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Analysis of Social and Psychological Terrain of Bank Erosion Victims: A Study Along the Bhagirathi River, West Bengal, India

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Chinese Geographical Science 2018年第6期28卷 1009-1026页

作者： Aznarul ISLAM Sanat Kumar GUCHHAIT department of geography Aliah University Kolkata 700014 India department of geography The University of Burdwan Burdwan 713104 India

Social psychology of people affected by hazards is different from normal psychology. For example, severe bank erosion in the lower reach of the Bhagirathi River in West Bengal has resulted in significant land loss （-60% of all households lost land over last 20 years） and affected the livelihoods of the people in the study villages along the river. Per capita income has almost halved from 1970-2012 due to land loss. This stark nature of land erosion and vulnerability of livelihood has had far-reaching repercussions on the fabric of society and the psychology of the people in this region. Results showed that erosion-affected villages have registered compara- tively larger average family sizes （-4.1 as compared to -3.9 in non-affected villages）, lower literacy levels （〈 50% compared to 〉 65% for the non-affected villages）, and poor health. Reports of poor health as a result of land erosion include -60% of the respondents having reported physical ailments such as headache and abdominal discomfort, as well as 3%-5% reporting loss of emotional and psychological balance. Villages suffering from erosion showed higher positive loadings in average-coefficient of variation （CV） differential （25%-40%） depicting objectivity in their opinions for select variables of social processes. Principal component analysis （PCA） por- trayed maximum eigenvalues in the first principal component for interpersonal processes （-98%） and a minimum for intergroup proc- esses （-80%）. Categorical principal component analysis （CATPCA） depicted a cluster between interpersonal and intergroup processes and another between intra-individual and group categories. The positive loadings in female-male differences in CV of perceptions portrayed relative consistency of males over the females concerning fear/phobia and physical stress while negative loadings exhibited higher consistency for females regarding psychological stress and shock. Lastly, the Taj fel matrix portrayed a distinction between hazard psychol

关键词： social terrain psychological terrain riverbank erosion principal component analysis Tajfel matrix Bhagirathi River

Assessment of agri-spillways as a soil erosion protection measure in Mediterranean sloping vineyards

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Journal of Mountain Science 2017年第6期14卷 1009-1022页

作者： Jesus RODRIGO-COMINO Stefan WIRTZ Eric C. BREVIK Jose D.RUIZ-SINOGA Johannes B.BIES Instituto de Geomorfologfa y Suelos Department of Geography University of Malaga 29071 Malaga Spain physical geography Trier University 542-85 Trier Germany department of Natural Sciences 291 Campus Drive Dickinson State University Dickinson ND 58601 USA

Suitable vineyard soils enhance soil stability and biodiversity which in turn protects roots against erosion and nutrient losses. There is a lack of information related to inexpensive and suitable methods and tools to protect the soil in Mediterranean sloping vineyards(>25° of slope inclination). In the vineyards of the Montes de Málaga(southern Spain), a sustainable land management practice that controls soil erosion is actually achieved by tilling rills in the down-slope direction to canalize water and sediments. Because of their design and use, we call them agri-spillways. In this research, we assessed two agri-spillways(between 10 m and 15 m length, and slopes between 25.8° and 35°) by performing runoff experiments under extreme conditions(a motor driven pump that discharged water flows up to 1.33 l s^(-1) for 12 to 15 minutes: ≈1000 l). The final results showed: i) a great capacity by these rills to canalize large amounts of water and sediments; and, ii) higher water flow speeds(between 0.16 m s-1 and 0.28 m s^(-1)) and sediment concentrationrates(up to 1538.6 g l^(-1)) than typically found in other Mediterranean areas and land uses(such as badlands, rangelands or extensive crops of olives and almonds). The speed of water flow and the sediment concentration were much higher in the shorter and steeper rill. We concluded that agri-spillways, given correct planning and maintenance, can be a potential solution as an inexpensive method to protect the soil in sloping Mediterranean vineyards.

关键词： Agri-spillway Vineyards Runoff experiment Soil erosion Water discharge

Flood risk on arid alluvial fans:a case study in the Joghatay Mountains,Northeast Iran

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Journal of Mountain Science 2023年第5期20卷 1183-1200页

作者： Kaveh GHAHRAMAN Balázs NAGY department of physical geography Eotvos Loránd UniversityPázmány Péter stny.1/CH-1117 BudapestHungary

Among the common hazards related to alluvial fans,flooding is one of the most ***,in populated alluvial fans,not only the natural processes are effective in floods,but the artificial structures and modifications can change the behavior of flooding and its potential *** study aims to indicate the flood-prone landforms in a set of populated alluvial fans in an arid region and investigate the role of anthropogenic activities in controlling/exacerbating flooding in alluvial *** achieve this goal,15 Ground Range Detected in High resolution(GRDH)SAR Sentinel-1 images,covering a total of 24 alluvial fans,were ***-processing and post-processing steps were applied to all images to identify flood-prone sections of the studied alluvial *** results showed that feeder channels,spreading sites,and wide interfluves are the most flood-prone landforms of alluvial *** terms of anthropogenic modifications to mitigate flooding,a rampart system is distributed in the study *** are levee like structures formed from the fan *** aim to mitigate flood hazard on residential areas,infrastructures,and agricultural lands of the study *** show that the rampart system can reduce the danger of floods,but it cannot be considered a long-term ***,a comprehensive flood protection system distributed throughout the whole alluvial fan system is *** also reveal that in regions where flood monitoring is challenging,SAR images can be used as a freely available data set to monitor and identify flooding hotspots.

