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A review of the effects of forest fire on soil properties

Journal of Forestry Research 2022年第5期33卷 1419-1441页

作者： Alex Amerh Agbeshie Simon Abugre Thomas Atta-Darkwa Richard Awuah department of Environmental management University of Energy and Natural Resources(UENR)SunyaniGhana department of Forest Science University of Energy and Natural Resources(UENR)SunyaniGhana department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering University of Energy and Natural Resources(UENR)SunyaniGhana

Forest fires are key ecosystem modifiers affecting the biological,chemical,and physical attributes of forest *** extent of soil disturbance by fire is largely dependent on fire intensity,duration and recurrence,fuel load,and soil *** impact on soil properties is intricate,yielding different results based on these *** paper reviews research investigating the effects of wildfire and prescribed fire on the biological and physico-chemical attributes of forest soils and provides a summary of current knowledge associated with the benefits and disadvantages of such ***-intensity fires with ash deposition on soil surfaces cause changes in soil chemistry,including increase in available nutrients and *** intensity fires are noted for the complete combustion of organic matter and result in severe negative impacts on forest *** intensity fires result in nutrient volatilization,the break down in soil aggregate stability,an increase soil bulk density,an increase in the hydrophobicity of soil particles leading to decreased water infiltration with increased erosion and destroy soil *** soil heating(> 120℃) from high-intensity forest fires is detrimental to the soil ecosystem,especially its physical and biological *** this regard,the use of prescribed burning as a management tool to reduce the fuel load is highly recommended due to its low intensity and limited soil ***,the use of prescribed fires to manage fuel loads is critically needed in the light of current global warming as it will help prevent increased wildfire *** review provides information on the impact of forest fires on soil properties,a key feature in the maintenance of healthy *** addition,the review should prompt comprehensive soil and forest management regimes to limit soil disturbance and restore fire-disturbed soil ecosystems.

关键词： Forest fires Low-severity fire Mineralization Soil available nutrients Soil organic matter Volatilization

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Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Naturally Occurring Sulfate-Based Saline Soils at Different Moisture Contents

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Pedosphere 2017年第5期27卷 868-876页

作者： Resham THAPA Amitava CHATTERJEE Abbey WICK Kirsten BUTCHER department of Soil Sciences School of Natural Resources Management North Dakota State University

Soil salinization may negatively affect microbial processes related to carbon dioxide （CO2） and nitrous oxide （N20） emissions. A short-term laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of soil electrical conductivity （EC） and moisture content on CO2 and N20 emissions from sulfate-based natural saline soils. Three separate 100-m long transects were established along the salinity gradient on a salt-affected agricultural field at Mooreton, North Dakota, USA. Surface soils were collected from four equally spaced sampling positions within each transect, at the depths of 0-15 and 15-30 cm. In the laboratory, artificial soil cores were formed combining soils from both the depths in each transect, and incubated at 60% and 90% water-filled pore space （WFPS） at 25 ~C. The measured depth-weighted EC of the saturated paste extract （ECe） across the sampling positions ranged from 0.43 to 4.65 dS m-1. Potential nitrogen （N） mineralization rate and CO2 emissions decreased with increasing soil ECe, but the relative decline in soil CO2 emissions with increasing ECe was smaller at 60% WFPS than at 90% WFPS. At 60% WFPS, soil N20 emissions decreased from 133 g N20-N kg-1 soil at ECe （ 0.50 dS m-1 to 72 μg N20-N kg-1 soil at ECe = 4.65 dS m-1. In contrast, at 90% WFPS, soil N20 emissions increased from 262 g N20-N kg-1 soil at ECe ： 0.81 dS m-1 to 849 g N20-N kg-1 soil at ECe ： 4.65 dS m-1, suggesting that N20 emissions were linked to both soil ECe and moisture content. Therefore, spatial variability in soil ECe and pattern of rainfall over the season need to be considered when up-scaling N20 and CO2 emissions from field to landscape scales.

