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The effects of deficit irrigation on nitrogen consumption,yield,and quality in drip irrigated grafted and ungrafted watermelon

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2015年第5期14卷 966-976页

作者： Selcuk zmen Riza Kanber Nebahat Sari Mustafa nl University of Dzce Department of Biosystem Engineering University of Cukurova Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering University of Cukurova Department of Horticulture

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of deficit irrigation on nitrogen consumption,yield,and quality in grafted and ungrafted *** study was conducted in Cukurova region,Eastern Mediterranean,Turkey,between 2006 and 2008,and employed 3 irrigation rates（full irrigation（l_（100）） with no stress,moderate irrigation（Dl_（70））,and low irrigation（Dl_（50））;Dl_（70） and Dl_（50） were considered deficit irrigation） on grafted（CTJ,Crimson Tide＋Jumbo） and the ungrafted（CT,Crimson Tide） *** amount of irrigation water（IR） applied to the study plots were calculated based on cumulative pan evaporation that occurred during the irrigation *** consumption was 16%lower in CTJ plants than in CT *** the other hand,consumption of nitrogen was 28%higher in Dl_（50） plants than in Dl_（70） plants while it was 23%higher in Dl_（50） plants than in l_（100） *** grafting,the average amount of nitrogen content in seeds,pulps and peels for CTJ was 30,43 and 56%more than those of CT,*** yield and the quality were not significantly affected by the deficit *** this respect,grafting of watermelon gave higher yield,but,it had a slight effect on fruit *** highest yield values of 16.90 and 19.32 kg plant^（-1） in 2008 were obtained with l_（100）and in CTJ plants,***,Dl_（50） treatment could be taken into account for the development of reduced irrigation strategies in semiarid regions where irrigation water supplies are ***,the yield increased by applying CTJ treatment to the watermelon production.

关键词： irrigation deficit grafted grafting fruit slight ammonium consumed solids leaching

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Modelling reference evapotranspiration using gene expression programming and artificial neural network at Pantnagar,India

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Information Processing in Agriculture 2023年第4期10卷 547-563页

作者： Pangam Heramb Pramod Kumar Singh K.V.Ramana Rao A.Subeesh Division of irrigation and drainage Engineering ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural EngineeringBhopal 462038India department of irrigation and drainage Engineering G.B.Pant University of Agriculture and TechnologyPantnagar 263145India Division of Agricultural Mechanization ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural EngineeringBhopal 462038India

Evapotranspiration is an essential component of the hydrological cycle that is of particular interest for water resource *** quantification is helpful in irrigation scheduling,water balance studies,water allocation,*** of reference evapotranspiration(ET0)using both gene expression programming(GEP)and artificial neural network(ANN)techniques was done using the daily meteorological data of the Pantnagar region,India,from 2010 to 2019.A total of 15 combinations of inputs were used in developing the ET0 *** model with the least number of inputs consisted of maximum and minimum air temperatures,whereas the model with the highest number of inputs consisted of maximum air temperature,minimum air temperature,mean relative humidity,number of sunshine hours,wind speed at 2mheight and extra-terrestrial radiation as inputs and with ET0 as the output for all the *** the GEP models were developed for a single functional set and pre-defined genetic operator values,while the best structure in each ANN model was found based on the performance during the testing *** was found that ANN models were superior to GEP models for the estimation *** was evident from the reduction in RMSE values ranging from 2%to 56%during training and testing phases in all the ANN models compared with GEP *** ANN models showed an increase of about 0.96%to 9.72%of R2 value compared to the respective GEP *** comparative study of these models with multiple linear regression(MLR)depicted that the ANN and GEP models were superior to MLR models.

关键词： Artificial Neural Networks Evolutionary algorithms Gene Expression Programming Machine Learning Regression Analysis Reference evapotranspiration models

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Assessment of future climate change impacts on hydrological behavior of Richmond River Catchment

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Water Science and Engineering 2017年第3期10卷 197-208页

作者： Hashim Isam Jameel Al-Safi Priyantha Ranjan Sarukkalige department of Civil Engineering Curtin UniversityPerth 6102Australia department of irrigation and drainage Techniques Technical Institute of ShatrahSouthern Technical UniversityDhi QarIraq

