 cell line K562/ADM cell line.

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GSN antibody pretreatment aggravates radiation-induced lung injury in mice

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2014年第2期25卷 26-31页

作者：王洁袁小鹏顾成黄建峰俞家华刘芬菊 department of radiobiology School of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionMedical College of Soochow University School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences Soochow University

Radiation-induced lung injury is one of the main dose limiting factors for thoracic radiation ***(GSN) is a widespread,multifunctional regulator of cellular structure and *** this work,the roles of GSN in radiation-induced lung injury in Balb/c mice were *** GSN levels in plasma reduced progressively in 72 hours after irradiation,and then increased *** contents in the bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL) fluid increased after thoracic irradiation,whereas mRNA levels of GSN in the lung tissue decreased significantly within 24 hours after irradiation and then increased *** were intravenously injected with 50 ug GSN antibody 0.5 hour before 20 Gy of thoracic *** antibody pretreatment increased lung inflammation,protein concentration in the BAL fluid and leukocytes infiltration in the irradiated *** activities of superoxidase dismutase(SOD) in the plasma and the BAL fluid in irradiated mice injected with GSN antibody were less than that of control groups,whereas the levels of malondialdehyde(MDA)*** results suggest that pretreatment of GSN antibody may aggravate radiation-induced pneumonitis.

关键词： GSN 肺损伤放射性预处理小鼠抗体 mRNA水平超氧化物歧化酶

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The Grad-Shafranov reconstruction in twenty years: 1996–2016

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Science China Earth Sciences 2017年第8期60卷 1466-1494页

作者： HU Qiang department of space Science and CSPAR University of Alabama in Huntsville

We review and summarize the applications of the Grad-Shafranov(GS) reconstruction technique to space plasma structures in the Earth's magnetosphere and in the interplanetary space. We organize our presentations following the branches of the "academic family tree" rooted on Prof. Bengt U. ? Sonnerup, the inventor of the GS method. Special attentions are paid to validations of the GS reconstruction results via(1) the direct validation by co-spatial in-situ measurements among multiple spacecraft, and(2) indirect validation by implications and interpretations of the physical connection between the structures reconstructed and other related processes. For the latter, the inter-comparison and interconnection between the large-scale magnetic flux ropes(i.e., Magnetic Clouds) in the solar wind and their solar source properties are presented. In addition, we also summarize various GS-type(or-like) reconstruction and an extension of the GS technique to toroidal geometry. In particular,we point to a possible advancement with added complexity of "helical symmetry" and mixed helicity, in the hope of stimulating interest in future development. We close by offering some thoughts on appreciating the scientific merit of GS reconstruction in general.

关键词： Grad-Shafranov equation Magnetohydrodynamics Magnetic clouds Magnetic flux ropes Magnetopause Current sheets Flux transfer events Plasmoids Solar flare Coronal mass ejections

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