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Legume Green manure and Intercropping for High Biomass Sorghum Production

Agricultural sciences 2024年第6期15卷 605-621页

作者： Clark B. Neely Francis m. Rouquette Jr. Cristine L. S. morgan Frank m. Hons William L. Rooney Gerald R. Smith department of soil and crop science Washington State University Pullman WA USA texas a&m AgriLife Research Overton TX USA soil Health Institute Morrisville NC USA department of soil and crop science Texas A&M University College Station TX USA

Before the advent of cheap, synthetic fertilizers, legumes were commonly used as green manure crops for their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N). A three-year study at Overton, TX examined legume integration into high-biomass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) production systems on a Lilbert loamy fine sand recently cultivated after a fertilized bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pasture. In this split-split plot design, ‘Dixie’ crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and ‘Iron and Clay’ cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) were integrated into a high-biomass sorghum production system to evaluate impacts on N concentration, C concentration, and yield of high-biomass sorghum and their impacts on soil total N and soil organic carbon (SOC). main plots were split into crimson clover green manure (CLGm) and winter fallow (FALL) followed by three sub-plots split into warm-season crop rotations: cowpea green manure (CPGm), cowpea-sorghum intercrop (CPSR), and sorghum monocrop (SORG). Three N fertilizer treatments (0, 45, 90 kg N∙ha−1) were randomized and applied as sub-sub plots. The CLGm increased (P sorghum biomass yield (16.5 t Dm∙ha−1) 28% in year three but had no effect in the first two years. The CPSR treatment reduced sorghum yield up to 62% compared to SORG;whereas CPGm increased sorghum yield 56% and 18% the two years following cowpea incorporation. Rate of N fertilizer had no effect on sorghum biomass yield. Decrease in SOC and soil N over time indicated mineralization of organic N and may explain why no N fertilizer response was observed in sorghum biomass yield. Cowpea showed strong potential as a green manure crop but proved to be too competitive for successful intercropping in high-biomass sorghum production systems.

关键词： High-Biomass Sorghum Legumes Green manure Intercrop Cowpea Crimson Clover soil Organic Carbon soil Nitrogen

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Impact on soil Organic C and Total soil N from Cool- and Warm-Season Legumes Used in a Green manure-Forage cropping System

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Agricultural sciences 2024年第3期15卷 333-357页

作者： Clark B. Neely Francis m. Rouquette Jr. Cristine L.S. morgan Frank m. Hons William L. Rooney Gerald R. Smith department of soil and crop science Washington State University Pullman WA USA texas a&m AgriLife Research Overton TX USA Chief Scientific Officer Soil Health Institute Morrisville NC USA department of soil and crop science Texas A&M University College Station TX USA

Annual forage legumes are important components of livestock production systems in East texas and the southeastern US. Forage legumes contribute nitrogen (N) to cropping systems through biological N fixation, and their seasonal biomass production can be managed to complement forage grasses. Our research objectives were to evaluate both warm- and cool-season annual forage legumes as green manure for biomass, N content, ability to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil N, and impact on post season forage grass crops. Nine warm-season forage legumes (WSL) were spring planted and incorporated as green manure in the fall. Forage rye (Secale cereale L.) was planted following the incorporation of WSL treatments. Eight cool-season forage legumes (CSL) were fall planted in previously fallow plots and incorporated as green manure in late spring. Sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor var. sudanense) was planted over all treatments in early summer after forage rye harvest and incorporation of CSL treatments. Sorghum-sudangrass was harvested in June, August and September, and treatments were evaluated for dry matter and N concentration. soil cores were taken from each plot, split into depths of 0 to 15, 15 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm, and soil C and N were measured using combustion analysis. Nylon mesh bags containing plant samples were buried at 15 cm and used to evaluate decomposition rate of above ground legume biomass, including change in C and N concentrations. mungbean (Vigna radiata L. [Wilczek]) had the highest shoot biomass yield (6.24 t Dm ha-1) and contributed the most total N (167 kg∙ha-1) and total C (3043 kg∙ha-1) of the WSL tested. Decomposition rate of WSL biomass was rapid in the first 10 weeks and very slow afterward. Winter pea (Pisum sativum L. spp. sativum), arrow leaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were the most productive CSL in this trial. Austrian winter pea

关键词： Annual Legumes soil N soil Organic C Green manure Deer Browse Forage cropping Systems

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Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) model-Based Prediction for Protein Content in Cowpea