关键词： electric conductivity C and N mineralization salinity sulfate salts soil salinization soil water-filled pore space

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Journey Through the Groan Zone with Academics and Practitioners: Bridging Conflict and Difference to Strengthen Disaster Risk Reduction and Recovery Work

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2018年第3期9卷 421-428页

作者： Katherine E.Browne Caela O'Connell Laura Meitzner Yoder department of Anthropology Colorado State University department of Anthropology – Disasters Displacement and Human Rights Program University of Tennessee Program in human Needs and Global resources Wheaton College

Academic-practitioner divides in disaster management and research can be persistent and pernicious,bearing consequences for disaster survivors and future affected populations. The gap between disaster professionals and academic researchers is often treated as an unavoidable structural problem or a neutral accident of professional silos and circumstance. We suggest that these gaps are not neutral, and that they can and must be overcome. With hundreds of millions of people affected by disaster each year and recovery costs skyrocketing, there is urgency in connecting researcher and practitioner knowledges to avoid expensive mistakes and most importantly, to decrease human suffering. Yet the difficulties that US academic anthropologists and practitioners experienced in their efforts to collaborate became evident in a cross-sector National Science Foundation(NSF)-funded workshop on the relevance of culture in disaster work. We suggest and illustrate how more systematic cross-field communication can be operationalized through engaging in an ongoing and relational process of bridging. Such a process can offer long-term benefits to the people and institutions involved,dramatically enhance the science of disaster management,and help reduce the social and material costs of disaster impacts.

关键词： Academic and practitioner divide Applied research Cross-sector communication Culture and disaster Disaster anthropology Disaster management

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Prediction of the soil erosion in a forest and sediment yield from road network through GIS and SEDMODL

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2014年第1期29卷 118-125页

作者： Aidin PARSAKHOO Majid LOTFALIAN Ataollah KAVIAN Seyed Ataollah HOSSEINI department of Forestry Gorgan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University department of Watershed management Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University department Forestry Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University University of Tehran

This study was conducted to classify water erosion risk for a deciduous forest and to predict the amount of sediment yield from forest road *** in combination with AHP was used for determining the soil erosion risk degrees of ***,sediment yield from forest roads with gravel and asphalted surfacing was estimated using *** simulator was used in calibration and validation process of *** showed that47.9%of forest soil is classified from moderate to very high vulnerability.32.3%of roads were located in soil erosion risk class of very *** class is generally found in the eastern region of forest,while areas with very low risk are found in the south western part.14.6%of the forest roads were ranked as having very low sediment *** 61 segments out of 339 segments of forest road network delivered sediment to the ravine *** estimated annual sediment yield for all of road sections by SEDMODL and rainfall simulator were 10,935.45 and10,509.29 g m,*** of the calibration and validation process showed that the variation accounted for in the predicted values by SEDMODL with the observed values under rainfall simulation was 3.90%.Best management practices(BMP) must be considered for the areas with high degrees of erosion risk.

关键词： Soil erosion Forest road GIS SEDMODL

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Effect of in ovo feeding of xylobiose and xylotriose on plasma immunoglobulin, cecal metabolites production, microbial ecology, and metabolic pathways in broiler chickens

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2024年第4期15卷 1578-1589页

作者： Razib Das Pravin Mishra Birendra Mishra Rajesh Jha department of human Nutrition Food and Animal SciencesCollege of Tropical Agriculture and Human ResourcesUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluHI 96822USA

Background Dietary supplementation of xylooligosac charides(XOS) has been found to influence gut health by manipulating cecal microbiota and producing microbe-origin *** no study investigated and compared the effect of in ovo feeding of xylobiose(XOS2) and xy lotriose(XOS3) in *** study investigated the effect of in ovo feeding of these XOS compounds on post-hatch gut health parameters in chickens.A total of 144 fertilized chicken eggs were divided into three groups:a) non-injected control(CON),b) XOS2,and c) *** the 17^(th) embryonic day,the eggs of the XOS2 and XOS3 groups were injected with 3 mg of XOS2 and XOS3 diluted in 0.5 mL of 0.85% normal saline through the amniotic *** hatching,the chicks were raised for 21 *** was collected on d 14 to measure plasma *** digests were collected for measuring short-chain fatty acids(SCFA) on d 14 and 21,and for microbial ecology and microbial metabolic pathway analyses on d 7 and *** The results were considered significantly different at P<*** quantified plasma IgA and IgG on d 14chickens,revealing no differences among the *** chromatography results showed no significant differences in the concentrations of cecal SCFAs on d 14 but significant differences on d ***;the SCFA concentrations were lower in the XOS3 than in the CON group on d *** cecal metagenomics data showed that the abundance of the family Clostridiaceae significantly decreased on d 7,and the abundance of the family Oscillospiraceae increased on d 21 in the XOS2 compared to the *** was a reduction in the relative abundance of genus Clostridium sense stricto 1 in the XOS2 compared to the CON on d 7 and the genus Ruminococcus,torques in both XOS2 and XOS3 groups compared to the CON on d *** XOS2 and XOS3 groups reduced the genes for chondroitin sulfate degradation Ⅰ and L-histidine degradation Ⅰpathways,which contribute to improved gut health,respectivelyc in the micr

