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Role of classical conditioning in learning gastrointestinal symptoms

World Journal of Gastroenterology 2007年第25期13卷 3430-3437页

作者： Ursula Stockhorst Paul Enck Sibylle Klosterhalfen Institute of psychology General Psychology Ⅱ and Biological Psychology University of Osnabrueck Osnabrueck Germany department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy University Hospital Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany

Nausea and/or vomiting are aversive gastrointestinal （GI） symptoms. Nausea and vomiting manifest unconditionally alter a nauseogenic experience. However, there is correlative, quasiexperimental and experimental evidence that nausea and vomiting can also be learned via classical （Pavlovian） conditioning and might occur in anticipation of the nauseogenic event. Classical conditioning of nausea can develop with chemotherapy in cancer patients. Initially, nausea and vomiting occur during and alter the administration of cytotoxic drugs （post-treatment nausea and vomiting） as unconditioned responses （UR）. In addition, 20%-30% of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy report these side effects, despite antiemetic medication, when being re-exposed to the stimuli that usually signal the chemotherapy session and its drug infusion. These symptoms are called anticipatory nausea （AN） and/or anticipatory vomiting （ANV） and are explained by classical conditioning. Moreover, there is recent evidence for the assumption that post- chemotherapy nausea is at least partly influenced by learning. Alter summarizing the relevant assumptions of the conditioning model, revealing that a context can become a conditioned stimulus （CS）, the present paper summarizes data that nausea and/or vomiting is acquired by classical conditioning and, consequently, may be alleviated by conditioning techniques. Our own research has focussed on two aspects and is emphasized here. First, a conditioned nausea model was established in healthy humans using body rotation as the nausea- inducing treatment. The validity of this motion-sickness model to examine conditioning mechanisms in the acquisition and alleviation of conditioned nausea and associated endocrine and immunological responses is summarized. Results from the rotation-induced motion sickness model showed that gender is an important moderator variable to be considered in further studies. This paper concludes with a review of the application of the demon

关键词： Cancer patients Classical conditioning Anticipatory nausea and vomiting Post chemotherapynausea Motion sickness Cortisol Tumor necrosisfactor-a Gender

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Processing Chinese hand-radicals activates the medial frontal gyrus A functional MRI investigation

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Neural Regeneration Research 2013年第20期8卷 1837-1843页

作者： Qing-Lin Wu Yu-Chen Chan Joseph P.Lavallee Hsueh-Chin Chen Kuo-En Chang Yao-Ting Sung department of educational psychology and Counseling Taiwan Normal University Institute of Learning Sciences Tsing Hua University School of Education and Applied Linguistics Ming Chuan University Graduate Institute of Information and Computer Education Taiwan Normal University

Embodied semantics theory asserts that the meaning of action-related words is neurally represented through networks that overlap with or are identical to networks involved in sensory-motor processing. While some studies supporting this theory have focused on Chinese characters, less attention has been paid to their semantic radicals. Indeed, there is still disagreement about whether these radicals are processed independently. The present study investigated whether radicals are processed separately and, if so, whether this processing occurs in sensory-motor regions. Materials consisted of 72 high-frequency Chinese characters, with 18 in each of four categories： hand-action verbs with and without hand-radicals, and verbs not related to hand actions, with and without hand-radicals. Twenty-eight participants underwent functional MRI scans while reading the characters. Compared to characters without hand-radicals, reading characters with hand-radicals activated the right medial frontal gyrus. Verbs involving hand-action activated the left inferior parietal lobule, possibly reflecting integration of information in the radical with the semantic meaning of the verb. The findings may be consistent with embodied semantics theory and suggest that neural representation of radicals is indispensable in processing Chinese characters.

关键词： neural regeneration neuroimaging functional MRI hand-radical radical representation Chinese character recognition embodied semantics semantic function Chinese learning grants-supported paper neuroregeneration

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Assessment of the Neurological Activation in Law Enforcement under High Threat Situations: A Fuzzy Logic Approach

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World Journal of Neuroscience 2023年第1期13卷 67-89页

作者： Daniel Fonseca Isaac Heim Rick Houser Ryan Cook John O’Donnell department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa USA department of educational studies in psychology Research Methodology and Counseling The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa USA

This paper discusses a law enforcement officer (LEO) study that involved expert and novice police deputies from a small-sized city located in the Southern U.S. A virtual reality range was utilized to simulate high threat scenarios that require split second decisions on the use of deadly force. A fuzzy-logic based controller was constructed to analyze electroencephalogram (EEG) data collected from the participants. The fuzzy controller made use of several functions associated with the different regions of the brain to correlate Brodmann areas to multiple outputs. Electromagnetic Tomography (i.e. LORETA) was used to identify where the signals from the surface electrodes originated within the brain through a process called source localization. Once the sources of the EEG signals were located, they were associated with corresponding Brodmann areas. The fuzzy controller then provided insights on the subjects’ exhibited neural activation behavior indicative of vision, memory, shape/distance, hearing/sound, and theory of mind. Comparing and contrasting experienced and novice officers allowed for a greater understanding of the neurological processes present in police deputies when dealing with high threat situations.

