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Perception and attitude of pastoralists on the use and conservation of rangeland resources in Afar Region,Ethiopia

Ecological Processes 2016年第1期5卷 228-237页

作者： Minyahel Tilahun Ayana Angassa Aster Abebe Alemayehu Mengistu College of Agriculture and Natural Resources Wolkite UniversityGubreiEthiopia School of Animal and Range Sciences Hawassa UniversityHawassaEthiopia Forage and rangeland Scientist Urael BranchP.O.Box 62291Addis AbabaEthiopia department of Animal Science and Production Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesGaboroneBotswana

Introduction:Community perception plays a significant role in rangeland resource *** rangeland management practices by the pastoral communities are based on accumulated knowledge in connection to their local *** played a vital role in food production and sustaining its inhabitants in arid environment for ***,national policies and development interventions in East African pastoral systems have often overlooked pastoralism while centered on the modernization of agricultural sector for economic development and poverty ***:We used household survey,focus group discussion,key informant interview,and individual questionnaire to understand the perceptions and attitude of Afar pastoralists towards rangeland resource use and conservation practices,as well as impacts of development intervention on traditional rangeland resource use and conservation *** data were analyzed using index ranking and descriptive ***:The results showed that livestock holding per household was higher on average(22.90±2.27 Tropical Livestock Unit(TLU))in the non-intervened woreda than in the intervened woreda(8.30±3.85 TLU).Respondents mentioned that livestock productivity was adversely affected by a number of factors such as invasion of Prosopis juliflora(Dergi Hara),shrinkage in the capacity of rangelands(Beadu and Bebea’),and recurrent *** of grazing resources attributed to the invasion of Dergi Hara and drought created livestock feed crisis with strong implication on the livelihood of *** results showed that the traditional resource management practices such as mobility,herd splitting,and diversification had a role to contribute to the improvement of rangeland management and conservation of *** rules and seasonal-based grazing patterns of riversides during drought were perceived as key elements for rangeland resource management and conservation of rangeland res

关键词： Perception and attitude Pastoralists rangeland resources Use and conservation Development intervention

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Structure of Isolated <i>Acer grandidentatum</i>(Bigtooth Maple) Communities and Potential Population Changes

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2017年第6期8卷 1368-1387页

作者： Oscar W. Van Auken Donna L. Taylor Chen-chen Shen Janis K. Bush department of Biology University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio Texas USA Cisebsi Ltd. Co. Fair Oaks Ranch Texas USA department of forest Rangeland and Fire Sciences University of Idaho Idaho USA Environmental Science Academic Programs University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio Texas USA

Isolated, relic populations of Acer grandidentatum (bigtooth maple, Sapindaceae) were found in deep canyons in central Texas. Associated with them on hilltops were communities of Juniperus ashei (ash juniper). We determined the structure of relic A. grandidentatum populations and compared them to adjacent J. ashei populations. The overstory and understory density was counted and basal area was determined for all woody species in both communities using the quadrat procedure. Acer grandidentatum was the highest density (788 ± 964 or 52%) and basal area (29 ± 35 or 52%) overstory species in the canyon communities while J. ashei had the highest density (1589 ± 146 or 92%) and basal area (51 ± 13 or 88%) in the hilltop communities. In the understory of the canyon communities, there were five juvenile tree species including A. grandidentatum which had the fourth highest density (13% or 176 ± 110 plants/ha). In the hilltop communities, J. ashei was the high density understory tree species (52% or 994 ± 400 plants/ha). There were no A. Grandidentatum overstory or understory plants in the hilltop Juniperus communities. Acer grandidentatum had an inverse quadratic size distribution with few juveniles. Although we counted a number of seedlings, there was little recruitment over the last 16 years and very little potential recruitment in the previous 20 years. Juniperus ashei had an inverse exponential size distribution with many understory plants and considerable recruitment. Weibull age/size distributions showed one A. grandidentatum established in the 1670’s and 2 in the 1760’s, with peak establishment in the 1970’s. Causes of the lack of recent recruitment are uncertain, but it could be episodic due to changes in herbivory, management or other environmental conditions.

