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Infection,Pain,and Itch

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2018年第1期34卷 109-119页

作者： Isaac M.Chiu department of microbiology and Immunobiology Division of Immunology Harvard Medical School

Pain and itch are unpleasant sensations that often accompany infections caused by viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal pathogens. Recent studies show that sensory neurons are able to directly detect pathogens to mediate pain and itch. Nociceptor and pruriceptor neurons respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns, including Toll-like receptor ligands, N-formyl peptides, and bacterial toxins. Other pathogens are able to silence neuronal activity to produce analgesia during infection. Pain and itch could lead to neuronal modulation of the immune system or behavioral avoidance of future patho- gen exposure. Conversely, pathogens could modulate neuronal signaling to potentiate their pathogenesis and facilitate their spread to other hosts. Defining how pathogens modulate pain and itch has critical implications for sensory neurobiology and our understanding of host- microbe interactions.

关键词： Pain Itch Bacteria Pathogens Infection Inflammation Viruses

Gene polymorphisms of pathogenic Helicobacter pylori in patients with different types of gastrointestinal diseases

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2016年第44期22卷 9718-9726页

作者： Yu-Li Chen Xiao-Qiang Mo Gan-Rong Huang Yan-Qiang Huang Juan Xiao Li-Juan Zhao Hong-Yu Wei Qian Liang Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities

Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is a kind of chronic infectious pathogen which can cause chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric cancer and other diseases. The genetic structure of the pathogenic genes of H. pylori varies largely, which contributes to the differences in virulence among various strains, and in clinical symptoms. Virulence genes of H. pylori can be categorized into three main classes: those related to adhesion and colonization, those related to gastric mucosal injury, and others. This review focuses on the relationship between genetic polymorphisms of the three classes of virulence genes of H. pylori and diseases. Most of the genetic polymorphisms of the main virulence factors of H. pylori are summarized in this paper.

关键词： Helicobacter pylori Pathogenic gene Polymorphism Gastrointestinal disease

Sex Differences in Neuropathology and Cognitive Behavior in APP/PS1/tau Triple-Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2018年第5期34卷 736-746页

作者： Jun-Ting Yang Zhao-Jun Wang Hong-Yan Cai Li Yuan Meng-Ming Hu Mei-Na Wu Jin-Shun Qi department of Physiology Shanxi Medical University department of microbiology and immunology Shanxi Medical University department of Physiology Changzhi Medical College

Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） is the most common form of dementia among the elderly, characterized by amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflam- mation in the brain, as well as impaired cognitive behaviors. A sex difference in the prevalence of AD has been noted, while sex differences in the cerebral pathology and relevant molecular mechanisms are not well clarified. In the present study, we systematically investigated the sex differences in pathological characteristics and cognitive behavior in 12-month-old male and female APP/PSI/tau triple-trans- genic AD mice （3xTg-AD mice） and examined the molecular mechanisms. We found that female 3×Tg-AD mice displayed more prominent amyloid plaques, neurofib- rillary tangles, neuroinflammation, and spatial cognitive deficits than male 3×Tg-AD mice. Furthermore, the expres- sion levels of hippocampal protein kinase A-cAMP response element-binding protein （PKA-CREB） and p38- mitogen-activated protein kinases （MAPK） also showed sex difference in the AD mice, with a significant increase in the levels of p-PKA/p-CREB and a decrease in the p-p38 in female, but not male, 3×Tg-AD mice. We suggest that an estrogen deficiency-induced PKA-CREB-MAPK signaling disorder in 12-month-old female 3×Tg-AD mice might be involved in the serious pathological and cognitive damage in these mice. Therefore, sex differences should be taken into account in investigating AD biomarkers and related target molecules, and estrogen supplementation or PKA-CREB- MAPK stabilization could be beneficial in relieving the pathological damage in AD and improving the cognitive behavior of reproductively-senescent females.

关键词： Sex difference 3xTg-AD mouse Amyloid plaque Neurofibrillary tangle Neuroinflammation Spatial memory

Multi-epitope vaccines: a promising strategy against tumors and viral infections

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Cellular & Molecular immunology 2018年第2期15卷 182-184页

作者： Lifang Zhang department of microbiology and immunology Institute of Molecular Virology and ImmunologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325035China

Immune responses play a critical role in fighting tumors and viral infections.An antigenic epitope is a basic unit that elicits either a cellular or a humoral immune response.A multi-epitope vaccine composed of a series of or overlapping peptides is therefore an ideal approach for the prevention and treatment of tumors or viral infections.1,2,3,4,5 Although some multi-epitope vaccines have entered phase I clinical trials,for example,EMD640744 in patients with advanced solid tumors,6 designing efficacious multi-epitope vaccines remains a great challenge.An ideal multi-epitope vaccine should be designed to include epitopes that can elicit CTL,Th and B cells and induce effective responses against a targeted tumor or virus(Figure 1).