关键词： Broiler In ovo Metagenomics Prebiotic Xylooligosaccharides

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Dietary fiber in poultry nutrition and their effects on nutrient utilization,performance,gut health,and on the environment:a review

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2022年第1期13卷 1-16页

作者： Rajesh Jha Pravin Mishra department of human Nutrition Food and Animal SciencesCollege of Tropical Agriculture and Human ResourcesUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluHI 96822USA

Dietary fiber(DF)was considered an antinutritional factor due to its adverse effects on feed intake and nutrient ***,with increasing evidence,scientists have found that DF has enormous impacts on the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)development,digestive physiology,including nutrient digestion,fermentation,and absorption processes of *** may help maintain the small and large intestine’s integrity by strengthening mucosal structure and functions and increasing the population and diversity of commensal bacteria in the *** DF content benefits digestive physiology by stimulating GIT development and enzyme *** the inclusion of fiber at a moderate level in diets also alters poultry growth *** improves gut health by modulating beneficial microbiota in the large intestine and enhancing immune ***,determining the source,type,form,and level of DF inclusion is of utmost importance to achieve the above-noted *** paper critically reviews the available information on dietary fibers used in poultry and their effects on nutrient utilization,GIT development,gut health,and poultry *** these functions will help develop nutrition programs using proper DF at an appropriate inclusion level that will ultimately lead to enhanced DF utilization,overall health,and improved poultry growth ***,this review will help researchers and industry identify the sources,type,form,and amount of DF to be used in poultry nutrition for healthy,costeffective,and eco-friendly poultry production.

关键词： Chicken Dietary fiber Environment Gastrointestinal tract Immunity Intestinal microbiota

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Evaluation of climate change effects on extreme flows in a catchment of western Iran

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2019年第3期13卷 523-534页

作者： Soheila SAFARYAN Mohsen TAVAKOLI Noredin ROSTAMI Haidar EBRAHEVH department of Natural resources Ilam UniversityDam 69315516Iran department of Watershed management Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth SciencesUniversity of KashanKashan ***Iran

Investigation of the relationship between catchment hydrology with climate is essential for understanding of the impact of future climate on hydrological extremes, which may cause frequent flooding, drought, and shortage of water supply. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of climate change on extreme flows in one of the subcatchments of the Ilam dam catchment, Iran. The changes in climate parameters were predicted using the outputs of HadCM3 model for up to the end of the current century in three time periods including 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s. For A2 scenario, increases of 1.09℃, 2.03℃, and 3.62℃, and for B2 scenario rises of 1.18℃, 1.84℃, and 2.55℃ have been predicted. The results suggest that for A2 scenario, the amount of precipitation would decrease by 12.63, 49.13, and 63.42 and for B2 scenario by 47.02,48.51, and 70.26 mm per year. Also the values of PET for A2 scenario would increase by 51.18, 101.47 and 108.71 and for B2 scenario by 60.09, 89.86, and 124.32 mm per year. The results of running the SWAT model revealed that the average annual runoff would decrease by 0.11, 0.41, and 0.61 m3/s and for B2 scenario by 0.39, 0.47, and 0.59 m3/s. The extreme flows were then analyzed by running WETSPRO model. According to the results, the amounts of low flows for A2 scenario will decrease by 0.02, 0.21 and 0.33 m^3/s and for B2 scenario by 0.19, 0.26 and 0.29 m^3/s in the 2020s, 2050s and 2080s, respectively. On the other hand, the results show an increase of peak flows by 11.5, 19.1 and 48.7 m^3/s in A2 scenario and 11.12, 25.93 and 48.1 m^3/s in B2 scenario, respectively. Overall, the results indicated that an increase in return period leads to elevated levels of high flows and diminished low flows.

