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Experimental arena settings might lead to misinterpretation of movement properties

Insect Science 2024年第1期31卷 271-284页

作者： Inon Scharf Kimberley Hanna Daphna Gottlieb The George S.Wise Faculty of Life Sciences School of ZoologyTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael department of Food Science Institute of Post-Harvest and Food ScienceVolcani CenterARORishon LeZionIsrael

Movement is an important animal behavior contributing to reproduction and survival.Animal movement is often examined in arenas or enclosures under laboratory conditions.We used the red flour beetle(Tribolium castaneum)to examine here the effect of the arena size,shape,number of barriers,access to the arena's center,and illumination on six movement properties.We demonstrate great differences among arenas.For example,the beetles moved over longer distances in clear arenas than in obstructed ones.Movement along the arena's perimeter was greater in smaller arenas than in larger ones.Movement was more directional in round arenas than in rectangular ones.In general,the beetles stopped moving closer to the perimeter and closer to corners(in the square and rectangular arenas)than expected by chance.In some cases,the arena properties interacted with the beetle sex to affect several movement properties.All these suggest that arena properties might also interact with experimental manipulations to affect the outcome of studies and lead to results specific to the arena used.In other words,instead of examining animal movement,we in fact examine the animal interaction with the arena structure.Caution is therefore advised in interpreting the results of studies on movement in arenas under laboratory conditions and we recommend paying attention also to barriers or obstacles in field experiments.For instance,movement along the arena's perimeter is often interpreted as centrophobism or thigmotaxis but the results here show that such movement is arena dependent.

关键词： activity centrophobism correlated random walk laboratory experiments movement ecology wall-following behavior

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Exploring nitrogen reduction reaction mechanisms in electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis:A comprehensive review

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2024年第5期92卷 681-697页

作者： Abhishek Umesh Shetty Ravi Sankannavar School of Chemical and Materials Science Indian Institute of Technology GoaFarmagudiPonda 403401GoaIndia department of Chemical Engineering M.S.Ramaiah Institute of TechnologyMSR NagarMSRIT PostBengaluru 560054KarnatakaIndia

The electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction(eNRR)holds significant promise as a sustainable alternative to the conventional large-scale Haber Bosch process,offering a carbon footprint-free approach for ammonia synthesis.While the process is thermodynamically feasible at ambient temperature and pressure,challenges such as the competing hydrogen evolution reaction,low nitrogen solubility in electrolytes,and the activation of inert dinitrogen(N_(2))gas adversely affect the performance of ammonia production.These hurdles result in low Faradaic efficiency and low ammonia production rate,which pose obstacles to the commercialisation of the process.Researchers have been actively designing and proposing various electrocatalysts to address these issues,but challenges still need to be resolved.A key strategy in electrocatalyst design lies in understanding the underlying mechanisms that govern the success or failure of the electrocatalyst in driving the electrochemical reaction.Through mechanistic studies,we gain valuable insights into the factors affecting the reaction,enabling us to propose optimised designs to overcome the barriers.This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the various mechanisms involved in eNRR on the electrocatalyst surface.It delves into the various mechanisms such as dissociative,associative,Mars-van Krevelen,lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction and surface hydrogenation mechanisms of nitrogen reduction.By unravelling the intricacies of eNRR mechanisms and exploring promising avenues,we can pave the way for more efficient and commercially viable ammonia synthesis through this sustainable electrochemical process by designing an efficient electrocatalyst.

关键词： Green ammonia synthesis Electrolysis Electrocatalysis Nitrogen reductionreaction Electrochemical reaction pathways Reactionmechanism

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Emerging molecules,tools,technology,and future of surgical knife in gastroenterology

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2024年第4期16卷 988-998页

作者： Ashok Kumar Anirudh Goyal department of Surgical Gastroenterology Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical SciencesLucknow 226014Uttar PradeshIndia

The 21^(st) century has started with several innovations in the medical sciences,with wide applications in health care management.This development has taken in the field of medicines(newer drugs/molecules),various tools and technology which has completely changed the patient management including abdominal surgery.Surgery for abdominal diseases has moved from maximally invasive to minimally invasive(laparoscopic and robotic)surgery.Some of the newer medicines have its impact on need for surgical intervention.This article focuses on the development of these emerging molecules,tools,and technology and their impact on present surgical form and its future effects on the surgical intervention in gastroenterological diseases.

