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Characterization of chlorine and heavy metals for the potential recycling of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incinerators as cement additives

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Frontiers of environmental science & engineering 2016年第4期10卷 43-51页

作者： Boran WU Dongyang WANG Xiaoli CHAI Fumitake TAKAHASHI Takayuki SHIMAOKA State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China department of environmental science and Technology Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology Yokohama 226-8502 Japan department of Urban and environmental engineering Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan

Bottom ash is an inevitable by-product fi＇om municipal solid waste （MSW） incineration plants. Recycling it as additives for cement production is a promising disposal method. However, the heavy metals and chlorine are the main limiting factors because of the potential environmental risks and corrosion of cement kilns. Therefore ,investigating heavy metal and chlorine characteristics of bottom ash is the significant prerequisite of its reuse in cement industries. In this study, a correlative analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of the MSW components and collection mode on the heavy metal and chlorine characteristics in bottom ash. The chemical speciation of insoluble chlorine was also investigated by synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis. The results showed that industrial waste was the main source of heavy metals, especially Cr and Pb, in bottom ash. The higher contents of plastics and kitchen waste lead to the higher chlorine level （0.6 wt.%-0.7 wt.%） of the bottom ash. The insoluble chlorine in the MSW incineration bottom ash existed primarily as AlOCl, which was produced under the high temperature （1250℃） in incinerators.

关键词： Bottom ash ChlorineHeavy metals Waste inputs Synchrotron X-ray diffraction AlOCl

Fabrication of morphology-controlled TiO_2 photocatalyst nanoparticles and improvement of photocatalytic activities by modification of Fe compounds

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Rare Metals 2015年第5期34卷 291-300页

作者： Teruhisa Ohno Szu Ying Lee Yin Yang department of Materials science Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu Institute of Technology

Our previous studies suggested that redox reaction proceeded separately on specific exposed crystal faces of TiO2 nanoparticles. Site-selective deposition of metal or metal oxide on TiO2 specific exposed crystal faces successfully proceeded using the unique reactivity properties on the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles under photoexcitation. A remarkable improvement ofphotocatalytic activity of shape- controlled brookite and rutile TiO2 nanorods with modification of Fe^3＋ compounds was observed under visible light. Crystal face-selective metal compound modification on exposed crystal faces of TiO2 nanorods with brookite and futile phases was successfully prepared. Brookite and rutile TiO2 nanorods prepared by site-selective modification with metal compounds should be ideal visible-light responsive TiO2 photocatalysts because of the remarkable suppression of back electron transfer from TiO2 to oxidized metal com- pounds on the surface of the TiO2 nanorod with a brookite or rutile phase. In this paper, the development of exposed crystal face-controlled TiO2 nanorods with rutile and brookite phases was described. The obtained rutile and brookite TiO2 nanorod, showing remarkably high activity for degra- dation of organic compounds compared with the photocatalytic activities of anatase fine particles （ST-01）, is one of the most active commercially available photocatalysts for environmental cleanup in Japan. The technology of visiblelight responsive treatment for morphology-controlled rutile and brookite TiO2 nanorods by crystal face-selective modification of Fe^3＋ compounds was also discussed in this paper. The Fe^3＋ compound-modified rutile and brookite TiO2 nanorods show much higher activity than conventional visible-light responsive N-doped TiO2, which is commercially available in Japan.

关键词： Morphology-controlled TiO2 Separation of reaction sites Visible-light responsive TiO2 loaded with Fe^3+

Restoration of Koggala lagoon: Modelling approach in evaluating lagoon water budget and flow characteristics

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Journal of environmental sciences 2010年第6期22卷 813-819页

作者： Gayan Lakendra Gunaratne Norio Tanaka Prasanna Amarasekara Tilak Priyadarshana Jagath Manatunge Institute for environmental science and Technology Graduate School of Science and EngineeringSaitama University Faculty of Fisheries and Marine sciences & Technology University of Ruhuna department of Civil engineering Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of Moratuwa

Groyne system modification is described related to restoration efforts to Koggaia lagoon, Sri *** large-scale unplanned sand removal at the lagoon mouth shifted the formation of sand bar towards the lagoon and made adverse effects on its ecosystem. After the removal of the natural sand bar, groyne system was constructed to avoid sand deposition in the lagoon and to protect the highway bridge （across the lagoon outlet channel） from the wave attack. The existing groyne system resulted the lagoon mouth being permanently open to sea which in turn led to many environmental problems. Groyne system modification is proposed in this study to reduce the sea water *** budget and two-dimensional depth averaged hydrodynamic model were developed for understanding the hydrologic and flow characteristics of the lagoon. Numerical experiments was performed at lagoon mouth area for two cases：（1） existing condition and （2） proposed rubble mound groyne system condition. Comparison of results was obtained for both cases to describe flow pattern at lagoon mouth. Results further showed, the width should be reduced to a maximum of 40 m. Proposed mouth width （40 m） pushed the salting factor towards 0.5 from 0.68. Salting factor reduction with the groyne modification may result a predominant influence of fresh water which may in turn lead lagoon to a fresh water ecosystem.

