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Growth patterns and dynamics of mud cracks at different diagenetic stages and its geological significance

International Journal of Sediment Research 2014年第1期29卷 82-98页

作者： Zhen-yu ZHAO Yan-ru GUO Yan WANG Hong LIU Qing ZHANG Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and development Research Institute of Petroleum exploration & development of Changqing oilfield

This paper discusses the growth stages,spatial structures,quantitative fitting relationships among various parameters,growth patterns and influencing factors of mud cracks by field survey,core observation and SEM *** study shows that:(1) Mud crack growth can go through three stages,*** syndiagenetic stage,the burial diagenetic stage(including early diagenetic stage,middle-late diagenetic stage) and the epidiagenetic stage.(2) Quantitative fitting relationships among various parameters allow a great significance to describe the spatial structure,the regional distribution and the growth environment of mud cracks.(3) Mud crack growth has three models,such as the unilateral growth model including the linear growth pattern,the curvilinear growth pattern and the bifurcation growth pattern,the multilateral growth model including the inteisectional growth pattern,the join growth pattern and the dispersed growth pattern,and the mixed growth model including the combination of any patterns listed above.(4) Modern mud crack growth usually undergoes four *** beds in sand-mud rhythmic strata can play a lubricative role on crack growth and provide enough sandy deposits for filling cracks.(5) Mud crack growth usually produces bifurcation and bifurcation angles which are mostly 120° or 90° that are related to sediment heterogeneity and released energy.(6)Factors affecting mud crack growth cover many aspects:clay content and salinity can control the number of mud cracks in different areas;terrain can control mud crack morphology;and different sedimentary cycles can control the growth patterns and filling models of mud cracks.

关键词： Mud crack Growth pattern Geological model Lagoon Coastal sediment

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Main Controlling Factors and Dominant Reservoir Series Analysis of Es_3 in the Qibei Area of Qikou Sag

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2013年第1期87卷 219-231页

作者： PU Xiugang HAN Wenzhong HUA Shuangjun ZHANG Wei CHEN Changwei Research department of Fundamental Geology Exploration and Development Research InstituteDagang Oilfield

Based on analysis of geophysical data such as core observation, rock slices identification, physical property, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, logging data etc., 16 factors of sedimentation, diagenesis, fluid pressure, and their relationships with reservoir physical property were analyzed, and the results indicate sedimentation is the internal factor controlling the reservoir property, diagenesis is the external and final decisive factor and abnormal fluid pressure is an important factor preserving the deep reservoir property. Quantitative characterization of diagenesis indicates that compaction and dissolution are more important than cementation and they respectively cause porosity change of-23.6% and 7.7% and -6.2%. Through optimizing 11 main controlling factors and constructing reservoir evaluation index （REI） according to the hierarchical cluster and principal component analysis, reservoir classification standard was established and reservoirs were divided into four classes. The studies show that Es~ SQ4 consists mainly of class I and II, while Es~ SQ6 is mainly of class III and II; the favorable zone is the north and south slope of Qibei sub-sag and the Liujianfang fault-nose. The successful application of the quantitative and comprehensive evaluation in the Qibei area verifies the advanced, practicable method of less artificial factor is suitable for the low porosity and permeability reservoir.

关键词： single factor analysis quantitative characterization comprehensive and quantitativereservoir evaluation Shahejie Formation Qibei area Qikou sag

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An efficient hybrid model for fractured reservoirs

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2016年第10期59卷 1609-1616页

作者： YAN Xia HUANG ZhaoQin YAO Jun LI Yang FAN DongYan SONG WenHui School of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) department of oilfield exploration & development Sinopec

In this study, an efficient hybrid model is proposed to simulate the fluid flow in the reservoirs with multi-scale fractures, which cannot be easily modeled by neither the continuum models nor the discrete fracture models. In the proposed method, the small fractures are modeled by using an improved Multiple Sub-Region method, which can capture the strongly anisotropy of fracture elements and the effects of border region on the transmissibility and provide more accurate results, on the other hand, the large fractures are modeled explicitly as major fluid conduits by the Embedded Discrete Fracture Model. Then, an efficient numerical algorithm based on the Mimetic Finite Difference method is developed to solve the hybrid method. At the end, several numerical examples are carried out to verify the accuracy and applicability of the proposed numerical model.

