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Population Growth and Sustainability of Common Property Resource Management Systems in the Eastern Hindu Kush:The Use of Communal Fodder Resources in Mehlp Valley,North Pakistan

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Journal of Mountain Science 2009年第4期6卷 380-393页

作者： Fazlur-Rahman department of geography urban & regional planning University of PeshawarUniversity Town

In common property studies,increasing number of users has been considered as a major threat for the long-term sustainability of natural resources. This perception has been true in a few cases. However,the 40-years empirical research conducted in a variety of environmental settings,reveals that population pressure is not the only factor responsible for the degradation of natural resources. In remote areas,where the local inhabitants highly depend on available natural resources for subsistence livelihood,the economically important resources are kept under different ownership regimes. The local inhabitants have established autochthonous insti-tutions,and formulated rules and regulations for proper management of these resources. In this paper an attempt has been made to explore the response of a small fodder user community to the increasing population. For this purpose a micro-level study has been conducted in a remote mountain environment in the eastern Hindu Kush. For this research,data has been collected through fieldwork and focus group discussion. The results of this study reveal that fodder user communities have responded very well to the problem of population pressure. To maintain equity and long-term sustainability they have adopted a number of strategies including changing the ownership,and a resource kept under private ownership at the time of low population has been changed to a common property with increase in population. Based on this study it can be concluded that in mountainous areas and fragile environment the local inhabitant have both the capacity and capability to change their behaviour with regard to changing resource productivity as well as increasing number of users,and this situation does not always lead to the tragedy of commons.

关键词： Mixed mountain agriculture Tragedy of the commons Livelihood strategies Population growth

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Dynamics of Communal Land Degradation and Its Implications in the Arid Mountains of Pakistan:A Study of District Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkuwa

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Journal of Mountain Science 2014年第2期11卷 485-495页

作者： Iffat TABASSUM Fazlur RAHMAN Fazlul HAQ Institute of geography Urban & Regional Planning University of Peshawar

Similar to other areas of Pakistan, land resources in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa(KP) is kept under various ownership regimes for socio-economic and ecological benefits. For the last three to four decades, communal lands and resources are subjected to high rate of degradation and deterioration, which is leading to multifarious socio-economical and ecological implications. This paper intends to look into factors that are responsible for the degradation of communal land and the adaptability of the management mechanisms developed by the local inhabitants to conserve these resources. Moreover, this study also explores the sustainability of these adopted strategies in present circumstances. Data regarding socio-economic parameters of the inhabitants and their interactions with communal lands were collected through questionnaire cum interview method. As long-term climatic data for the area do not exist therefore focus group discussions were conducted to document the changing trend in rainfall regimes and temperature variations for the last about four decades. Results indicate that communal lands are highly vulnerable to degradation due to biophysical and anthropogenic factors. Local inhabitants have developed suitable measures to control the situation, however, accelerated socioeconomic transformations in the area have weakened the role of local institutions and that led to further degradation of these resources. Nevertheless, a number of locally formulated rules have been revived and implemented and it is hoped that these threatened resources would be conserved.

关键词： Communal lands Land degradation Climatic variability Adopted strategies Dry areas

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Socio-Economic Drivers of Deforestation in Roghani Valley,Hindu-Raj Mountains,Northern Pakistan

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Journal of Mountain Science 2014年第1期11卷 167-179页

作者： Fazlur RAHMAN Fazlul HAQ Iffat TABASSUM Ihsan ULLAH Institute of geography Urban & Regional Planning University of Peshawar

Deforestation and associated ecological disturbances are the issues of global *** have investigated a number of driving forces which accelerate the rate of deforestation at local and regional *** include poverty,population growth,market demand and prices,political instability,agricultural expansion and changes in property right and ownership *** paper seeks to explore the impacts of population growth,changing tenure system and other socioeconomic factors on the forest cover of Roghani Valley,located in Hindu Raj Mountains,Northern *** present study is mainly based on information collected through participatory observation,selfadministered interviews and questionnaire *** Information System(GIS) database is also used for mapping and *** results reveal that in the past three to four decades the study area has been subjected to severe deforestation and about half of the forest area has been converted into barren ***,the area under natural forests decreased from 2099 to 1444 hectares in four *** large-scale deforestation is attributed to both proximate and under lying causes particularly traditional land tenure system and demographic ***,forest resources have been degraded and a number of plant species have disappeared from the forests of the study area while several others are in the process of disappearance.