关键词： Age structure Community Structure Dendrochronology Diameter Structure Population Dynamics Weibull Analyses

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A decision support tool to assist in management decisions of forage allocation,off take rate and management practices for multiple grazers in a wildlife/livestock enterprise

A decision support tool to assist in management decisions of...

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中国草学会第六届二次会议暨国际学术研讨会

作者： Gordon W.King Roy Roath department of rangeland Ecosystem Science Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsC0 805230USAInternational Rangeland Congress Secretariat709/370 Pitt StreetSydney NSW 2000Australia

IntroductionManagement of mixed-grazer foraging is one of the most difficult issues facing the grazing-land scientist and manager today. It is difficult to develop a model that mimics system response at all the temporal and spatial scales represented by the mixed-grazing issue. It is difficult, if not impossible, to capture the dynamics of a system at a level meaningful to managers.A number of approaches to this knotty problem have been offered in the past. The Cooper rider and Bailey (1981) model allocated forage to specified grazing-animal groups. This approach has not been applied by either managers or scientists because environmental conditions change and animal populations ebb and flow as a result

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Global Burden of Fungal Infections and Antifungal Resistance from 1961 to 2024: Findings and Future Implications

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2024年第4期15卷 81-112页

作者： Steward Mudenda department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia

Background: Antifungal resistance (AFR) is a global public health problem with devastating effects, especially among immunocompromised individuals. Addressing AFR requires a One Health approach including Antifungal stewardship (AFS). This study aimed to comprehensively review global studies published on fungal infections and AFR and to recommend solutions to address this growing problem. Materials and Methods: This was a narrative review that was conducted using published papers on fungal infections, AFR, and AFS between January 1961 and March 2024. The literature was searched using PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and EMBASE. Results: This found that there has been an increase in fungal infections globally, especially among immunocompromised patients. Due to this increase in fungal infections, there has been a proportionate increase in the use of antifungal agents to prevent and treat fungal infections. This increased use of antifungal agents has worsened the problem of AFR contributing to increased morbidity and mortality. Globally, fungal infections have contributed to 150 million infections annually and 1.7 million deaths per year. By the year 2023, over 3.8 million people died from fungal infections. Addressing AFR remains a challenge because the treatment of antifungal-resistant infections is difficult. Finally, the treatment of fungal infections is a global challenge exacerbated by the limited number of antifungal agents to treat invasive fungal infections. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that fungal infections and AFR are prevalent across humans, animals, agriculture, and the environment. Addressing this problem requires the provision of solutions such as improving the awareness of AFR, conducting further research on the discovery of new antifungal agents, and implementing AFS programs. If this global problem is not addressed, the morbidity and mortality associated with AFR will continue to rise in the future.

关键词： Antifungal Resistance Antifungal stewardship Antimicrobial Resistance Fungal Infections Global Burden Immunocompromised Mycosis

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Multiple Uses of rangelands in Alborz Mountain （Iran）

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A) 2012年第2期2卷 246-251页

作者： Roja Safaeian Hosein Arzani Hosein Azamivand Nosratolah Safaeian department of Desert Region Management University of Shiraz Shiraz Fars Iran department of Mountainous Region Revival University of Tehran Karaj Tehran Iran department of rangeland Management University of Mazandaran Sari Mazandaran Iran