关键词： fractured reservoirs hybrid model oversampling approach multiple sub-region method mimetic finite difference

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Genesis of the high gamma sandstone of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin,China

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Petroleum Science 2013年第1期10卷 50-54页

作者： Liu Huaqing Li Xiangbo Liao Jianbo Liu Xianyang Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and development-Northwest Research Institute of exploration and development Changqing Oilfield Company

Recently, more attention has been paid on the high gamma sandstone reservoirs of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin, China. These high gamma sandstones have logging characteristics different from conventional sandstones, which influences the identification of sandstone reservoirs. Zhang et al （2010） proposed that the high gamma sandstones of the Yanchang Formation might be the result of re-deposition of homochronous sedimentary tufts or previous tufts as a part of the sandstone. However, we present a different viewpoint： 1） few tufts or tuff debris have been found in the high gamma sandstones of the Yanchang Formation; 2） high gamma （or high Th content） sandstones of Yanchang Formation are not related to either clay minerals or feldspar; 3） the heavy minerals in the sandstone reservoirs of the Yanchang Formation are dominated by zircon, which is characterized by abnormally high Th and U contents, up to 2,163 ppm and 1,362 ppm, respectively. This is sufficient to explain the high gamma anomaly. The conclusion is that the high gamma value of the Yanchang Formation sandstones might be caused by zircon with high Th and U contents in sandstones rather than from the tuff components.

关键词： High gamma sandstones reservoir zircon Yanchang Formation Ordos Basin

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Geological features and hydrocarbon accumulation in the Xinken oil field,Tarim Basin

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Chinese Journal Of Geochemistry 2013年第4期32卷 367-379页

作者： SONG Lichen ZHU Guangyou LIU Xingwang ZHU Yongfeng SU Jin WANG Kai Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and development PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and development Tarim Oilfield CompanyPetroChina

Recently,a large-scale Ordovician oil and gas pool has been discovered in Xinken,north of the Tarim Basin,and it has strongly heterogeneous reservoirs and complicated fluid *** analyzing oil,gas and water samples collected from this area,in combination of field production and testing data,this study reveals that the Xinken oil pool contains dominantly normal oil characterized by low viscosity,low sulphur,and high *** has a low content of natural gas,which presents typical characteristics of wet gas and is oil-associated ***-gas correlation shows that the oil was from the Middle-Upper Ordovician source rocks and the charge and accumulation of oil and gas took place in the Late Hercynian *** by paleogeomorphology,sedimentary facies,ancient karstification,faults,and other factors in the Caledonian Period,the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs are dominated by dissolved pores,cavities and *** reservoir body of fractures and cavities is distributed in the shape of strip and laminate along faults and excellent reservoirs are mostly in the range of 70–100 m below the top of the Yijianfang *** a whole,the Xinken oil pool is a fracture-cavity pool controlled by interbedded karst reservoirs and is a complex composed of stacked karst fractures and cavities of various *** contains oil in large areas horizontally,which is quasi-laminated in distribution,and the accumulation of oil and gas is controlled by the distribution and development degree of the Ordovician carbonate *** study shows that this area has abundant resources and a great exploration potential for oil and gas.

关键词：塔里木盆地北部油气成藏地质特征碳酸盐岩储层石油伴生气油田储层控制非均质储层

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Origin and Source of Deep Natural Gas in Nanpu sag, Bohai Bay Basin, China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2013年第4期87卷 1081-1096页

作者： ZHU Guangyou WANG Zhengjun WANG Yongjun ZHAO Jie DONG Yuexia WANG Kai LIU Yongchang WANG Jianwei Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and development PetroChina PetroChina Jidong oilfield