This study evaluated the impacts of future climate change on the hydrological response of the Richmond River Catchment in New South Wales(NSW), Australia, using the conceptual rainfall-runoff modeling approach(the Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenbalansavdelning(HBV)model). Daily observations of rainfall, temperature, and streamflow and long-term monthly mean potential evapotranspiration from the meteorological and hydrological stations within the catchment for the period of 1972 e2014 were used to run, calibrate, and validate the HBV model prior to the streamflow prediction. Future climate signals of rainfall and temperature were extracted from a multi-model ensemble of seven global climate models(GCMs) of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3(CMIP3) with three regional climate scenarios, A2, A1 B,and B1. The calibrated HBV model was then forced with the ensemble mean of the downscaled daily rainfall and temperature to simulate daily future runoff at the catchment outlet for the early part(2016 e2043), middle part(2044 e2071), and late part(2072 e2099) of the 21 st *** scenarios during the future periods present decreasing tendencies in the annual mean streamflow ranging between 1% and 24.3% as compared with the observed period. For the maximum and minimum flows, all scenarios during the early, middle, and late parts of the century revealed significant declining tendencies in the annual mean maximum and minimum streamflows, ranging between 30% and 44.4% relative to the observed period. These findings can assist the water managers and the community of the Richmond River Catchment in managing the usage of future water resources in a more sustainable way.

关键词： Climate change impact Hydrological modeling HBV model GCMs Richmond River Catchment Australia

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Effects of rates and time of zeolite application on controlling runoff generation and soil loss from a soil subjected to a freeze-thaw cycle

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2017年第2期5卷 95-101页

作者： Morteza Behzadfar Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi Mohamad Javad Khanjani Zeinab Hazbavia Watershed Management department Faculty of Natural ResourcesTarbiat Modares UniversityIran department of irrigation and drainage Engineering Shahid Bahonar UniversityKermanIran

Many factors such as freeze-thaw(FT)cycle influence soil *** of soil amendments can play an important role on runoff time commencement(RT),volume(RV)and soil loss(SL)on soils subjected to FT ***,limited studies have been documented on this *** present study was therefore carried out under rainfall simulation circumstances to investigate the effect of different rates of zeolite ap-plication to control the effects of FT on basic hydrological variables such as runoff production and soil *** this attempt,the effect of application of different rates of 250,500 and 750 gm^(-2) of zeolite applied before,during and after the occurrence of FT cycle on RT,RV and SL was assessed in a completely randomized *** were set up in two categories ***(without zeolite application),and three rates and times of zeolite application in small 0.25 m-experimental plots in three *** results showed that application of zeolite had significant effects on hydrological behavior of soil induced by FT ***-plication rate of 750 gm^(-2) prior to FT cycle increased RT and reduced RV and SL at rates of 644%,68% and 91%,*** results also verified that zeolite could successfully mitigate the impacts of FT cycle on the main soil hydrological variables of soil profile induced by FT *** is accordingly recommended to employ zeolite as an effective amendment to control soil erosion in steep and degraded rangelands where surface soil is exposed to rainfall and runoff.

关键词： Soil amendment Erosion plot Rainfall simulation Sediment yield Soil frost

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Wetting Patterns and Nitrate Distributions in Layered-Textural Soils Under Drip irrigation

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Agricultural Sciences in China 2007年第8期6卷 970-980页

作者： LI Jiusheng JI Hong-yan LI Bei LIU Yu-chun department of irrigation and drainage China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research Beijing 100044 P.R.China

Laboratory experiments were conducted in different sequence and thickness of the soil layers to investigate the effects of layered-textural soils on wetting patterns and water and nitrate distributions from a surface point source under various combinations of application rate and applied volume. Three layered soils, including a sandy-over-sandy loam （SL）, a sandy loam-over-sandy （LS）, and a sandy loam-sandy-sandy loam （LSL）, and two uniform soils （a uniform sandy loam and a uniform sandy soil） were tested. In the experiments, the application rate was varied from 0.69 to 3.86 L h^-1 and the applied volume from 5.7 to 12.1 L. The experimental results demonstrated that the wetting patterns and water and nitrate distributions were greatly affected by the sequence and thickness of soil layers as well as the application rate and volume applied. An interface existing in the layered soils, whether a fine-over-coarse or a coarse-over-fine, had a common feature of limiting downward water movement and of increasing horizontal water movement. For the fine-over-coarse layered soils of LS and LSL, water and nitrate were uniformly distributed at a given depth in the top layer soil. For a coarse-over-fine layered soil of SL, however, water accumulated in the sublayer soil underneath the interface and a zone of lower nitrate concentration was observed. The effect of application rate on water distribution pattern was dependent upon soil layering. A minor influence of application rate on water distribution for the fine-over-coarse layered soils （LS and LSL） than for the uniform soils was found. To obtain a greater wetted depth through selecting the emitters having a smaller application rate, which is a common method in the system design for a uniform soil, may not be necessarily applied for the layered soils. Measurements of nitrate distribution showed that nitrate accumulated toward the boundary of the wetted volume for both the uniform and the layered soils. This suggests the import