The most precious ecological function of rangelands is the conservation of soil and water as well as supplying forage for domestic and wild animals. Such an ecological bio habitat, or in the other words the profession of rangelands, has been subject to disorders for the variety of reasons since many years ago. Floods, hungry animals and desertification are the consequences of such disorders. Therefore, the rangeland managers have suggested the multiple usages of rangelands based on their existing talent and efficiency which is called ＂rangeland suitability＂. In this research, based on bio-diversity potentials of the region, the recognition and functions of plants of Alborz Mountain rangelands have been considered as rangeland management tools. The sampling has been carried out in work units （combination of traditional systems in plant types） randomly-systematically by setting ten 50 m transects and putting down a metal bar. In this way, the relative frequency of medicinal and nectarous rangeland plants in work units has been evaluated. Planning for multiple usage of rangelands were performed based on two criteria of suitability of medicinal and nectarous plants, 1991 Food and Agriculture Organization （FAO） method, and using Geographical Information Systems （GIS） with the scale of 1：50,000. The best-growing habitat of the plants was selected based on the modeling. By proving the existence of environmental gradient, one can recommend the above methods to study the environmental factors as complementary to incarnation models theories.

关键词： Suitability of rangeland model multiple uses Alborz Mountain FAO.

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Tree species determine soil seed bank composition and its similarity with understory vegetation in a semi-arid African savanna

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Ecological Processes 2017年第1期6卷 84-99页

作者： Zewdu Kelkay Tessema Belay Ejigu Lisanework Nigatu rangeland Ecology and Biodiversity Program School of Animal and Range SciencesCollege of Agriculture and Environmental SciencesHaramaya UniversityPO Box 138Dire DawaEthiopia department of Animal Sciences Faculty of AgricultureWollega UniversityPO Box 38Shambu CampusEthiopia School of Natural Resource Management and Environmental Sciences College of Agriculture and Environmental SciencesHaramaya UniversityPO Box 138Dire DawaEthiopia

Introduction:The presence of larger trees in semi-arid African savannas creates sub-habitats,which influences on herbaceous plant communities grown under their canopies differently from opened *** of seed banks accumulated in the soils over time beneath larger trees could facilitate the recovery of plant communities that might disappear due to sustained heavy grazing,prolonged fire,or other anthropogenic factors in semi-arid African ***,the impact of larger trees on soil seed bank composition and its similarity with plant communities grown under their canopies are less understood in semi-arid African ***,we studied the effect of leguminous and non-leguminous tree species and their canopies on soil seed bank(SSB)composition and its similarity with understory vegetation(USV)in a semi-arid savanna of ***:We selected 20 matured trees from 3 dominant tree species,representing one leguminous(Acacia robusta Burch)and 2 non-leguminous tree species(Ziziphus spina-Christi and Balanites aegyptiaca(L.)Del),found in isolation,a total of 60 trees for this *** each selected individual tree,the species composition of USV were recorded using 1-m2 quadrat in four directions(north,south,east,and west)under the inside and outside tree canopies during the flowering ***,soil samples in a 1-m2 quadrat were also collected under the inside tree canopies and their corresponding outside canopies,in each individual tree,for the determination of SSB composition,using a seed emergence ***,the soil was thoroughly mixed after removal of all roots and plant fragments,and spread over sand in plastic pots to a depth of 20 *** pots were placed at random in a glasshouse,examined every 3 days,for the first 2 months,and thereafter weekly for 6 months.A total of 960 soil samples were used for the determination of SSB composition during this ***:A total of 64 species were emerged from the SSB samples,of which 27 w

关键词： Functional groups Herbaceous layers Plant abundance Seedling density Species composition Species diversity Tree-grass interaction

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Effect of exclosure ages on woody plant structure,diversity and regeneration potential in the western Tigray region of Ethiopia

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Journal of forestry Research 2018年第3期29卷 693-703页

作者： Tsegay Gebregerges Zewdu K.Tessema Emiru Birhane Shire-Maytsebri Agricultural Research Center PO Box 81ShireEthiopia rangeland Ecology and Biodiversity Program School of Animal and Range SciencesCollege of Agriculture and Environmental SciencesHaramaya UniversityPO Box 138Dire DawaEthiopia department of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural ResourcesMekelle UniversityPO Box 390MekelleEthiopia department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life SciencesPO Box 50031432 AsNorway