Natural gas exploration in Nanpu sag, Bohai Bay Basin, has achieved breakthroughs in recent years, and a number of natural gas and condensate wells with high yield have been found in several structures in the beach area. Daily gas production of single wells is up to 170,000 m3, and high-yield wells are mainly distributed in？the Nanpu No. 1 structural belt.？Studies have shown that these natural gases are mainly hydrocarbon gases, with methane content about 80% to 90% and ethane 6%-9%, so they are mainly wet gas; and non-hydrocarbons are at a low level.？Carbon isotopes of methane range from -42‰ to -36‰, and ethane from -28‰ to -26‰. Calculated maturity based on the relationship between δ13C and Ro of natural gas, the gases are equivalent to those generated from organic matter when Ro is 1.0%-1.7% （mainly 1.25%-1.32%）. The natural gas is oil-type gas generated from the source rocks at mature to high mature stage, associated with condensate, so carbon isotopes of the gases are heavier. Natural gas in the Nanpu No.1 structural belt is mainly associated gas with condensate. The analysis of the origin and source of natural gas and condensate, combined with the monomer hydrocarbon carbon isotopes and biomarker, indicated that the main source rocks in the Nanpu No.1 structural belt were Es3 （the lower member of the Shahejie Formation）, followed by Es1 （the upper member of the Shahejie Formation）.？The high-mature hydrocarbons from source rocks in the deep sag mainly migrated through deep inherited faults into shallow traps and accumulated to form oil and gas pools. Therefore, there is a great potential for exploring gas in deep layers.

关键词： Deep layer Natural gas Condensate Source rocks Shahejie Formation Nanpu sag,Bohai Bay Basin

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Evidence of the Near-Source Accumulation of the Tight Sandstone Gas in Northern Ordos Basin,North-Central China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2017年第5期91卷 1820-1835页

作者： YANG Zhi LI Qiyan WU Songtao LIN Senhu LIU Xinshen Research Institute of Petroleum exploration & development Petro China Research Institute of exploration and development Petro China Changqing Oilfield Company

The tight sandstone gas in Upper Paleozoic Formation of the northern Ordos Basin is a typical giant unconventional tight gas province. Evidences from geochemistry, reservoir geology and paleotectonic setting all verify that the present-day tight sandstone gas accumulation in the Ordos Basin is the result of near-source accumulation. The evidences are listed as following： tight sandstone gas is mainly distributed in the area with high gas-generating strength; gas composition was not subjected tofractionation; gas saturation significantly decreases with the distance away from the source rocks; gas isotopes suggest their origin is the same and maturity is consistent with in-place source rocks; reservoirs have experienced three types of densification digenesis, including intense compaction, siliceous cementation and calcareous cementation, which took place before the formation of a large amount of tight sandstone gas, forming tight reservoirs with low porosity and permeability, fine pore throat and great capillary resistance; the paleo-structural gradient ratio is small from the main hydrocarbon generation period to present. It is indicated the present distribution of tight sandstone gas in the northern Ordos Basin is the result of near-source and short-distance migration and accumulation.

关键词： near-source accumulation tight sandstone gas coal measures unconventional gas geochemistry

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A Discussion on the Origin of Shale Reservoir Inter-Laminar Fractures in the Shahejie Formation of Paleogene, Dongying Depression

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Journal of Earth Science 2017年第6期28卷 1064-1077页

作者： Huimin Liu Shun Zhang Guoqi Song Shoupeng Zhang Xuefeng Hao Zhonghuai Xie Ningning Xu Peng Liu Working Stations for Postdoctors of Shengli oilfield SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and development Shengli Oilfield SINOPEC