关键词： Alluvial fan Flood Anthropogenic activities Rampart Sentineli SAR

Sediment transport in headwaters of a volcanic catchment Kamchatka Peninsula case study

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2017年第3期11卷 565-578页

作者： Sergey R. CHALOV Anatolii S. TSYPLENKOV Jan PIETRON Aleksandra S. CHALOVA Danila I. SHKOLNYI Jerker JARSJO Michael MAERKER Faculty of geography M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow 119911 Russia department of physical geography and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research Stockholm University Stockholm 10691 Sweden department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Pavia University Pavia 27100 Italy

Due to specific environmental conditions, headwater catchments located on volcanic slopes and valleys are characterized by distinctive hydrology and sediment transport patterns. However, lack of sufficient monitoring causes that the governing processes and patterns in these areas are rarely well understood. In this study, spatiotemporal water discharge and sediment transport from upstream sources was investigated in one of the numerous headwater catchments located in the lahar valleys of the Kamchatka Peninsula Sukhaya Elizovskaya River near Avachinskii and Koryakskii volcanoes. Three different subcatchments and corresponding channel types （wandering rivers within lahar valleys, mountain rivers within volcanic slopes and rivers within submountain terrains） were identified in the studied area. Our measure- ments from different periods of observations between years 2012-2014 showed that the studied catchment was characterized by extreme diurnal fluctuation of water discharges and sediment loads that were influenced by snowmelt patterns and high infiltration rates of the easily erodible lahar deposits. The highest recorded sediment loads were up to 9-104 mg/L which was related to an increase of two orders of magnitude within a one day of observations. Additionally, to get a quantitative estimate of the spatial distribution of the eroded material in the volcanic substrates we applied an empirical soil erosion and sediment yield model - modified universal soil loss equation （MUSLE）. The modeling results showed that even if the applications of the universal erosion model to different non-agricultural areas （e.g., volcanic catchments） can lead to irrelevant results, the MUSLE model delivered might be acceptable for non-lahar areas of the studied volcanic catchment. Overall the results of our studyincrease our understanding of the hydrology and asso- ciated sediment transport for prediction of risk manage- ment within headwater volcanic catchments.

关键词： sediment transport volcanoes lahars Kam-chatka Peninsula MUSLE erosion

Non-coordination in China′s Urbanization: Assessment and Affecting Factors

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Chinese Geographical Science 2013年第6期23卷 729-739页

作者： SUN Pingjun SONG Wei XIU Chunliang LIANG Zhenming School of geography Sciences Northeast Normal University department of geography and Geo-sciences University of Louisville

Urbanization is a comprehensive concept, a trinity process that population urbanization, economic urbanization and space urbanization, is based on the interactions and mutual influences among the in which, people are the central and leading players in this process, while economic activities serve as the driving force and space is the carrier-the physical or material setting as well as the product. So the coordination among these processes is crucial for a country or region＇s sustainable development. China is experiencing rapid growth of cities and a surge in urban population, with the basic national condition of many people and little land, which calls for a systematic study of the issue of coordinated urbanization from theoretical, methodological and practical perspectives. Based on the concept of urbanization and non-coordination of urbanization, this article built a quantitative method to identify and evaluate the urbanization and non-coordination of urbanization, and made an empirical analysis in China between 2000 and 2008. The results show that the non-coordination overall level of China＇s urbanization declined during the study period, because population urbanization, economic urbanization, and space urbanization exhibited different trajectories of change. This study also reveals that performance assessment system, household registration system, and urban land expropriation system, etc., are the main affecting factors. At the end, we put forward some suggestions to achieve sustainable development of China＇s urbanization from the aspects of improving the local government＇s obiective function, imolementing the urban plalming svstem, enforcing public particination asnects and so on.

关键词： non-coordination of urbanization coordinated development degree China

Impact of normal stress-induced closure on laboratory-scale solute transport in a natural rock fracture

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2020年第4期12卷 732-741页

作者： Liangchao Zou Vladimir Cvetkovic Division of Resources Energy and InfrastructureDepartment of Sustainable DevelopmentEnvironmental Science and EngineeringRoyal Institute of TechnologyStockholm10044Sweden department of physical geography Stockholm UniversityStockholm10691Sweden

The impact of normal stress-induced closure on fluid flow and solute transport in a single rock fracture is demonstrated in this *** fracture is created from a measured surface of a granite rock *** Bandis model is used to calculate the fracture closure due to normal stress,and the fluid flow is simulated by solving the Reynold *** Lagrangian particle tracking method is applied to modeling the advective transport in the *** results show that the normal stress significantly affects fluid flow and solute transport in rock *** causes fracture closure and creates asperity contact areas,which significantly reduces the effective hydraulic aperture and enhances flow ***,the reduced aperture and enhanced channeling affect travel time *** particular,the enhanced channeling results in enhanced first arriving and tailing behaviors for solute *** fracture normal stiffness correlates linearly with the 5th and 95th percentiles of the normalized travel *** finding from this study may help to better understand the stress-dependent solute transport processes in natural rock fractures.