关键词： drip irrigation fertigation layered-textural soil soil water nitrate

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Effectiveness of Soil Conservation Methods in Preventing Red Soil Erosion in Southern China

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Journal of Mountain Science 2015年第5期12卷 1281-1291页

作者： ZHANG Guo-Hua XIE Chong-Bao PI Xiao-Yu ZUO Chang-Qing China irrigation and drainage Development Center The Water Service Bureau of Chaoyang of Beijing City China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research

Rainfall, runoff(surface runoff and interflow) and soil loss were recorded from 2002 to2005 in an experiment with four treatments on sloping red soil land in southern China. Treatments consisted of bare sloping ground(control check, CK),interplanting with soybean in spring or radish in autumn(I), level terrace(i.e., grass planted on the riser and bunds built at the edge of a bench terrace)(II), and level terraces of orchards with Bahia grass planted on the riser(III). The surface runoff and erosion in treatment II and III during the four years were low despite the occurrence of potentially erosive rains. By contrast, the CK plot had both the highest surface runoff coefficient and the highest sediment yield among all the plots. The surface runoff and soil erosion of the CK plot significantly differed from that of the treatment plots(p I > III > II, whereas their order in terms of interflow was II > III > I > CK. The effects of treatment II were excellent, indicating that level terrace(i.e., grass planted on the riser and bunds built at the edge of a bench terrace) can be an excellent practice for soil and water conservation on sloping red soil land. Soil loss in southern China can be reduced through the widespread use of this approach.

关键词： Red soil Runoff Soil erosion Interflow

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Modeling Soil Water Retention Curve with a Fractal Method

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Pedosphere 2006年第2期16卷 137-146页

作者： HUANG Guan-Hua ZHANG Ren-Duo HUANG Quan-Zhong department of irrigation and drainage Chinese-Israeli International Center for Research and Training in Agriculture China Agricultural University Beijing 100083 （China）. department of Renewable Resources University of Wyoming Laramie WY 82071-3354 （USA）

Many empirical models have been developed to describe the soil water retention curve (SWRC). In this study, a fractal model for SWRC was derived with a specially constructed Menger sponge to describe the fractal scaling behavior of soil; relationships were established among the fractal dimension of SWRC, the fractal dimension of soil mass, and soil texture; and the model was used to estimate SWRC with the estimated results being compared to experimental data for verification. The derived fractal model was in a power-law form, similar to the Brooks-Corey and Campbell empirical functions. Experimental data of particle size distribution (PSD), texture, and soil water retention for 10 soils collected at different places in China were used to estimate the fractal dimension of SWRC and the mass fractal dimension. The fractal dimension of SWRC and the mass fractal dimension were linearly related. Also, both of the fractal dimensions were dependent on soil texture, i.e., clay and sand contents. Expressions were proposed to quantify the relationships. Based on the relationships, four methods were used to determine the fractal dimension of SWRC and the model was applied to estimate soil water content at a wide range of tension values. The estimated results compared well with the measured data having relative errors less than 10% for over 60% of the measurements. Thus, this model, estimating the fractal dimension using soil textural data, offered an alternative for predicting SWRC.

关键词： fractal dimension soil texture soil water retention curve

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Estimating Water Retention with Pedotransfer Functions Using Multi-Objective Group Method of Data Handling and ANNs

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Pedosphere 2011年第1期21卷 107-114页

作者： H.BAYAT M.R.NEYSHABOURI K.MOHAMMADI N.NARIMAN-ZADEH department of Soil Science Faculty of AgricultureBu Ali Sina University department of Soil Science Faculty of AgricultureTabriz University department of irrigation and drainage Engineering Tarbiat Modares University department of Mechanical Engineering Engineering FacultyGuilan University