Exclosure is a method of rehabilitating degraded lands by protecting them from the interference of animals and from human encroachment, and is used to regenerate native vegetation as a way to reduce soil erosion, increase rain water infiltration and provide fodder and woody biomass in degraded grazing lands. Therefore, we studied woody plant structure, diversity and regeneration potentials in 5-and 10-year grazing exclosures in comparison with open grazed sites in a semi-arid environment. Data on species diversity, abundance, structure, basal area, frequency, density, and regeneration status were collected from 270 sample plots. Forty-one woody species representing 20 families were identified, with 18, 28 and 38 species found in open grazed areas, and in 5-and 10-year grazing exclosures, respectively. The 10-year grazing exclosures had a higher(P <0.05) species richness and plant densities compared to the 5-year grazing exclosures and the open grazed areas. The population structure and regeneration status of woody species in both grazing exclosures showed an inverted J-shape, indicating a healthy regeneration status, whereas hampered regeneration was observed in open grazed areas. The establishment of grazing exclosures had positive effects in restoring woody plant diversity and improving vegetation structure and regeneration potentials of degraded grazing lands.

关键词： Basal area Diversity Important value index Population structure Regeneration status Species composition Exclosures

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Digestibility of Sheep Ration Containing Different Levels of Native Grass Hay and Concentrate Mixture of Wheat Bran and Dried Food Left over

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2022年第3期12卷 337-346页

作者： Mahamed Hassen Tikabo Gebremariam Abdihakim Maalin Guled Hassen department of Animal and Range Science College of Dryland Agriculture Jigjiga University Jigjiga Ethiopia department of Animal rangeland and Wildlife Science College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resource Mekelle University Mekelle Ethiopia

The experiment was carried out at Mekelle University livestock farm, Tigray, Ethiopia. 12 male yearling Highland sheep with an average live weight of 20 + 2.5 kg (mean ± standard deviation) were used in the experiment. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of digestibility of sheep ration containing different levels of roughage and concentrate mixture on performance of highland sheep. Food left over was collected from Mekelle University student cafeteria and dried with sun light for 3 - 4 days. The experimental design was a randomized complete Block design (RCBD) with four treatments and three replications. The experimental animals were grouped into three blocks based on their initial live body weight, which was determined by weighing after overnight fasting. The experiment was carried out for 15 days including 5 days of adaptation period and 3 days of adaptation and harnessing (fecal bags). At the end of the feeding trial, digestibility trial was carried out for seven consecutive days. There was significantly higher (P 0.05) total DM intake in the supplemented group than in the control treatment. Digestibility of DM and OM were non-significance (P > 0.05) for all treatments. Generally, the present study indicated that supplementation of Tigray highland rams with concentrate mixture had an effect on performance of sheep and the effects were relatively more pronounced on rams supplemented with the highest level of concentrate mixture.

关键词： Dried Feed Digestibility Grass Hay Wheat Bran Sheep

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Deep learning neural networks for spatially explicit prediction of flash flood probability

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Geoscience Frontiers 2021年第3期12卷 370-383页

作者： Mahdi Panahi Abolfazl Jaafari Ataollah Shirzadi Himan Shahabi Omid Rahmati Ebrahim Omidvar Saro Lee Dieu Tien Bui Geoscience Platform Research Division Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources(KIGAM)124Gwahak-ro Yuseong-guDaejeon 34132Republic of Korea Division of Science Education Kangwon National UniversityChuncheon-siGangwon-do 24341Republic of Korea Research Institute of forests and rangelands Agricultural ResearchEducationand Extension Organization(AREEO)Tehran 13185-116Iran department of rangeland and Watershed Management Faculty of Natural ResourcesUniversity of KurdistanSanandaj 66177-15175Iran department of Geomorphology Faculty of Natural ResourcesUniversity of KurdistanSanandajIran Kordestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center Agricultural ResearchEducationand Extension Organization(AREEO)SanandajIran department of rangeland and Watershed Management Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth SciencesUniversity of KashanKashan 87317-53153Iran department of Geophysical Exploration Korea University of Science and Technology217 Gajeong-roYuseong-guDaejeon 34113Republic of Korea Institute of Research and Development Duy Tan UniversityDa Nang 550000Viet Nam department of Zrebar Lake Environmental Research Kurdistan Studies InstituteUniversity of KurdistanSanandajIran