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American Journal of Plant sciences 2024年第3期15卷 145-160页

作者： Kavera Biradar Waltram Ravelombola Aurora manley Caroline Ruhl texas a&m AgriLife Research Vernon TX USA university of Agricultural sciences Dharwad India department of soil and crop sciences Texas A&M University College Station TX USA

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) is a multi-purpose legume with high quality protein for human consumption and livestock. The objective of this work was to develop near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) prediction models to estimate protein content in cowpea. A total of 116 cowpea breeding lines with a wide range of protein contents (19.28 % to 32.04%) were selected to build the model using whole seed and ground seed samples. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) regression technique with different pre-treatments (derivatives, standard normal variate, and multiplicative scatter correction) were carried out to develop the protein prediction model. Results showed: 1) spectral plots of both the whole seed and ground seed showed higher spectral scatter at higher wavelengths (>1450 nm), 2) data pre-processing affects prediction accuracy for bot whole seed and ground seed samples, 3) prediction using ground seed samples (0.64 R2 0.85) is better than the whole seed (0.33 R2 0.78), and 4) the data pre-processing second derivative with standard normal variate has the best prediction (R2_whole seed = 0.78, R2_ground seed = 0.85). The results will be of interest in cowpea breeding programs aimed at improving total seed protein content.

关键词： Cowpea Germplasm Protein Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Partial Least Squares (PLS)

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Assessment of Agricultural soil Quality Indices Using mechanistic models

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Open Journal of soil science 2024年第6期14卷 333-352页

作者： mohammadali Nikpey Javad Robatjazi Shahabeddin Garmehei Hendra Gonsalve W. Lasar Nguyen Khoi Nghia Benjamin Kwadwo Agyei department of soil science Faculty of Agriculture Tarbiat Modarres University Tehran Iran texas a&m AgriLife Research Department of Soil and Crop Sciences Texas A&M University College Station TX USA Faculty of soil sciences College of Agriculture Can Tho University Can Tho Vietnam department of Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA

Assessing soil quality is a critical strategy for diagnosing soil status and anticipating concerns in land use systems for agricultural sustainability. In this study, two soil quality assessment indices, the Integrated Quality Index (IQI) and Nemoro Quality Index (NQI), were employed using two indicator selection methods: Total Data Set (TDS) and minimum Data Set (mDS), focusing on agricultural fields in Golestan province, Iran. A total of 89 soil samples were collected and analyzed for particle size distribution, organic carbon, calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and plant-essential nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, copper, manganese, and iron. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to extract mDS from TDS, and geostatistical adaptation and correlation analyses were performed to determine the optimal soil quality evaluation index. Our results show that the exponential model better suits the spatial structure of soil quality indicators (IQImDS: 0.955). Conformity and correlation analyses indicate that the IQI index outperformed the NQI index in estimating soil quality. The superiority of the TDS technique over the mDS technique in terms of accuracy (IQITDSs kappa: 0.155). Linear relationships between different methods showed a higher correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.43) through the application of IQI. This study suggests the use of IQImDS to provide a reliable measurement that is particularly useful in assessing the quality of agricultural soil.

关键词： soil Quality Geographic Information System Integrated Quality Index Nemoro Quality Index

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Effects of Preheating Temperature, moisture and Sodium metabisulfite Content on Property of maize Flour Dough

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Chemical Research in Chinese Universities 2000年第3期16卷 250-258页

作者： TONG Yi Waniska Ralph LI Wei college of Life science Jilin UniversityChangchun130023 Cereal Quality Laboratory Department of Soil&Crop SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas***

Processing temperature, maze flour particle size, and level of water and sodium metabisulfite were varied during the preparation of maize noodles. Preheated to 90—95 ℃ a mixture of maize flour or meal, water(43%—45% moisture) and salt enabled the preparation of noodles using a pasta extruder. maize flour with smaller particle size yielded better noodles than did maize meal. The addition of sodium metabisulfite enabled the production of noodles at lower processing temperatures; however, cooking losses increased. Processing maize flour with higher water absorption yielded noodles that required longer cooking time but with decreased losses. The functionalities of starch and protein in raw ingredients and in products were determined. Starch gelatinized and retorgraded during processing maize noodles, as indicated by changes in pasting viscosity curves. maize proteins contributed to the increased viscosity of dough above 40 ℃. The increased integrity of cooked maize noodles, however, corresponded to the increased amounts of gelatinized and retrograded starch.

