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Carbon stock estimation by dual-polarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and forest inventory data in a Mediterranean forest landscape

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Journal of forestry Research 2022年第3期33卷 827-838页

作者： Can Vatandaşlar Saygin Abdikan Department of Forest Engineering Artvin Coruh University08100ArtvinTurkey department of Geomatics engineering Hacettepe University06800AnkaraTurkey

forest ecosystems play a crucial role in mitigating global climate change by forming massive carbon sinks. Their carbon stocks and stock changes need to be quantified for carbon budget balancing and international reporting schemes. However, direct sampling and biomass weighing may not always be possible for quantification studies conducted in large forests. In these cases, indirect methods that use forest inventory information combined with remote sensing data can be beneficial. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images offer numerous opportunities to researchers as freely distributed remote sensing data. This study aims to estimate the amount of total carbon stock (TCS) in forested lands of the Kizildag forest Enterprise. To this end, the actual storage capacities of five carbon pools, i.e. above- and below-ground, deadwood, litter, and soil, were calculated using the indirect method based on ground measurements of 264 forest inventory plots. They were then associated with the backscattered values from Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 data in a Geographical Information System (GIS). Finally, TCS was separately modelled and mapped. The best regression model was developed using the HH polarization of ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 with an adjusted R^(2) of 0.78 (p forest, with an average carbon storage of 133 t ha^(−1). The map showed that the distribution of TCS was heterogenic across the study area. Carbon hotspots were mostly composed of pure stands of Anatolian black pine and mixed, over-mature stands of Lebanese cedar and Taurus fir. It was concluded that the total carbon stocks of forest ecosystems could be estimated using appropriate SAR images at acceptable accuracy levels for forestry purposes. The use of additional ancillary data may provide more delicate and reliable estimations in the future. Given the implications of this study, the spatiotemporal dynamics of carbon can be effectively controlled by forest management when coupled with easily a

关键词： Carbon storage Aboveground carbon Soil-bound carbon forest biomass Synthetic aperture radar(SAR)

Effects of stand types on recreational preferences of society in the Sub-Alpine Zone,northern Turkey

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Journal of Mountain Science 2022年第11期19卷 3246-3256页

作者： Tuğrul VAROL Halil BarışÖZEL Ferhat KARA İlkimÇAVUŞKARA Sezgin AYAN Bartın University Faculty of ForestryDepartment of Forest EngineeringBartın 74100Turkey Kastamonu University Faculty of ForestryDepartment of Forest EngineeringKastamonu 37150Turkey Kastamonu-Ilgaz Mountain National Park Directorate Kastamonu 37100Turkey

The main objective of this study was to examine how different stand types influenced the tendency of visitors for varying recreational activities(i.e.,hiking,trekking,camping and hunting)from 1993 to 2018 in the surrounding areas of Uluyayla Natural Recreation Site in Bart1n,northern Turkey.A total of 627 visitors were selected on a voluntary basis,and questioned in the form of questionnaire.Most of the participants were in the age of 21-40 years old,and they were mostly(62.4%)male.Most of the participants(82.7%)lived in cities,while 62.8%of them were tourists when visiting the site.In determining the preferences of the visitors regarding the stand types for different recreational activities,several images of each stand were shared with them,and they were asked which stand type they would prefer for a given recreation activity(i.e.,hiking,tracking,camping and hunting).A range of options from 1 to 5 in Likert's scale was used in evaluating the given responses.The degree of positive and negative effects was examined via trend analysis.It was found that stand type had influence on the preferences of visitors regarding the recreational activities.In general,unmanaged and moderately treated stands were more preferred by visitors for the recreational purposes,compared to the previously managed stands.On the other hand,visitors'preference for the activities were different during two periods(i.e.,1993-2005 and 2006-2018).For each recreational activity,there was an increasing trend from 1993 to 2018.There had been a continuous increase for hunting since 1996,and for trekking and camping after 1999.The increases between 1993-1996 and 1996-1999 were likely due to the increasing awareness of the society as a result of the training and consciousness raising activities for nature conservation.The demand on the recreational activities continuously increased in unmanaged and moderately treated stands,while no significant changes were examined in the previously managed stands.The study points out that forest planning and manageme