关键词： vaccines vaccine infections

MHC class Ⅰ-independent activation of virtual memory CD8 T cells induced by chemotherapeutic agent-treated cancer cells

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Cellular & Molecular immunology 2021年第3期18卷 723-734页

作者： Xiaoguang Wang Brittany C.Waschke Rachel A.Woolaver Samantha M.Y.Chen Zhangguo Chen Jing H.Wang department of immunology and microbiology University of ColoradoAnschutz Medical CampusAuroraCO 80045USA

Cancer cells can evade immune recognition by losing major histocompatibility complex(MHC)class Ⅰ.Hence,MHC class Ⅰ-negative cancers represent the most challenging cancers to treat.Chemotherapeutic drugs not only directly kill tumors but also modulate the tumor immune microenvironment However,it remains unknown whether chemotherapy-treated cancer cells can activate CD8 T cells independent of tumor-derived MHC class Ⅰ and whether such MHC class Ⅰ-independent CD8 T-cell activation can be exploited for cancer immunotherapy.Here,we showed that chemotherapy-treated cancer cells directly activated CD8 T cells in an MHC class Ⅰ-independent manner and that these activated CD8 T cells exhibit virtual memory(VM)phenotypes.Consistently,in vivo chemotherapeutic treatment preferentially increased tumor-infiltrating VM CD8 T cells.Mechanistically,MHC class Ⅰ-independent activation of CD8 T cells requires cell-cell contact and activation of the PI3K pathway.VM CD8 T cells contribute to a superior therapeutic effect on MHC class Ⅰ-deficient tumors.Using humanized mouse models or primary human CD8 T cells,we also demonstrated that chemotherapy-treated human lymphomas activated VM CD8 T cells independent of tumor-derived MHC class Ⅰ.In conclusion,CD8 T cells can be directly activated in an MHC class Ⅰ-independent manner by chemotherapy-treated cancers,and these activated CD8 T cells may be exploited for developing new strategies to treat MHC class Ⅰ-deficient cancers.

关键词： DNA-damaging agents B-cell lymphomas virtual memory CD8 T cells cancer immunotherapy MHC classⅠ

Tier-based approach to establish a culture of biosafety at a medical microbiology research laboratory in Egypt

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Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity 2022年第1期4卷 17-22页

作者： Mona El-Shokry Nesma Hamdi Shimaa Abdel Salam Nagwa M.Abo El Magd medical microbiology and immunology department Faculty of Medicine-Ain Shams UniversityEgypt

microbiology Research Laboratory(MRL)is a biosafety level-2(BSL-2)research laboratory located at the main campus of Faculty of Medicine,Ain Shams University(ASU)in Cairo.With the objective of strengthening the departmental capacities of biosafety,a series of activities were carried out between October 2019,and January 2020 to raise awareness,along with instilling standard biosafety practices and procedures among laboratory staff including non-health professions.MRL staff were categorized according to their biosafety knowledge into three tiers:tier(1):with zero to minimal knowledge,tier(2):with basic knowledge,tier(3):with satisfactory knowledge.Tier based activities were designed to align with their job responsibilities.Results:44 selected laboratory staff were trained on biosafety practices:12 from tier(1),19 from tier(2)and 13 constituted tier(3).Through regular follow-ups,the impact of the implemnted training plan was reflected on the practices and knowledge of all laboratory staff.Knowledge among health professions has increased by 60%.Furthermore,6 staff members have granted a biosafety certification by International Federation of Biosafety Association(IFBSA).Conclusion:establishing a culture of biosafety within microbiology research laboratories is integral to safe research practices.Together with developing local and national biosafety regulations and policies will ensure research advancement without compromising public health or environmental safety.

关键词： Biosafety Research laboratories Tier-based activities Egypt Laboratory acquired infections microbiology

Assessing decontamination practices at a medical microbiology research laboratory

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Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity 2022年第2期4卷 124-129页

作者： Merna M.Alfy Sherine B.El Sayed Mona El-Shokry medical microbiology and immunology department Faculty of MedicineAin Shams UniversityCairoEgypt