关键词： Newer molecules Tools and technology Gastroenterology Future of surgical knife

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Secure and Reliable Routing in the Internet of Vehicles Network:AODV-RL with BHA Attack Defense

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2024年第4期139卷 633-659页

作者： Nadeem Ahmed Khalid Mohammadani Ali Kashif Bashir Marwan Omar Angel Jones Fayaz Hassan School of Electronic Science Beijing University of Post and TelecommunicationBeijing100086China department of Computer Science Huanggang Normal UniversityHuanggangChina department of Computing and Mathematics Manchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK Woxsen School of Business Woxsen UniversityHyderabad502345India department of Computer Science and Mathematics Lebanese American UniversityBeirutLebanon Information technology and Management Illinois Institute of TechnologyChicagoUSA College of Computing Capital Technology UniversityLaurelUSA

Wireless technology is transforming the future of transportation through the development of the Internet of Vehicles(IoV).However,intricate security challenges are intertwinedwith technological progress:Vehicular ad hoc Networks(VANETs),a core component of IoV,face security issues,particularly the Black Hole Attack(BHA).This malicious attack disrupts the seamless flow of data and threatens the network’s overall reliability;also,BHA strategically disrupts communication pathways by dropping data packets from legitimate nodes altogether.Recognizing the importance of this challenge,we have introduced a new solution called ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector-Reputation-based mechanism Local Outlier Factor(AODV-RL).The significance of AODVRL lies in its unique approach:it verifies and confirms the trustworthiness of network components,providing robust protection against BHA.An additional safety layer is established by implementing the Local Outlier Factor(LOF),which detects and addresses abnormal network behaviors.Rigorous testing of our solution has revealed its remarkable ability to enhance communication in VANETs.Specifically,Our experimental results achieve message delivery ratios of up to 94.25%andminimal packet loss ratios of just 0.297%.Based on our experimental results,the proposedmechanismsignificantly improves VANET communication reliability and security.These results promise a more secure and dependable future for IoV,capable of transforming transportation safety and efficiency.

关键词： Black hole attack IoV vehicular ad hoc network AODV routing protocol

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Universal transfer of full-class metal electrodes for barrier-free two-dimensional semiconductor contacts

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InfoMat 2024年第1期6卷 96-107页

作者： Mengyu Hong Xiankun Zhang Yu Geng Yunan Wang Xiaofu Wei Li Gao Huihui Yu Zhihong Cao Zheng Zhang Yue Zhang Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and technology School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingthe People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Devices for post-Moore Chips Ministry of EducationUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingthe People's Republic of China

Metal–semiconductor contacts are crucial components in semiconductor devices.Ultrathin two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenide semiconductors can sustain transistor scaling for next-generation integrated circuits.However,their performance is often degraded by conventional metal deposition,which results in a high barrier due to chemical disorder and Fermi-level pinning(FLP).Although,transferring electrodes can address these issues,they are limited in achieving universal transfer of full-class metals due to strong adhesion between pre-deposited metals and substrates.Here,we propose a nanobelt-assisted transfer strategy that can avoid the adhesion limitation and enables the universal transfer of over 20 different types of electrodes.Our contacts obey the Schottky–Mott rule and exhibit a FLP of S=0.99.Both the electron and hole contacts show record-low Schottky barriers of 4.2 and 11.2 meV,respectively.As a demonstration,we construct a doping-free WSe_(2) inverter with these high-performance contacts,which exhibits a static power consumption of only 58 pW.This strategy provides a universal method of electrode preparation for building high-performance post-Moore electronic devices.

关键词： metal electrode transfer metal–semiconductor contacts Schottky barrier two-dimensional semiconductors

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On the use of deep learning for phase recovery

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Light(Science & Applications) 2024年第2期13卷 190-235页

作者： Kaiqiang Wang Li Song Chutian Wang Zhenbo Ren Guangyuan Zhao Jiazhen Dou Jianglei Di George Barbastathis Renjie Zhou Jianlin Zhao Edmund Y.Lam department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina School of Physical Science and technology Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’anChina department of Biomedical Engineering The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina School of Information Engineering Guangdong University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA

Phase recovery(PR)refers to calculating the phase of the light field from its intensity measurements.As exemplified from quantitative phase imaging and coherent diffraction imaging to adaptive optics,PR is essential for reconstructing the refractive index distribution or topography of an object and correcting the aberration of an imaging system.In recent years,deep learning(DL),often implemented through deep neural networks,has provided unprecedented support for computational imaging,leading to more efficient solutions for various PR problems.In this review,we first briefly introduce conventional methods for PR.Then,we review how DL provides support for PR from the following three stages,namely,pre-processing,in-processing,and post-processing.We also review how DL is used in phase image processing.Finally,we summarize the work in DL for PR and provide an outlook on how to better use DL to improve the reliability and efficiency of PR.Furthermore,we present a live-updating resource(https://***/kqwang/phase-recovery)for readers to learn more about PR.

关键词： networks phase optics

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Mixed-dimensional stacked nanocomposite structures for a specific wavelength-selectable ambipolar photoresponse

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Nano Research 2024年第6期17卷 5549-5558页

作者： Young Jae Park Jaeho Shim Joo Song Lee Kyu Seung Lee Ji-Yeon Kim Kang Bok Ko Sang-Youp Yim Seongjun Kim Hoon-Kyu Shin Donghee Park Yong Ju Yun Dong Ick Son Institute of Advanced Composite Materials Korea Institute of Science and TechnologyJeollabuk-do 55324Republic of Korea National Institute for Nanomaterials technology Pohang University of Science and TechnologyGyeongsangbuk-do 37673Republic of Korea department of Semiconductor Science and technology Semiconductor Physics Research CenterJeonbuk National UniversityJeonju 54896Republic of Korea Advanced Photonics Research Institute Gwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangju 61005Republic of Korea Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices Post-Silicon Semiconductor InstituteKorea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul 02792Republic of Korea Graduate School of Energy and Environment(KU-KIST Green School) Korea UniversitySeoul 02841Republic of Korea KIST School Department of Nanomaterials and Nano ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology(UST)Daejeon 34113Republic of Korea

Mixed-dimensional composite structures using zero-dimensional(0D)quantum dots(QDs)and two-dimensional(2D)transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs)materials are expected to attract great interest in optoelectronics due to the potential to generate new optical properties.Here,we report on the unique optical characteristics of a devices with mixed dimensional vertically stacked structures based on tungsten diselenide(WSe_(2))/CdSeS QDs monolayer/molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2))(2D/0D/2D).Specifically,it exhibits an ambipolar photoresponse characteristic,with a negative photoresponse observed in the 400-600 nm wavelength range and a positive photoresponse appeared at 700 nm wavelength.It resulted in the high negative responsivity of up to 52.22 mA·W^(−1)under 400 nm,which is 163 times higher than that of the photodetector without CdSeS QDs.We also demonstrated the negative photoresponse,which could be due to increased carrier collision probability and non-radiative recombination.Device modeling and simulation reveal that Auger recombination among the types of non-radiative recombination is the main cause of negative photocurrent generation.Consequently,we discovered ambipolar photoresponse near a specific wavelength corresponding to the energy of quantum dots.Our study revealed interesting phenomenon in the mixed low-dimensional stacked structure and paved the way to exploit it for the development of innovative photodetection materials as well as for optoelectronic applications.

关键词： mixed-dimension quantum dot heterostructure photodetector ambipolar photoresponse

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Preparation and characterization of pH-responsive metal-polyphenol structure coated nanoparticles

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Food Science and Human Wellness 2024年第3期13卷 1303-1310页

作者： Qile Xia Yan Liang Ailing Cao Yan Cao Luyun Cai Key Laboratory of post-harvest Handling of Fruits Food Science InstituteZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou 310021China Ningbo Research Institute College of Biosystems Engineering and Food ScienceZhejiang UniversityNingbo 315100China School of Biological and Chemical Engineering Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Marine Ranch EquipmentNingboTech UniversityNingbo 315100China College of Food Science and Engineering Bohai UniversityJinzhou 121013China Hangzhou Customs District Hangzhou 310007China

In this paper,tannic acid(TA)and Fe~(3+)were added to form a layer of metal-polyphenol network structure on the surface of the nanoparticles which were fabricated by zein and carbon quantum dots(CQDs)encapsulating phlorotannins(PTN).pH-Responsive nanoparticles were prepared successfully(zein-PTN-CQDs-Fe-~Ⅲ).Further,the formation of composite nanoparticles was confirmed by a series of characterization methods.The zeta-potential and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy data proved that electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding are dominant forces to form nanoparticles.The encapsulation efficiency(EE)revealed that metal-polyphenol network structure could improve the EE of PTN.Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry experiment indicated the thermal stability of zein-PTN-CQDs-Fe~Ⅲnanoparticles increased because of metal-polyphenol network structure.The pH-responsive nanoparticles greatly increased the release rate of active substances and achieved targeted release.