关键词： Camping Hunting National Park Recreation Subalpine Silviculture

Clonal propagation of mastic tree(Pistacia lentiscus var.chia Duham.) in outdoor beds using different rootstock and grafting techniques

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Journal of forestry Research 2018年第4期29卷 1052-1058页

作者： Salih Parlak Department of Forest Engineering Faculty of ForestryBursa Technical University

We assessed different rootstocks and grafting techniques to clonally propagate mastic tree （Pistacia lentiscus var. chia）. Mastic tree is a dioecious tree but the quantity and quality of the resin secreted by female trees are very low; therefore, male trees that are clonally propagated are used to establish commercial plantations for mastic production. Conventional long branch cuttings for clonal production requires too much materials and has a very low rooting rate. Rooting with tissue culture and green cuttings has also failed outdoors. Grafting of mastic on other Pistacia species has not been tried so far; therefore, this study was aimed at developing grafting methods for the clonal propagation of mastic. P. atlantica and P. lentiscus rootstocks were grafted from 15 February to 15 October every 15 days using three grafting methods and a two-factor randomized block trial design. Early spring （15 February-15 March） proved to be the best time for grafting using either of the rootstocks. The highest grafting success was attained using the scions grafted on P. atlantica from 15 February to 15 March. The best bud-burst percentage was obtained using P. atlantica and P. lentiscus rootstocks.

关键词： Pistacia lentiscus var chia Grafting Budding Rootstock

Optimization of CNC cutting parameters using design of experiment(DOE) and desirability function

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Journal of forestry Research 2018年第5期29卷 1423-1434页

作者： Ender Hazir Emine Seda Erdinler Kücük Hüseyin Koc department of forest Industrial engineering Faculty of ForestryIstanbul University

In this study,2~5 （five factors at two-level factorial design） design of experiment was applied to investigate a set of optimal machining parameters to achieve a minimum surface roughness value for Abies nordmanniana.Wood specimens were prepared using different values of spindle speed,feed rate,depth of cut,tool radius,and cutting directions.Average surface roughness （R_z） values were applied using a stylus.The objectives were to：（1）obtain the effective variables of wood surface roughness;（2） analyze which of these factors had an impact on variability in the CNC machining process;（3） evaluate the optimal cutting values within the range of different cutting levels of machining parameters.The results indicate that the design of experiment（DOE） based on the desirability function approach determined the optimal machining parameters successfully,leading to minimum R_a compared to the observed value.Minimum surface roughness values of tangential and radial cutting directions were 3.58 and 3.21 μm,respectively.

关键词： Wood surface roughness Optimization CNC Desirability function Pareto analysis

Analysis of the forest fires in the Antalya region of Turkey using the Keetch–Byram drought index

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Journal of forestry Research 2016年第4期27卷 811-819页

作者： Tugrul Varol Mertol Ertugrul forest engineering department Faculty of Forestry Bart?n University

We investigated the correlation of large fires（[300 ha） from 1992 to 2013 within the borders of the Antalya Regional Directorate of forestry using the Keetch–Byram drought index（KBDI）. Daily KBDI values were calculated for each year, and values for the period before the year 2000 differed significantly from those after2000. After 2000（large fires occurred in 2004, 2006, 2007,2008, 2010, and 2013）, when KBDI values increased, the KBDI, but not the number of fires, was inversely correlated with the natural log of the burned area（NLBA）. While there were both high and low KBDI values when the NLBA was small, only high KBDI values were associated with high NLBA values. Particularly for logarithmic values of 4 and higher, KBDI values increased in parallel with increases in NLBA values. On the basis of a Mann–Whitney U test done in addition to a Pearson correlation test, we found that when the burned areas were grouped according to small and large areas, the KBDI could be used to distinguish the two groups. Using a conditional probability analysis, we found that 4th, 5th and 6th class KBDI values may lead to large fires at the 60 % possibility.Similarly, the possibility of large fires greater than the median burned area in any given 6 years was found to be48 %. In addition, while the mean value of KBDI is 390.51 for the period from May to September for these 6 years, it is 359.93 for the other years. Consequently, the area burned also increased as the KBDI classes（Class 0： 0–99, Class 1：100–199, Class 2： 200–299, Class 3： 300–399, Class 4：400–499, Class 5： 500–599, Class 6： 600–699, and Class 7：700–800） increase.