To our knowledge,this is the first study to conduct an objective assessment of the routine decontamination practices at a medical microbiology research laboratory(MRL)a year after a biosafety training was provided to all laboratory staff.Between March 28th and June 28th,2021,unobtrusive observations were carried out to identify-three high-touch surfaces at the MRL during different working hours.Swabbing was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the disinfectant used in the laboratory.All three high-touch surfaces were sampled before and after decontamination with 200 ppm of 5%sodium hypochlorite(household bleach)to quantify the microbial load and identify the types of organisms residing on the laboratory surfaces.A higher concentration(500 ppm)of 5%sodium hypochlorite was employed after refresher training was provided to housekeeping staff,and resampling of the three surfaces was carried out during a 4-week follow-up period using the same procedure.The three high-touch surfaces identified were the two sides of the workbench(22%–24%)and the front surface of one incubator(14%).Anthracoid bacilli and Staphylococcus aureus were the most commonly found organisms on laboratory surfaces preintervention(100%and 89%,respectively)and post-intervention(56%and 44%,respectively).Other microorganisms detected included Salmonella spp.(27.7%),Proteus spp.(5.6%),Escherichia coli(5.6%),and Klebsiella spp.(33.3%).Employing a higher concentration(500 ppm)of sodium hypochlorite significantly(p<0.000)reduced the total aerobic colony count from an average of 15–250 cfu/cm2 to 10–60 cfu/cm^(2).This study demonstrated suboptimal decontamination practices at the MRL and the need to apply a higher concentration(500 ppm)of sodium hypochlorite to reduce the overall microbial load.It also demonstrated the importance of quantitative assessment to monitor decontamination practices and ensure staff compliance.More studies are needed to identify bacterial communities within the laboratory,which will help provide guidance regarding the types,prope

关键词： Biosafety Laboratory-acquired infection Sodium hypochlorite Environmental decontamination Bacterial contamination Egypt

Metabolic syndrome and the urinary microbiome of patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy

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Asian Journal of Urology 2024年第2期11卷 316-323页

作者： Ryan A.Dornbier Chirag P.Doshi Shalin C.Desai Petar Bajic Michelle Van Kuiken Mark Khemmani Ahmer V.Farooq Larissa Bresler Thomas M.T.Turk Alan J.Wolfe Kristin G.Baldea Loyola University medical Center Department of UrologyMaywoodILUSA Loyola University Chicago Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMaywoodILUSA

Objective:To identify possible stone-promoting microbes,we compared the profiles of microbes grown from stones of patients with and without metabolic syndrome(MetS).The association between MetS and urinary stone disease is well established,but the exact pathophysiologic relationship remains unknown.Recent evidence suggests urinary tract dysbiosis may lead to increased nephrolithiasis risk.Methods:At the time of percutaneous nephrolithotomy,bladder urine and stone fragments were collected from patients with and without MetS.Both sample types were subjected to expanded quantitative urine culture(EQUC)and 16 S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing.Results:Fifty-seven patients included 12 controls(21.1%)and 45 MetS patients(78.9%).Both cohorts were similar with respect to demographics and non-MetS comorbidities.No controls had uric acid stone composition.By EQUC,bacteria were detected more frequently in MetS stones(42.2%)compared to controls(8.3%)(p=0.041).Bacteria also were more abundant in stones of MetS patients compared to controls.To validate our EQUC results,we performed 16 S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing.In 12/16(75.0%)sequence-positive stones,EQUC reliably isolated at least one species of the sequenced genera.Bacteria were detected in both“infectious”and“non-infectious”stone compositions.Conclusion:Bacteria are more common and more abundant in MetS stones than control stones.Our findings support a role for bacteria in urinary stone disease for patients with MetS regardless of stone composition.

关键词： Nephrolithiasis Urolithiasis Metabolic syndrome Urinary microbiome Percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Commensal Microbiome Promotes Resistance to Local and Systemic Infections

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Chinese medical Journal 2015年第16期128卷 2250-2255页

作者： Nan Zhang Qiu-Shui He department of medical microbiology and Research Centre of Microbiome Capital Medical University Beijing 100069 China Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of Turku Turku Finland

Objective：In this review,to illustrate the resistance mechanism for pathogen insult,we discussed the role of the intestinal microbiome in promoting resistance to local gastrointestinal tract infections and to respiratory tract infections.Data Sources：The review was based on data obtained from the published research articles.Study Selection：A total of 49 original articles were selected in accordance with our main objective to illustrate the resistance mechanism（s） by which commensal microbiota can contribute to host defense against local and systemic infections.Results：Diverse microorganisms colonize human environmentally exposed surfaces such as skin,respiratory tract,and gastrointestinal tract.Co-evolution has resulted in these microbes with extensive and diverse impacts on multiple aspects of host biological functions.During the last decade,high-throughput sequencing technology developed has been applied to study commensal microbiota and their impact on host biological functions.By using pathogen recognition receptors pathway and nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-like receptors pathway,the commensal microbiome promotes resistance to local and systemic infections,respectively.To protect against the local infections,the microbiome functions contain the following：the competing for sites of colonization,direct production of inhibition molecules or depletion of nutrients needed for pathogens,and priming immune defenses against pathogen insult.At the same time,with the purpose to maintain homeostasis,the commensal bacteria can program systemic signals toward not only local tissue but also distal tissue to modify their function for infections accordingly.Conclusions：Commensal bacteria play an essential role in protecting against infections,shaping and regulating immune responses,and maintaining host immune homeostasis.

关键词： Commensal Microbiota Gut Microbiota Nucleotide Binding Oligomerization Domain-like Receptors Pathway PathogenRecognition Receptors Pathway Respiratory Microbiome Toll-like Receptors