Pedotransfer functions （PTFs） have been developed to estimate soil water retention curves （SWRC） by various techniques. In this study PTFs were developed to estimate the parameters （θs, θr, α and λ） of the Brooks and Corey model from a data set of 148 samples. Particle and aggregate size distribution fractal parameters （PSDFPs and ASDFPs, respectively） were computed from three fractal models for either particle or aggregate size distribution. The most effective model in each group was determined by sensitivity analysis. Along with the other variables, the selected fractal parameters were employed to estimate SWRC using multi-objective group method of data handling （mGMDH） and different topologies of artificial neural networks （ANNs）. The architecture of ANNs for parametric PTFs was different regarding the type of ANN, output layer transfer functions and the number of hidden neurons. Each parameter was estimated using four PTFs by the hierarchical entering of input variables in the PTFs. The inclusion of PSDFPs in the list of inputs improved the accuracy and reliability of parametric PTFs with the exception of ~s- The textural fraction variables in PTF1 for the estimation of a were replaced with PSDFPs in PTF3. The use of ASDFPs as inputs significantly improved a estimates in the model. This result highlights the importance of ASDFPs in developing parametric PTFs. The mCMDH technique performed significantly better than ANNs in most PTFs.

关键词： aggregate size distribution fraetal parameters particle size distribution

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Estimation of the van Genuchten Soil Water Retention Properties from Soil Textural Data

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Pedosphere 2010年第4期20卷 456-465页

作者： B. GHANBARIAN-ALAVIJEH A. LIAGHAT HUANG Guan-Hua M. Th. VAN GENUCHTEN department of irrigation and Reclamation Engineering University of Tehran Karaj 31587-77871 （Iran） department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Wright State University Dayton OH 45435 （USA） department of irrigation and drainage Engineering China Agricultural University Beijing 100083 （China） department of Mechanical Engineering Federal University of Rio de Janeiro RJ 21945-970 （Brazil）

The van Genuchten (vG) function is often used to describe the soil water retention curve (SWRC) of unsaturated soils and fractured rock. The objective of this study was to develop a method to determine the vG model parameter m from the fractal dimension. We compared two approaches previously proposed by van Genuchten and Lenhard et al. for estimating m from the pore size distribution index of the Brooks and Corey (BC) model. In both approaches we used a relationship between the pore size distribution index of the BC model and the fractal dimension of the SWRC. A dataset containing 75 samples from the UNSODA unsaturated soil hydraulic database was used to evaluate the two approaches. The statistical parameters showed that the approach by Lenhard et al. provided better estimates of the parameter m. Another dataset containing 72 samples from the literature was used to validate Lenhard's approach in which the SWRC fractal dimension was estimated from the clay content. The estimated SWRC of the second dataset was compared with those obtained with the Rosetta model using sand, silt, and clay contents. Root mean square error values of the proposed fractal approach and Rosetta were 0.081 and 0.136, respectively, indicating that the proposed fractal approach performed better than the Rosetta model.

关键词： fractal dimension soil water retention curve van Genuchten parameterization

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Tree-Temperature Monitoring for Frost Protection of Orchards in Semi-Arid Regions Using Sprinkler irrigation

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Agricultural Sciences in China 2009年第1期8卷 98-107页

作者： Ali Asghar Ghaemi Mohammad Rafie Rafiee Ali Reza Sepaskhah irrigation department College of AgricultureShiraz University

Automated over-tree sprinkler irrigation systems were developed and tested in two orchards located in two separate locations in southern Iran （a 0.17 ha peach orchard and a 0.24 ha orange orchard） to protect peach blossoms and orange trees leaves and fruits from low temperature damage. The experiment used a system that monitored the trees and air temperatures using two thermistors. The water application rate by the irrigation system was determined by an energy balance as implemented by the software FROSTPRO, In the peach orchard, the system was tested during three frost events during the spring of 2003 and three other events during the spring of 2004. The system successfully kept peach flowers above the critical temperature, i.e., -4.0℃ in spring 2004 （control block -4.12℃, and sprinkled block ＋0.5℃） during all events. Similar results were obtained in the orange orchard during three frost events in the winter of 2004, during which the tree temperatures were at least 2.5℃ above the critical temperature. Results from field tests show that the system can effectively protect the peach blossoms from damage. Determination done after the frost events showed a 12% blossom kill in the sprinkled blocks while in the unsprinkled control block a 41.5% blossom kill. Calculations indicated that when using variable application rates, the amount of water used can be reduced by 54.3%. Spatial distribution of minimum temperatures during the three frosts was also studied in Jahrom, Iran. Results showed a significant temperature control in the experimental block, especially in the central part of the orchard, but the block margins （about 3.6% of the total area） were at the risk of low temperature due to the wind drift effects.

关键词： automated sprinkler irrigation FROSTPORO frost protection peach orchard orange orchard

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