关键词： drought grouped possibility distinguish median Turkey conditional explained moisture ranged

Analyzing dynamic curve widening on forest roads

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Journal of forestry Research 2017年第2期28卷 411-417页

作者： Mustafa Akgul Murat Demir Abdullah E.Akay forest engineering Division Faculty of ForestryForest Construction and TransportationIstanbul UniversitySariyerIstanbulTurkey forest engineering department Faculty of ForestryBursa Technical UniversityOsmangazi16200 BursaTurkey

forest roads require important design specifications to ensure all-season access for various vehicles. Long and heavy log trucks can face serious maneuvering problems on forest roads due to insufficient amount of area to the left for road widening on horizontal curves. In order to provide safe and continuous shipment and transportation,appropriate curve widening areas should be provided for long vehicles along horizontal curves. In this study, a statistical model was developed to provide curve-widening solutions for long trucks（e.g., those with 18 wheels） considering various curve radius and deflection angles. The dynamic curve widening feature of Plateia 2013 program was employed to calculate curve widening for the specified vehicle. During the solution process, nine different horizontal curve diameters from 10 to 50 m（by 5 m intervals）and 17 different deflection angles from 90° to 170°（by 5°intervals） were evaluated to run horizontal curve-widening analysis. Using a multiple regression model, we made suitable predictions about curve widening. The curvewidening areas decrease as the horizontal curve radius increases, while increasing the deflection angle on horizontal curves increases curve widening areas. Clearly, the computer-based dynamic curve widening model developed in this study can be effectively used in determining optimum widening for horizontal curves by evaluating the number of alternatives that fit geometrical specifications and vehicle types.

关键词： deflection diameters radius specifications transportation alternatives determining evaluating insufficient season

Estimating upper stem diameters and volume of Douglas-fir and Western hemlock trees in the Pacific northwest

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forest Ecosystems 2018年第3期5卷 199-210页

作者： Krishna P.Poudel Hailemariam Temesgen Andrew N.Gray Department of Forest Engineering Resources and Management College of Forestry Oregon State University USDA forest Service PNW Research Station

Background: Volume and taper equations are essential for obtaining estimates of total and merchantable stem volume. Taper functions provide advantages to merchantable volume equations because they estimate diameter inside or outside bark at specific heights on the stem, enabling the estimation of total and merchantable stem volume, volume of individual logs, and a height at a given diameter.Methods: Using data collected from 1218 trees(1093 Douglas-fir(Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirbel) Franco) and 125 western hemlock(Tsuga heterophylla)), we evaluated the performance of one simple polynomial function and four variable-exponent taper functions in predicting upper stem diameter. Sample trees were collected from different parts of the states of Oregon, Washington, and California. We compared inside-bark volume estimates obtained from the selected taper equation with estimates obtained from a simple logarithmic volume equation for the data obtained in this study and the equations used by the forest Inventory and Analysis program in the Pacific Northwest(FIA-PNW) in the state of California and western half of the states of Oregon and Washington.Results: Variable exponent taper equations were generally better than the simple polynomial taper equations.The FIA-PNW volume equations performed fairly well but volume equations with fewer parameters fitted in this study provided comparable results. The RMSE obtained from taper-based volume estimates were also comparable with the RMSE of the FIA-PNW volume equations for Douglas-fir and western hemlock trees respectively.Conclusions: The taper equations fitted in this study provide added benefit to the users over the FIA-PNW volume equations by enabling the users to predict diameter at any height, height to a given diameter, and merchantable volume in addition to cubic volume including top and stump(CVTS) of Douglas-fir and western hemlock trees in the Pacific Northwest. The findings of this study also give more confidence to the users of FIA-PNW volume equations.

关键词： Pacific northwest Biomass equations Utilization standards Diameter inside bark

Aerosolized immunotherapeutic nanoparticle inhalation potentiates PD-L1 blockade for locally advanced lung cancer

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Nano Research 2023年第4期16卷 5300-5310页

作者： Yang Liu William N.Crowe Lulu Wang W.Jeffrey Petty Amyn A.Habib Dawen Zhao department of Biomedical engineering Wake Forest University School of MedicineWinston-SalemNC 27157USA department of Medicine Section on Hematology and OncologyWake Forest University School of MedicineWinston-SalemNC 27157USA department of Neurology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and VA North Texas Medical CenterDallasTX 75390USA department of Cancer Biology Wake Forest University School of MedicineWinston-SalemNC 27157USA