关键词： Koggala lagoon hydrodynamic modelling lagoon hydrology

Temporal variation in modal properties of a base-isolated building during an earthquake

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Journal of Zhejiang University-science A(Applied Physics & engineering) 2010年第1期11卷 1-8页

作者： Izuru TAKEWAKI Mitsuru NAKAMURA department of Urban and environmental engineering Graduate School of EngineeringKyoto University Technical Research Institute Obayashi Corporation

Temporal variation of dynamical modal properties of a base-isolated building is investigated using earthquake records in the building. A batch processing least-squares estimation method is applied to segment-wise time-series data. To construct an input-output system,an auto-regressive model with exogenous input (ARX) of second-order including a forgetting coefficient as a weighting coefficient is used for the estimation of modal parameters. The fundamental and second natural frequencies and the damping ratios of the fundamental and second natural modes of the base-isolated building are identified in the time domain. The identified results are consistent with the results obtained from the micro-tremor vibration data,forced-vibration test data and earthquake records in the present base-isolated building in the case of taking into account the amplitude-dependency of the isolators and viscous dampers. It is finally pointed out that several factors,e.g.,amplitude dependency of the isolator and damper system and special characteristics of the series-type viscous damper system,may be related complicatedly with the temporal variation in modal properties of the above-mentioned system.

关键词： System identification Shear building model Modal parameters Batch processing least-squares estimation method Forgetting coefficient Auto-regressive model with exogenous input (ARX) model

Enhancement of thermophilic anaerobic digestion of thickened waste activated sludge by combined microwave and alkaline pretreatment

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Journal of environmental sciences 2011年第8期23卷 1257-1265页

作者： Yongzhi Chi Yuyou Li Xuening Fei ShaopoWang Hongying Yuan Tianjin Key laboratory of Aquatic science and Technology Department of Environmental and Municipal Engineering Tianjin Institute of UrbanConstruction Tianjin 300384 China. department of environmental science Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University Sendai 980-8579 Japan

Pretreatment of thickened waste activated sludge （TWAS） by combined microwave and alkaline pretreatment （MAP） was studied to improve thermophilic anaerobic digestion efficiency. Uniform design was applied to determine the combination of target temperature （110-210°C）, microwave holding time （1-51 min）, and NaOH dose （0-2.5 g NaOH/g suspended solids （SS）） in terms of their effect on volatile suspended solids （VSS） solubilization. Maximum solubilization ratio （85.1%） of VSS was observed at 210°C with 0.2 g-NaOH/g-SS and 35 min holding time. The effects of 12 different pretreatment methods were investigated in 28 thermophilic batch reactors by monitoring cumulative methane production （CMP）. Improvements in methane production in the TWAS were directly related to the microwave and alkaline pretreatment of the sludge. The highest CMP was a 27% improvement over the control. In spite of the increase in soluble chemical oxygen demand concentration and the decrease in dewaterability of digested sludge, a semi-continuous thermophilic reactor fed with pretreated TWAS without neutralization （at 170~C with 1 min holding time and 0.05 g NaOH/g SS） was stable and functioned well, with volatile solid （VS） and total chemical oxygen demand （TCOD） reductions of 28% and 18%, respectively, which were higher than those of the control system. Additionally, methane yields （L@STP/g-CODaded, at standard temperature and pressure （STP） conditions of 0°C and 101.325 kPa） and （L@STP/g VSadad） increased by 17% and 13%, respectively, comoared to the control reactor.

关键词： thickened waste activated sludge microwave pretreatment alkaline pretreatment thermophilic anaerobic digestion

Effect of invasive weed biochar amendment on soil enzymatic activity and respiration of coal mine spoil:a laboratory experiment study

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Biochar 2021年第4期3卷 519-533页

作者： Dipita Ghosh Subodh Kumar Maiti ecological Restoration Laboratory Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology(Indian School of Mines)DhanbadJharkhand 826004India

Mining and excavation activities cause massive degradation of land,leading to complete loss of soil resources,vegetation,and *** spoils support invasive weeds(predominantly Lantana)which can strive in these harsh conditions,causing allelopathy during plantation stage of *** is hypothesised that biochar produced from invasive weeds will enhance enzymatic activity,CO_(2)flux and overall fertility of coal mine spoil.A 6-month incubation study was conducted on the effect of biochar amendment(2 and 3%,w/w)on mine spoil enzymatic activities(dehydrogenase,invertase,amylase and cellulase),respiration and coal mine spoil *** study showed that biochar significantly improved dehydrogenase(83%)and cellulase activity(78%)at 3%*** mean of enzymatic activities increased from 1.87 in control to 4.51 at 2%and 3.25 at 3%biochar *** spoil physio-chemical properties such as soil organic carbon(65%),cation exchange capacity(54%),bulk density(25%)and water holding capacity(19%),were improved significantly com-pared to the unamended mine *** amendment reduced mine spoil CO_(2)flux at 2%(2.85μmol CO_(2)m^(−2)s^(−1))and 3%(2.60μmol CO_(2)m^(−2)s^(−1))compared to control(4.92μmol CO_(2)m^(−2)s^(−1)).The cost of biochar production and application(2%,w/w)in pit plantation during reclamation is estimated to be 844 USD t ha−1(plantation density:1600 trees ha−1).On the basis of present study,biochar preparation from invasive weeds can be used for sustainable reclamation of coal mine spoil.