关键词： Deforestation Natural Vegetation Cover Population Growth Traditional Tenure Systems Land Use and Land Cover Change Household Dynamics

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Social Construction Functions of Consumption Space under Stratification:The Case of Guangzhou

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Chinese Geographical Science 2010年第5期20卷 450-460页

作者： LIN Geng WANG Lianjun ZHANG Xiaoying department of urban and regional planning/Center for urban and regional Studies School of Geography and Planning SUN Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China

As Chinese cities rapidly transformed themselves into consumerist societies,the relationship between consumers and consumption space under stratification has become a new research area in the field of urban social *** on a consumer behavior analysis,this study explores the relationship between consumption space and the social strata of consumers in typical shopping malls in Guangzhou where the first shopping mall in China was *** result shows that shopping malls have performed significant constructive functions of organizing consumers from different social classes into different consumption *** middle-and upper-class consumers,the function of shopping malls centers on utilitarian consumption,identity recognition,and identity construction;whereas for lower-class consumers,its function revolves around pleasure and *** symbolism of consumption space is the underlying reason for shopping malls to have their social constructive *** findings of this research suggest that:1) a shopping mall is a productive consumption space and a geographical space with subjectivity;2) the micro-location of a shopping mall has social construction function;and 3) symbolic consumption is the core of social construction.

关键词： consumption space stratification shopping mail social construction social identity symbolic consumption

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World Cities and International Organizations: Political Global-city Status of Chinese Cities

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Chinese Geographical Science 2014年第3期24卷 362-374页

作者： SU Nian XUE Desheng John AGNEW Center for urban and regional Studies School of Geography and PlanningSun Yat-Sen University department of geography University of California

In this study, the authors use a political perspective to explore the relative global status of cities in China. Two questions are addressed. Firstly, by using international organizations as the subjects and quantitative analysis of the spatial distribution of their offices, the overall position of Chinese cities in the global distribution of international organizations is estimated. The results show that 22 Chi- nese cities are involved in international political affairs. Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou dominate these activities and have high po- litical global-city status. Secondly, through qualitative analysis of Guangzhou City, the authors explore how its status as a center for intemational organizations has been shaped in recent years. The locational decision-making process is analyzed and the factors are demonstrated at both national and city scales. The definition of international organizations as used in this study refers not only to those supranational bodies that have the ability to manage relations across states （such as the European Union）, but also those in- ter-governmental organizations （IGOs）, international non-governmental organizations （INGOs） and diplomatic representatives and delegations that today also manage and regulate relations between and among states.

关键词： world city international organizations political global-city status spatial distribution China

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The Role of Aga Khan Rural Support Programme in Rural Development in the Karakorum, Hindu Kush & Himalayan Region: Examples from the Northern Mountainous Belt of Pakistan

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Journal of Mountain Science 2007年第4期4卷 331-343页

作者： Fazlur-Rahman department of geography urban & regional planning University of Peshawar University Town 25100 Peshawar NWFP Pakistan

Pakistan is predominantly a mountainous country where rural development activities are characterised by inconsistency, politically motivated short-term projects without proper feedback. Since the inception of the country, the top-down approach has been followed, and the same development plans that were formulated for the plain areas have been extended to the mountains without any modification. In doing so, neither the participation of the local communities was cared for, nor the mountain specificities were considered in the planning process. Moreover, the representation of the local inhabitants was improper and contradictory to the facts. This biased approach has been one of the main causes for the failure of development projects carried out by different agencies of the Government. Contrary to the perception of the state authorities, the mountain communities proved to be more open to accept new approaches and demonstrated the capacity and capability of being a dependable development partner. In this paper, a detailed account of the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme （AKRSP） has been presented to assess and evaluate the approach followed by this non-governmental organisation （NGO）, and the response of the local inhabitants as collaborators in the development process. The achievements of the AKRSP from project planning, implementation and monitoring can be adopted as a model for rural development not only in the plains, but also in the mountainous areas of the developing countries in the world.

关键词： Rural development mountains northern Pakistan Aga Khan Rural Support Programme village organisations

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Forest cover dynamics in Palas Valley Kohistan, Hindu Kush-Himalayan Mountains, Pakistan

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Journal of Mountain Science 2021年第2期18卷 416-426页

作者： Noor ul HAQ Fazlur RAHMAN Iffat TABASSUM MEHRAN department of geography University of PeshawarPeshawar 25120Pakistan department of urban and regional planning University of PeshawarPeshawar 25120Pakistan

Forest cover change in the mountainous region is driven by a variety of anthropogenic and natural *** Hindu Kush-Himalayan Mountains has experienced a considerable vegetation cover change due to intensive human activities,such as population growth,proximate causes,accessibility,unstable political situations,government policy failure and *** present study seeks to find out the impact of population growth and road network expansion on forest cover of Palas valley based on remotely sensed data and employing geospatial *** in forest cover were determined by classifying time-series satellite images of Landsat and Sentinel 2 *** images of October 1980,2000,2010 and 2017 were classified into six land cover classes and then the impact of population growth and accessibility on forest cover was ***,forest cover and land-use change detection map was prepared using classified images of 1980 and *** data were collected mainly from field visits(ground verification),census reports,Communication and Works department,*** imageries were obtained from the United States Geological Survey’s websites and classified in ERDAS imagine 2014 and ESRI ArcGIS 10.2.1 using supervised classification-maximum likelihood *** of this study revealed that a substantial reduction in forest cover has taken place mainly in the proximity of human *** the average,during the study period,annually more than 460 hectares of forest area has been converted into other uses.