Despite therapeutic advancements,the prognosis of locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer(LANSCLC),which has invaded multiple lobes or the other lung and intrapulmonary lymph nodes,remains poor.The emergence of immunotherapy with immune checkpoint blockade(ICB)is transforming cancer treatment.However,only a fraction of lung cancer patients benefit from ICB.Significant clinical evidence suggests that the proinflammatory tumor microenvironment(TME)and programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1)expression correlate positively with response to the PD-1/PD-L1 blockade.We report here a liposomal nanoparticle loaded with cyclic dinucleotide and aerosolized(AeroNP-CDN)for inhalation delivery to deep-seated lung tumors and target CDN to activate stimulators of interferon(IFN)genes in macrophages and dendritic cells(DCs).Using a mouse model that recapitulates the clinical LANSCLC,we show that AeroNP-CDN efficiently mitigates the immunosuppressive TME by reprogramming tumor-associated macrophage from the M2 to M1 phenotype,activating DCs for effective tumor antigen presentation and increasing tumor-infiltrating CD8+T cells for adaptive anticancer immunity.Intriguingly,activation of interferons by AeroNP-CDN also led to increased PD-L1 expression in lung tumors,which,however,set a stage for response to anti-PD-L1 treatment.Indeed,anti-PD-L1 antibody-mediated blockade of IFNs-induced immune inhibitory PD-1/PD-L1 signaling further prolonged the survival of the LANSCLC-bearing mice.Importantly,AeroNP-CDN alone or combination immunotherapy was safe without local or systemic immunotoxicity.In conclusion,this study demonstrates a potential nano-immunotherapy strategy for LANSCLC,and mechanistic insights into the evolution of adaptive immune resistance provide a rational combination immunotherapy to overcome it.

关键词： locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer(LANSCLC) nanoparticle immunotherapeutic aerosol inhalation stimulator of interferon genes programmed death 1/programmed death-ligand 1(PD-1/PD-L1)blockade

Stand-level biomass models for predicting C stock for the main Spanish pine species

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forest Ecosystems 2021年第2期8卷 387-402页

作者： Ana Aguirre Miren del Río Ricardo Ruiz-Peinado Sonia Condés department of Natural Systems and Resources School of Forest Engineering and Natural ResourcesUniversidad Politécnica de MadridMadridSpain INIA Forest Research CenterDepartment of Forest Dynamics and ManagementMadridSpain iuFOR Sustainable Forest Management Research InstituteUniversity of Valladolid and INIAValladolidSpain

Background:National and international institutions periodically demand information on forest indicators that are used for global reporting.Among other aspects,the carbon accumulated in the biomass of forest species must be reported.For this purpose,one of the main sources of data is the National forest Inventory(NFI),which together with statistical empirical approaches and updating procedures can even allow annual estimates of the requested indicators.Methods:Stand level biomass models,relating the dry weight of the biomass with the stand volume were developed for the five main pine species in the Iberian Peninsula(Pinus sylvestris,Pinus pinea,Pinus halepensis,Pinus nigra and Pinus pinaster).The dependence of the model on aridity and/or mean tree size was explored,as well as the importance of including the stand form factor to correct model bias.Furthermore,the capability of the models to estimate forest carbon stocks,updated for a given year,was also analysed.Results:The strong relationship between stand dry weight biomass and stand volume was modulated by the mean tree size,although the effect varied among the five pine species.Site humidity,measured using the Martonne aridity index,increased the biomass for a given volume in the cases of Pinus sylvestris,Pinus halepensis and Pinus nigra.Models that consider both mean tree size and stand form factor were more accurate and less biased than those that do not.The models developed allow carbon stocks in the main Iberian Peninsula pine forests to be estimated at stand level with biases of less than 0.2 Mg·ha^(-1).Conclusions:The results of this study reveal the importance of considering variables related with environmental conditions and stand structure when developing stand dry weight biomass models.The described methodology together with the models developed provide a precise tool that can be used for quantifying biomass and carbon stored in the Spanish pine forests in specific years when no field data are available.

关键词： Martonne aridity index Dry weight biomass Carbon stock National forest Inventory Peninsular pine forest Biomass expansion factor