Flood probability maps are essential for a range of applications,including land use planning and developing mitigation strategies and early warning *** study describes the potential application of two architectures of deep learning neural networks,namely convolutional neural networks(CNN)and recurrent neural networks(RNN),for spatially explicit prediction and mapping of flash flood *** develop and validate the predictive models,a geospatial database that contained records for the historical flood events and geo-environmental characteristics of the Golestan Province in northern Iran was *** step-wise weight assessment ratio analysis(SWARA)was employed to investigate the spatial interplay between floods and different influencing *** CNN and RNN models were trained using the SWARA weights and validated using the receiver operating characteristics *** results showed that the CNN model(AUC=0.832,RMSE=0.144)performed slightly better than the RNN model(AUC=0.814,RMSE=0.181)in predicting future ***,these models demonstrated an improved prediction of floods compared to previous studies that used different models in the same study *** study showed that the spatially explicit deep learning neural network models are successful in capturing the heterogeneity of spatial patterns of flood probability in the Golestan Province,and the resulting probability maps can be used for the development of mitigation plans in response to the future *** general policy implication of our study suggests that design,implementation,and verification of flood early warning systems should be directed to approximately 40%of the land area characterized by high and very susceptibility to flooding.

关键词： Spatial modeling Machine learning Convolutional neural networks Recurrent neural networks GIS Iran

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Stable Isotopic Signatures of NO₃ in Waste Water Effluent and Los Angeles River

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2024年第1期16卷 102-122页

作者： Isaac Hall Mohammad Hassan Rezaie Boroon department of Geography Geology and Environment California State University Los Angeles California USA

A metropolitan city such as Los Angeles (LA) is an ideal study site with a very high population density, and it houses at least 3 treatment plants where sewage is treated preliminarily and then progressing to tertiary treatment before discharging into the LA River. We will gain a better understanding of the water quality in the LA River and the nitrate load in the watershed system by examining the influence of waste water treatment plants (WWTPs). The goal of this study is to pinpoint the exact source of nitrate in the LA River using the isotope signatures. We have selected sampling locations both upstream and downstream of the WWTP. This serves to monitor nitrate levels, aiding in the assessment of treatment plant effectiveness, pinpointing nitrate pollution sources, and ensuring compliance with environmental regulations. The research explores the isotopic composition of NO3 in relation to atmospheric nitrogen and Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, shedding light on the contributions from various sources such as manure, sewage, soil organic nitrogen, and nitrogen fertilizers. Specifically, there is a change in the δ15NAir value between the dry and wet seasons. The isotope values in the Tillman WWTP sample changed between dry and wet seasons. Notably, the presence of nitrate originating from manure and sewage is consistent across seasons, emphasizing the significant impact of anthropogenic and agricultural activities on water quality. This investigation contributes to the broader understanding of nitrogen cycling in urban water bodies, particularly in the context of wastewater effluent discharge. The findings hold implications for water quality management and highlight the need for targeted interventions to mitigate the impact of nitrogen-containing compounds on aquatic ecosystems. Overall, the study provides a valuable framework for future research and environmental stewardship efforts aimed at preserving the health and sustainability of urban water resources. This

关键词： Metropolitan City Los Angeles Treatment Plants Sewage Treatment Nitrate Source Isotope Signatures Water Quality

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