关键词： maize flour Sodium metabisulfite moisture

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Construction of bacterial artificial chromosome libraries for Zhikong Scallop Chlamys farreri

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2008年第2期26卷 215-218页

作者：张洋张晓军 Chantel F. SCHEURING 张洪斌李富花相建海 Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences department of soil & crop sciences Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station

Two Large-insert genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries of Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri were constructed to promote our genetic and genomic research. High-quality megabase-sized DNA was isolated from the adductor muscle of the scallop and partially digested by BamH I and mbo I, respectively. The BamH I library consisted of 53 760 clones while the mbo I library consisted of 7 680clones. Approximately 96 % of the clones in BamH I library contained nuclear DNA inserts in average size of 100 kb, providing a coverage of 5.3 haploid genome equivalents. Similarly, the mbo I library with an average insert of 145 kb and no insert-empty clones, thus providing a genome coverage of 1.1 haploid genome equivalents.

关键词： BAC library Zhikong scallop Chlamysfarreri genome

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Ethylene-inhibiting compound 1-mCP delays leaf senescence in cotton plants under abiotic stress conditions

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2015年第7期14卷 1321-1331页

作者： CHEN Yuan J T Cothren CHEN De-hua Amir m H Ibrahim Leonardo Lombardini department of soil and crop sciences Texas A&M University College Station 77840USA Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of crops Genetics and Physiology Yangzhou University department of Horticultural sciences Texas A&M University College Station 77840USA

Cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L.） plants produce more ethylene when subjected to abiotic stresses, such as high temperatures and drought, which result in premature leaf senescence, reduced photosynthetic efficiency, and thus decreased yield. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the ethylene-inhibiting compound 1-methylcyclopropene （I-mCP） treatment of cotton plants can delay leaf senescence under high temperature, drought, and the aging process in controlled environ- mental conditions. Potted cotton plants were exposed to 1-mCP treatment at the early square stage of development. The protective effect of 1-mCP against membrane damage was found on older compared to younger leaves, indicating 1-mCP could lower the stress level caused by aging. Application of 1-mCP resulted in reduction of lipid peroxidation, membrane leakage, soluble sugar content, and increased chlorophyll content, in contrast to the untreated plants under heat stress, suggesting that 1-mCP treatment of cotton plants may also have the potential to reduce the effect of heat stress in terms of delayed senescence. Application of 1-mCP caused reductions of lipid peroxidation, membrane leakage, and soluble sugar content, together with increases in water use efficiency （WUE）, water potential, chlorophyll content, and fluorescence quantum efficiency, compared to the untreated plants under drought, suggesting that 1-mCP treatment of cotton plants may also have the ability to reduce the level of stress under drought conditions. In conclusion, 1-mCP treatment of cotton should have the potential to delay senescence under heat and drought stress, and the aging process. Additionally, 1-mCP is more effective under stress than under non-stress conditions.

关键词： 1-mCP ethylene membrane leakage lipid peroxidation chlorophyll fluorescence total soluble sugar

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Status of Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 resistance in field populations of Helicoverpa zea in texas, USA

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Insect science 2022年第2期29卷 487-495页

作者： JoséC.Santiago González David L.Kerns Graham P.Head Fei Yang department of Entomology Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA Bayer crop science St.LouisMissouriUSA

Helicoverpa zea is a major target pest of Bt corn and Bt ***-evolved resistance of *** to Cry1 and Cry2 proteins has been widely reported in the United *** the frequency of resistance alleles in a target insect is critical for Bt resistance *** multiple cases of practical resistance to Cry proteins having been documented in ***,there are no data on the current status of alleles conferring resistance to Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 in field populations of this *** 2018‒2019,a total of 106 F2 families for Cry1Ac and 120 F2 families for Cry2Ab2 were established using mass mating and light trap *** screened 13,568 and 15,360 neonates using a discriminatory dose of Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2,*** results showed that 93.4%and 35.0%of the F2 families could survive on the discriminatory dose of Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2,*** estimated resistance allele frequency for Cry1Ac in *** ranged from 0.4150 to 0.4975 and for Cry2Ab2 ranged from 0.1097 and *** data indicate that the frequency of alleles conferring resistance to Cry1 and Cry2 proteins in *** in texas are *** addition,our data suggest the resistance to Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 in the screened families of *** varies from recessive to *** information in this study provides precise estimates of Cry resistance allele frequencies in *** and increases our understanding of the risks to the sustainability of Bt crops.