关键词： climate change extreme flows Ilam dam watershed Iran

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ΔN-Bcl-xL, a therapeutic target for neuroprotection

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Neural Regeneration Research 2017年第11期12卷 1791-1794页

作者： Han-A Park Elizabeth A.Jonas department of human Nutrition and Hospitality management College of Human Environmental ScienceThe University of Alabama department of Internal Medicine Section of EndocrinologyYale University

The B-cell lymphoma-extra large （Bcl-xL） is a mitochondrial anti-apoptotic protein that plays a role in neuroprotection. However, during excitotoxic stimulation, Bcl-xL undergoes caspase-dependent cleavage and produces a fragmented form, △N-Bcl-xL. Accumulation of △N-Bcl-xL is associated with mitochon- drial dysfunction and neuronal death. Therefore, strategies to inhibit the activity or formation of △N-Bcl- xL protect the brain against excitotoxic injuries. Our team found that the pharmacological inhibitor △BT- 737 exerts dose dependent effects in primary neurons. When primary hippocampal neurons were treated with 1 μM ABT-737, glutamate-mediated mitochondrial damage and neuronal death were exacerbated, whereas 10 nM △BT-737, a 100-fold lower concentration, protected mitochondrial function and enhanced neuronal viability against glutamate toxicity. In addition, we suggested acute vs. prolonged formation of △N-Bcl-xL may have different effects on mitochondrial or neuronal functions. Unlike acute production of △N-Bcl-xL by glutamate, overexpression of △N-Bcl-xL did not cause drastic changes in neuronal viability. We predicted that neurons undergo adaptation and may activate altered metabolism to compensate for △N-Bcl-xL-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. Although the detailed mechanism of ABT-mediated neurotoxicity neuroprotection is still unclear, our study shows that the mitochondrial membrane protein △N-Bcl-xL is a central target for interventions.

关键词： B-cell lymphoma-extra large △N-Bcl-xL mitochondria ABT-737

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Dissolutive wetting process and interfacial characteristic of molten Sn–17Bi–0.5Cu alloy on copper substrate

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Rare Metals 2013年第6期32卷 537-543页

作者： Bing-Sheng Xu Li-Kun Zang Zhang-Fu Yuan Yan Wu Zhou Zhou Beijing Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Utilization and management Department of Energy and Resources EngineeringCollege of Engineering Peking University department of Chemistry School of Chemistry and Biology EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Utilization and management Department of Energy and Resources Engineering College of Engineering Peking University Beijing Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Utilization and management Department of Energy and Resources Engineering College of Engineering Peking University

The reactive spreading processes of Sn–17Bi–0.5Cu melt alloy on Cu substrate were studied by sessile drop method in the temperature range of 523–673 *** contact angles between the solder and Cu substrate at different times were recorded with high-resolution CCD digital *** smallest contact angle was observed at623 and 673 *** spreading radius does not increase monotonously with the temperature *** can be attributed to the strong dissolution of Cu substrate into the liquid solder,which hinders the solder from *** line area configuration of the Sn–17Bi–0.5Cu/Cu system was discussed by the description of the equilibrium *** calculated results based on experiments of the tension balances along each of the three interfaces show good agreement with theoretical *** compounds at the Sn–17Bi–0.5Cu/Cu interface are identified as Cu6Sn5adjacent to the solder and Cu3Sn adjacent to the Cu substrate,*** results are of practical interest for composite lead-free solders’preparations and joining of Sn–17Bi–0.5Cu to Cu substrate.

关键词： Lead-free solder Reactive wetting Sessile drop method Interfaces

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Food security status in rural areas of Mizoram,Northeast India

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Journal of Mountain Science 2017年第4期14卷 795-805页

作者： Vishwambhar Prasad SATT Lalrinpuia VANGCHHIA department of Geography and resources management School of Earth SciencesMizoram UniversityAizawl 796004India

Rural areas practice subsistence of the Mizoram state, India agriculture where shifting cultivation dominates the farming systems. As a result, output from crops is very low and thus, the rural areas suffer from food insecurity. This paper analyses food security status in the rural areas of Mizoram and suggests the measures to attain food security. A case study of 16 villages, lying in all the eight districts of Mizoram, was conducted in 2014 and 1527 households （76%） out of total 2010 households were surveyed through purposive random sampling method. Structured questionnaire was constructed and questions on three food security components and 13 indicators were asked. We used Z score technique to calculate data and finally got a composite score of all the components of food security. Our result shows that food availability in the study villages is very less as composite score stands for ***3 whereas food accessibility is comparatively higher, mainly due to availability of fair price shops （mean value is one）, high agricultural working population （40.1%） and high literacy rate （70.6%）. Therefore, its composite score is 0.236. Food stability scores only -0.062 and finally overall food security stands for 0.178, which is inadequate. We have suggested that‘system rice intensification＇, which is already in practice, should be given priority. Adequate irrigation facilities, proper public distribution system, cultivation of fruits and vegetables, value addition in farm products and access to market may achieve food security.

关键词： Food availability Food accessibility Food stability Food security Mizoram

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