关键词： Forest cover changes Population growth Road networks Deforestation Palas Valley Pakistan

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Downtown Retailing Development Under Suburbanization——A Case Study of Beijing

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Chinese Geographical Science 2007年第1期17卷 1-9页

作者： CHAI Yanwei SHEN Jie LONG Tao department of urban and regional planning Peking University Beijing 100871 China

The role of retailing has diminished in the center of cities of Western countries since its heyday in the 1920s. This trend was caused by violent transformations in the economic, social and locational contexts which involve resi- dential suburbanization, as well as new forms of commercial development out of town. As far as transforming China is concerned, the downtown retailing center has also come to turning point of development in the context of suburbaniza- tion. Based on the survey of Beijing residents’ shopping behavior, the present research tends to making clear the actual change and development problem of downtown retailing center. Combining with the macro retailing environment, re- lated influencing factors are further discussed too. Study results show that downtown retailing still plays an important part in resident’s shopping activity. However, with rapid urban sprawl, retailing in urban center has been greatly threatened by booming out-of-town commerce. In the course of such spatial change, the suburbanization of resident, the prevalence of new commercial forms and the change of consumers’ life style all have exerted their own pressure on downtown retailing. But for the special socioeconomic background of development and the support of government policy, it will still keep its vitality of retailing for a long period of time.

关键词： downtown retailing center consumer behavior suburbanization questionnaire survey Beijing

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regional Impact of Cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh: A Multi-Sector Analysis

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2016年第3期7卷 312-327页

作者： Afsana Haque Sarwar Jahan department of urban and regional planning Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology(BUET)

This research investigates the impact of cyclone Sidr on six regional economic systems of Bangladesh. The study uses secondary data on direct damages and corresponding changes in consumer spending and public/private investment expenditure. It employs input–output modeling and simulates the changes in national and regional output,income, and employment due to cyclone Sidr. Our findings indicate that coastal regions of Bangladesh—Barisal,Chittagong, and Khulna—are more vulnerable to cyclone disaster than are other parts of the country. The cycloneinduced loss of output is highest for Chittagong Division and income and employment losses are greatest in Barisal Division. The most affected sectors are housing services,agriculture, construction, and industrial activities. But sectoral losses vary widely across the regions. This research also finds that the present state of consumer spending and investment expenditure is not great enough to handle cyclone-induced output, income, and employment losses. It argues that investment decisions must consider regional patterns of output, income, and employment losses in different economic sectors to ensure cyclone-resilient development in Bangladesh.

关键词： Bangladesh Cyclone Sidr Input-output model regional impact Sectoral impact

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Institutional Capacity and the Roles of Key Actors in Fire Disaster Risk Reduction: The Case of Ibadan, Nigeria

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2022年第5期13卷 716-728页

作者： Olusegun Joseph Falola Samuel Babatunde Agbola department of urban and regional planning Lead City UniversityIbadan 200255Oyo StateNigeria department of urban and regional planning University of IbadanIbadan 200284Oyo StateNigeria

Inefficient and ineffective fire management practices are common to most urban areas of developing *** cities are typical examples of high vulnerability and low preparedness level for fire *** study examined the institutional framework for fire disaster risk reduction(FDRR) and explored the roles of key actors in fire disaster preparedness in Ibadan,a large traditional city in *** study was anchored on the concept of urban governance.A case study research design was adopted using primary and secondary *** data were obtained through field observation aided by a structured checklist and key informant *** were conducted on key officials of the major organs for FDRR-Oyo State Fire Service(OSFS) and Oyo State Emergency Management Agency(OYSEMA).The study identified a disjointed and fragmented approach to fire *** relating to fire risk reduction and disaster recovery were domiciled under the OYSEMA,while emergency response to fire disasters was the prerogative of the *** results show that only five out of 11 local government areas had public fire stations;only three fire stations had an on-site water supply;three fire stations lacked firefighting vehicles;and distribution of fire stations and facilities was *** fire stations responded to 80% of all fire cases in 12 *** study concluded that the institutional structure and resources for fire risk reduction was more empowered to respond to fire disaster,rather than facilitating preparedness capacity to reduce disaster risk.

关键词： Disaster preparedness Disaster risk Fire disaster Fire service Fire station

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