关键词： allele frequency Bacillus thuringiensis CrylAc Cry2Ab2 Helicoverpa zea resistance

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soil Organic Carbon Pools Under Switchgrass Grown as a Bioenergy crop Compared to Other Conventional crops

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Pedosphere 2013年第4期23卷 409-416页

作者： F.G.DOU F.m.HONS W.R.OCUmPAUGH J.C.READ m.A.HUSSEY J.P.mUIR texas a&m AgriLife Research &Extension Center at Beaumont department of soil and crop sciences Texas A&M University texas a&m AgriLife Research station at Beeville texas a&m AgriLife Research and Extension Center at Dallas texas a&m AgriLife Research and Extension Center at Stephenville

Switchgrass （Panicum virgaturn L.） has been proposed as a sustainable bioenergy crop because of its high yield potential, adap- tation to marginal sites, and tolerance to water and nutrient limitations. A better understanding of the potential effects of biomass energy crop production practices on soil biological properties and organic matter dynamics is critical to its production. Our objective was to evaluate changes in C pools under a warm-season perennial switchgrass in different soils compared to typically-grown crops col- lected at college station, Dallas, and Stephenville, TX in February 2001. Sampling depths were 0-5, 5-15, and 15-30 cm. Switchgrass increased soil organic C （SOC）, soil microbial biomass C （SmBC）, mineralizable C, and particulate organic matter C （POm-C） com- pared to conventional cropping systems. soil C concentrations were in the order： long-term coastal bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon （L.） Pers.] 〉 switchgrass or kleingrass （Panicum coloratura L.） planted in 1992 〉 switchgrass 1997 〉 conventional cropping systems. soil C concentrations tended to increase with increasing clay content. Greater microbial biomass C followed the order of Dallas 〉 college station 〉 Stephenville, and ranged from approximately 180 mg C kg-1 soil at Stephenville to 1 900 mg C kg-1 soil at Dallas. Particulate organic C was more sensitive than other fractions to management, increasing as much as 6-fold under long-term coastal bermudagrass compared to conventional cropping systems. Our study indicated that conversion of conventional cropping systems into switchgrass production can sequestrate more SOC and improve soil biological properties in the southern USA.

关键词： cropping systems particulate organic C perennial grasses soil microbial biomass C soil mineralizable C

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Did maize domestication and early spread mediate the population genetics of corn leafhopper?

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Insect science 2019年第3期26卷 569-586页

作者： Julio S. Bernal Amanda m. Davila-Flores Raul F. medina Yolanda H. Chen Kyle E. Harrison Kimberly A. Berrier department of Entomology Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA department of Plant and soil sciences University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA

Investigating how crop domestication and early farming mediated crop attributes, distributions, and interactions with antagonists may shed light on today's agricultural pest problems. crop domestication generally involved artificial selection for traits desirable to early farmers, for example, in creased productivity or yield, and enhanced qualities, though invariably it altered the interactions between crops and insects, and expanded the geographical ranges of crops. Thus, some studies suggest that with crop domestication and spread, insect populations on wild crop ancestors gave rise to pestiferous insect populations on crops. Here, we addressed whether the emergence of corn leafhopper (Dalbulus ma id is) as an agricultural pest may be associated with domestication and early spread of maize (Zea mays mays). We used AFLP markers and mitochondrial COI sequences to assess population genetic structuring and haplotype relationships among corn leafhopper samples from maize and its wild relative Zea diploperennis from multiple locations in mexico and Argentina. We uncovered seven corn leafhopper haplotypes contained within two haplogroups, one haplogroup containing haplotypes associated with maize and the other containing haplotypes associated with Z. diploperennis in a mountainous habitat. Within the first haplogroup, one haplotype was predominant across mexican locations, and another across Argentinean locations;both were considered pestiferous. We suggested that the divergence times of the maize-associated haplogroup and of the "pestiferous" haplotypes are correlated with the chronology of maize spread following its domestication. Overall, our results support a hypothesis positing that maize domestication favored corn leafhopper genotypes preadapted for exploiting maize so that they became pestiferous, and that with the geographical expansi on of maize farming, corn leafhopper colonized Z. diploperennis, a host exclusive to secluded habitats that serves as a refuge fo

关键词： Dalbulus maidis haplotype network analysis perennial teosinte population genetic structuring Zea diploperennis Zea mays mays

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