关键词： Lantana Geometric mean of enzymatic activity Economics Reclamation Pit plantation Coal mining

Cultivation of aerobic granular sludge in a conventional, continuous flow, completely mixed activated sludge system

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Frontiers of environmental science & engineering 2015年第2期9卷 324-333页

作者： Xi CHEN Linjiang YUAN Wenjuan LU Yuyou LI Pei LIU Kun NIE school of environmental and Municipal engineering Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology Xi'an 710055 China department of environmental science Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University Sendai 980-8579 Japan

Aerobic granules were formed in a conven- tional, continuous flow, completely mixed activated sludge system （CMAS）. The reactor was inoculated with seed sludge containing few filaments and fed with synthetic municipal wastewater. The settling time of the sludge and the average dissolved oxygen （DO） of the reactor were 2 h and 4.2 mg. L 1, respectively. The reactor was agitated by a stirrer, with a speed of 250r·min^-1, to ensure good mixing . The granular sludge had good settleability, and the sludge volume index （SVI） was between 50 and 90 mL ·g ^-1. The laser particle analyzer showed the diameter of the granules to be between 0.18 and 1.25 mm. A scanning electron microscope （SEM） investigation revealed the predominance of sphere-like and rod-like bacteria, and only few filaments grew in the granules. The microbial community structure of the granules was also analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electro- phoresis （PCR-DGGE）. Sequencing analysis indicated the dominant species were α, β, and γ-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes. The data from the study suggested that aerobic granules could form, if provided with sufficient number of filaments and high shear force. It was also observed that a high height-to-diameter ratio of the reactor and short settling time were not essential for the formation of aerobic granular sludge.

关键词： aerobic granular sludge completely mixed activated sludge system (CMAS) continuous flow shear force filamentous bacteria polymerase chain reaction- denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE)

Determination of quorum-sensing signal substances in water and solid phases of activated sludge systems using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

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Journal of environmental sciences 2018年第7期30卷 85-94页

作者： Yuepeng Sun Kai He Qidong Yin Shinya Echigo Guangxue Wu Yuntao Guan Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC) of Shenzhen Graduate School at Shenzhen Tsinghua University department of environmental engineering Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University

The detection of acyl homoserine lactones（AHLs） in activated sludge is essential for clarifying their function in wastewater treatment processes. An LC–MS/MS method was developed for the detection of AHLs in both the aqueous and solid phases of activated sludge. In addition, the effects of proteases and extracellular polymeric substances（EPS） on the detection of AHLs were evaluated by adding protease inhibitors and extracting EPS,respectively. Recoveries of each AHL were improved by adding 50 μL of protease inhibitor,and recoveries were also improved from 0 to 56.9% to 24.2%–105.8% by EPS *** the developed method to determine the type and concentration of AHLs showed that C4-HSL, C6-HSL, C8-HSL and 3-oxo-C8-HSL were widely detected in a suspended activated sludge system. The dominant AHL was C8-HSL, with a highest concentration of304.3 ng/L. C4-HSL was mainly distributed in the aqueous phase, whereas C6-HSL, C8-HSL and 3-oxo-C8-HSL were preferentially distributed in the sludge phase.

关键词： Extracellular polymeric substances LC–MS/MS Signal substances Protease inhibitor Quorum sensing

TOD residents' attitudes toward walking to transit station: a case study of transit-oriented developments(TODs) in Bangkok,Thailand

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Journal of Modern Transportation 2019年第1期27卷 39-51页

作者： Pornraht Pongprasert Hisashi Kubota department of Civil and environmental engineering Graduate School of Science and Engineering Saitama University

The study aims to analyze the attitude toward walking to the stations of residents living within 1 km of transit stations, or they are called transit-oriented development(TOD) residents. They are highly expected to walk to transit station and use rail in their daily travel. In this research, 249 respondents are asked 10 questions on attitudes of walking to station. The analysis was conducted in two stages: factor analysis and structural equation model. As the current access mode of respondents,walkers are more likely to be low-income *** using motorized mode are mostly from middle-to high-income, households the largest group of *** walking acceptance, high-income group accepts distance and time shorter than other incomes. Low-income households can accept the longer walking distance but shorter time. Middle-income households are more likely to walk in shorter distance than lower-income households,but they tend to accept longer walking time than *** for the analysis results, the feeling of walking among all respondents significantly influences the walking acceptance. The benefit of walking significantly influences walking acceptance only among middle-income households. The walking attitudes on convenience, safety, a sense of freedom, healthiness, and environmental friendliness highly affect respondents' acceptable walking distance and time in TODs.

关键词： Attitude Walking TOD residents Walking acceptance Travel-related attitude Transit-oriented development