关键词： Metal Phlorotannins Nanoparticles pH-Responsive Characterization

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Mixed convectional and chemical reactive flow of nanofluid with slanted MHD on moving permeable stretching/shrinking sheet through nonlinear radiation,energy omission

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Chinese Physics B 2024年第5期33卷 193-202页

作者： Saleem Nasir Sekson Sirisubtawee Pongpol Juntharee Taza Gul department of Mathematics Faculty of Applied ScienceKing Mongkut's University of Technology North BangkokBangkok 10800Thailand department of Mathematics City University of Science and Information TechnologyPeshawarPakistan

Hybrid nanofluids are remarkable functioning liquids that are intended to reduce the energy loss while maximizing the heat transmission.In the involvement of suction and nonlinear thermal radiation effects,this study attempted to explore the energy transmission features of the inclined magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)stagnation flow of CNTs-hybrid nanofluid across the nonlinear permeable stretching or shrinking sheet.This work also included some noteworthy features like chemical reactions,variable molecular diffusivity,quadratic convection,viscous dissipation,velocity slip and heat omission assessment.Employing appropriate similarity components,the model equations were modified to ODEs and computed by using the HAM technique.The impact of various relevant flow characteristics on movement,heat and concentration profiles was investigated and plotted on a graph.Considering various model factors,the significance of drag friction,heat and mass transfer rate were also computed in tabular and graphical form.This leads to the conclusion that such factors have a considerable impact on the dynamics of fluid as well as other engineering measurements of interest.Furthermore,viscous forces are dominated by increasing the values ofλ_(p),δ_(m)andδ_(q),and as a result,F(ξ)accelerates while the opposite trend is observed for M andφ.The drag friction is boosted by the augmentation M,λ_(p)andφ,but the rate of heat transfer declined.According to our findings,hybrid nanoliquid effects dominate that of ordinary nanofluid in terms of F(ξ),Θ(ξ)andφ(ξ)profiles.The HAM and the numerical technique(shooting method)were found to be in good agreement.

关键词： hybrid nanofluid(SWCNT+MWCNT/H_(2)O) velocity slip conditions nonlinear thermal radiation exponential stretching/shrinking sheet inclined magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)stagnation flow

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Nonlinear interaction of head-on solitary waves in integrable and nonintegrable systems

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Chinese Physics B 2024年第5期33卷 480-487页

作者：张树甜刘世鲲矫滕菲孙敏胡凤兰黄德财 department of Applied Physics Nanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjing 210094China

This study numerically investigates the nonlinear interaction of head-on solitary waves in a granular chain(a nonintegrable system)and compares the simulation results with the theoretical results in fluid(an integrable system).Three stages(the pre-in-phase traveling stage,the central-collision stage,and the post-in-phase traveling stage)are identified to describe the nonlinear interaction processes in the granular chain.The nonlinear scattering effect occurs in the central-collision stage,which decreases the amplitude of the incident solitary waves.Compared with the leading-time phase in the incident and separation collision processes,the lagging-time phase in the separation collision process is smaller.This asymmetrical nonlinear collision results in an occurrence of leading phase shifts of time and space in the post-in-phase traveling stage.We next find that the solitary wave amplitude does not influence the immediate space-phase shift in the granular chain.The space-phase shift of the post-in-phase traveling stage is only determined by the measurement position rather than the wave amplitude.The results are reversed in the fluid.An increase in solitary wave amplitude leads to decreased attachment,detachment,and residence times for granular chains and fluid.For the immediate time-phase shift,leading and lagging phenomena appear in the granular chain and the fluid,respectively.These results offer new knowledge for designing mechanical metamaterials and energy-mitigating systems.

关键词： integrable system nonintegrable system granular chain solitary wave

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