This paper was conducted on the shale reservoir in the Dongying depression in the Shahejie Formation of Paleogene. Based on detailed core description, rock thin sections, argon ion polishing, scanning electron microscopy（SEM） analysis, CT scanning and carbon-oxygen isotopic test, the formation mechanism of the inter-laminar fractures（or seams） and their development conditions were discussed by comprehensive analysis of the diagenetic evolution features and the reservoir space evolution characteristics. The results show that the laminated composite pattern in Dongying depression was dominated by vertical distribution of laminated calcite and clay minerals. Contrasted to the traditional understanding, development degree of inter-laminar fractures was much lower. Pure fluid between layers cannot exist without framework minerals, and the pre-existing well connected pore or horizontal overpressure micro seam was favorable paths of fluid migration. From the points of inter-laminar fractures origin mechanism and its evolution, the so called seams, were much more complex than traditional understanding that hydrocarbon generation raised the pore pressure and led to the parallel microfractures. But the inter-laminar fractures had little relationship with that whether the lamination was developed or bedding boundary was clear or not. In fact, the shale reservoir inter-laminar fractures were not rigorous fracture. They were controlled by pre-existing inter-granular pore（or seam） or dissolved pore, which distributed along carbonate laminae boundary and were connected by later super pressure, dissolution and the seepage force. And the development conditions were burial depth（bigger than 3 000 m） and the Ro value（〉0.6%）. Discussion on its origin and evolution has important petroleum geological significance on optimizing reservoir segment and favorable target areas selection.

关键词： shale reservoir lamination inter-laminar fractures diagenesis Dongying depression Paleogene

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Changing characteristics of ultralow permeability reservoirs during waterflooding operations

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Petroleum Science 2013年第2期10卷 226-232页

作者： Gao Chunning An Xiaoping Zhu Shengju Wu Pingcang National Engineering Laboratory for exploration & development of Low Permeability Oil and Gas Fields exploration & development Research Institute of Changqing oilfield Company

The characteristics of ultralow permeability reservoirs changed after waterflooding. Thin- section analysis and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） of core samples from inspection wells indicated that calcite and barite were formed in ultralow permeability reservoirs during waterflooding operations. Some asphaltene precipitates on the surface of formation rock would influence the reservoir porosity, permeability, wettability, and electrical properties. In this paper, the changes of physical, electrical, and fluid properties of ultralow permeability reservoirs during waterflooding operations were analyzed. This provides important information to improve waterflooding performance in ultralow permeability reservoirs.

关键词： Ultralow permeability waterflooding reservoir change waterflooding characteristics

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Re-Examination of the Oil and Gas Origins in the Kekeya Gas Condensate Field,Northwest China——A Case Study of Hydrocarbon-Source Correlation Using Sophisticated Geochemical Methods

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2017年第1期91卷 186-203页

作者： GONG Deyu WANG Zhaoyun LIU Gang CHEN Gang FANG Chenchen XIAO Zhongyao Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and development PetroChina Tarim oilfield Company PetroChina

This work discussed the origins, alteration and accumulation processes of the oil and gas in the Kekeya gas condensate field based on molecular compositions, stable carbon isotopes, light hydrocarbons, diamondoid hydrocarbons and biomarker fingerprints. A comparison study is also made between the geochemical characteristics of the Kekeya hydrocarbons and typical marine and terrigenous hydrocarbons of the Tarim Basin. Natural gas from the Kekeya gas condensate field is derived from Middle–Lower Jurassic coal measures while the condensates are derived from Carboniferous–Permian marine source rocks with a higher maturity. In the study area, both natural gas and condensates have experienced severe water washing. A large amount of methane was dissolved into the water, resulting in a decrease in the dryness coefficient. Water washing also makes the carbon isotopic compositions of the natural gas more negative and partially reverse. Considering that the gas maturities are higher than once expected, gas generation intensity in the study area should be much stronger and the gas related to the Jurassic coal measures could promise a greater prospecting potential. As a result of evaporative fractionation, the Kekeya condensates are enriched in saturates and lack aromatics. Evaporative fractionation disguises the original terrigenous characteristics of the light hydrocarbons associated with the natural gas, making it appear marinesourced. Thus, alteration processes should be fully taken into consideration when gas–source correlations are carried out based on light hydrocarbons. With the condensates discovered in the study area all being ＂migration phase＂, the pre-salt Cretaceous and Jurassic reservoirs may promise great exploration potential for the ＂residual phase＂ hydrocarbons. This research not only is of significance for oil and gas exploration in the southwest Tarim Basin, but also sheds light on the oil/gas-source correlations in general.

关键词： Kekeya gas condensate field evaporative fractionation water washing coal-derived gas marine condensates stable carbon isotopes diamondoid hydrocarbons

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