关键词： Normal stress Fluid flow Solute transport Stiffness Particle tracking

Efficiency of local minima and GLM techniques in sinkhole extraction from a LiDAR-based terrain model

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2019年第9期12卷 1067-1082页

作者： Péter Enyedi Melinda Pap Zoltán Kovács László Takács-Szilágyi Szilárd Szabó a department of physical geography and Geoinformatics University of DebrecenDebrecenHungary Internet of Things Research Institute Eszterházy Károly University of Applied SciencesEgerHungary

The aim of this paper was to study reliable automated delineationpossibilities of karst sinkholes using a LiDAR-based digital terrain model(DTM) with pixel-based classifications. We applied two approaches toextract sinkholes: (1) general linear modeling (GLM) with morphometricindices derived from DTM;(2) and a local minima-based delineationusing only LiDAR DTM as the input layer. The outcome of the localminima was significantly different from the reference ones but found allthe sinkholes without previous knowledge of the area. The GLM-basedoutcome did not differ statistically from the reference. Results showedthat these approaches were efficient in detecting sinkholes based onLIDAR derivatives, and can be used for risk assessment and hazardpreparedness in karst areas: GLM had an overall accuracy of 89.5% andlocal minima had an accuracy of 92.3%;both methods identifiedsinkholes but also had commission errors, identifying depressions assinkholes.

关键词： Karst mapping sinkhole identification general linear model statistical evaluation sink fill

Comparative Mountain Hydrology: A Case Study of Wis?ok River in Poland and Chaohe River in China

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Chinese Geographical Science 2015年第1期25卷 1-12页

作者： Leszek SOBKOWIAK LIU Changming department of Hydrology and Water Management Institute of Physical Geography and Environmental Planning Adam Mickiewicz University Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences

Hydrological processes in river basins of similar size and morphology may differ significantly due to different climatic conditions. This paper presents a comparative analysis of hydrological characteristics of two river basins located in different climatic zones: the Wisok River Basin in the south-eastern Poland and the Chaohe River Basin in the northern China. The criteria of their choice were similarities in the basin area, main river length and topography. The results show that climate plays a key role in shaping fluvial conditions within the two basins. It is concluded that: 1) precipitation in the Wisok River Basin is more evenly distributed in the yearly cycle, while in the Chaohe River Basin it is highly concentrated in the few summer months; 2) spring snowmelt significantly contributes to runoff in the Wisok River Basin, while its role in the Chaohe River Basin is negligible; 3) in the Wisok River Basin, besides the peak flow in spring, there is also a period of high water in summer resulting from precipitation, while in the Chaohe River Basin there is only one high water period in summer; 4) the Wisok River Basin shows relatively higher stability in terms of the magnitude of intra- and inter-seasonal discharges; 5) during the multi-year observation period, a decrease in both precipitation and runoff was recorded in the two river basins.

关键词： comparative hydrology mountain area Wislok River Basin Chaohe River Basin seasonal changes inter-annual changes

Using satellite-derived land surface temperatures to clarify the spatiotemporal warming trends of the Alborz Mountains in northern Iran

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Journal of Mountain Science 2024年第2期21卷 449-469页

作者： ROSHAN Gholamreza SARLI Reza GHANGHERMEH Abdolazim TAHERIZADEH Mehrnoosh NIKNAM Arman department of geography Golestan UniversityGorgan 49138-15759Iran department of Forest Resources Management Faculty of ForestryUniversity of Agriculture in KrakowAL.29 Listopada 4631-425 KrakówPoland department of Geoinformatics Physical and Environmental GeographyUniversity of SzegedSzeged 6722Hungary

The Alborz Mountains are some of the highest in Iran,and they play an important role in controlling the climate of the country’s northern *** land surface temperature(LST)is an important variable that affects the ecosystem of this *** study investigated the spatiotemporal changes and trends of the nighttime LST in the western region of the Central Alborz Mountains at elevations of 1500-4000 m above sea *** data were extracted for the period of 2000-2021,and the Mann-Kendall nonparametric test was applied to evaluating the changes in the *** results indicated a significant increasing trend for the monthly average LST in May-August along the southern *** the northern and southern aspects showed decreasing trends for the monthly average LST in October,November,and March and an increasing trend in other *** all elevations,the average decadal change in the monthly average LST was more severe along the southern aspect(0.60°C)than along the northern aspect(0.37°C).The LST difference between the northern and southern aspects decreased in the cold months but increased in the hot *** the same elevation,the difference in the lapse rate between the northern and southern aspects was greater in the hot months than in the cold *** increasing elevation,the lapse rate between the northern and southern aspects *** change was concluded to greatly decrease the difference in LST at different elevations for April-July.

关键词： Global warming Mountainous areas Lapse rate Surface air temperatures Alborz