关键词： Neurological Activation EEG Fuzzy Controller Brain Electromagnetic Tomography

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An Examination of the Validity of the Differentiation-of-Self Hypothesis and Its Mechanism Related to Negative Life Event Aversion among Japanese University Students

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Open Journal of Medical psychology 2020年第3期9卷 89-99页

作者： Koji Kudo department of educational psychology Tokyo Gakugei University Tokyo Japan

This study examined the validity of the differentiation-of-self hypothesis for Japanese university students, and its mechanism in relation to negative life event aversion. Although the differentiation-of-self hypothesis is accepted as one of the basic hypotheses in the clinical field of family therapy in Japan, empirical studies on the subject are scarce. Further, there are few studies, internationally, on its mechanism. A questionnaire survey was conducted with university students (n = 250) to measure their differentiation of self, maladaptive states, and negative life event aversion. Compared to the better-differentiated group, the less-differentiated group had higher scores both for maladaptive states—somatic symptoms (t(223) = -2.70, p = 0.008), social dysfunction (t(211.00) = -3.30, p = 0.001), and severe depression (t(208.78) = -4.08, p 0.001)—and negative life event aversion—interpersonal domain (t(223) = -3.96, p<

关键词： Differentiation of Self Validity Negative Life Events Vulnerability Aversion

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Potential impact of music interventions in managing diabetic conditions

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2023年第13期11卷 2916-2924页

作者： Chiedu Eseadi Amos Nnaemeka Amedu department of educational psychology Faculty of EducationUniversity of JohannesburgJohannesburg 2006GautengSouth Africa Social Science Education University of NigeriaNsukka 41001Enugu StateNigeria

Diabetes is one of the most prevalent diseases,characterized by an insufficiency in insulin secretion as well as chronic hyperglycemia and disturbances in carbohydrate,lipid,and protein *** major aim of this study was to conduct a literature review on the impact of music intervention on the management of diabetic conditions among *** studies on the impact of music interventions on the management of diabetic conditions were reviewed and analysed using descriptive literature review *** review showed that music intervention plays a dual role in managing patients'diabetic ***,music intervention is impactful in managing the health condition of diabetic patients through enhancing the patient’s compliance with exercise,improving lower limb blood circulation,and enhancing health parameters that increase autonomous balance among diabetic ***,music therapy is impactful in the management of diabetic conditions through lowering blood sugar,heart rate,glucose levels,and stress among ***,with the number of empirical studies available in this regard,the impact of music intervention is still growing,and longer-term studies and randomised controlled trials with robust sample size are recommended to reach a more valid conclusion.

关键词： Diabetes Management of diabetes Music intervention Music therapy

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A Comparison of Statistics for Assessing Model Invariance in Latent Class Analysis

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Open Journal of Statistics 2015年第3期5卷 191-210页

作者： Holmes Finch department of educational psychology Ball State University Muncie USA

Latent class analysis (LCA) is a widely used statistical technique for identifying subgroups in the population based upon multiple indicator variables. It has a number of advantages over other unsupervised grouping procedures such as cluster analysis, including stronger theoretical underpinnings, more clearly defined measures of model fit, and the ability to conduct confirmatory analyses. In addition, it is possible to ascertain whether an LCA solution is equally applicable to multiple known groups, using invariance assessment techniques. This study compared the effectiveness of multiple statistics for detecting group LCA invariance, including a chi-square difference test, a bootstrap likelihood ratio test, and several information indices. Results of the simulation study found that the bootstrap likelihood ratio test was the optimal invariance assessment statistic. In addition to the simulation, LCA group invariance assessment was demonstrated in an application with the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). Implications of the simulation results for practice are discussed.

关键词： Latent Class Analysis Model Invariance Information Indices

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Evaluation of Fire Service Command Unit Trainings

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2020年第3期11卷 300-315页

作者： Meinald T.Thielsch Dzenita Hadzihalilovic department of psychology University of Munster48149 MunsterGermany

The lack of routine and training of command units and emergency managers is among the main causes of suboptimal decisions and could lead to serious *** ensure optimal standards of emergency management training,specific and valid evaluation tools are needed—but are ***,the present study’s purpose is to validate instruments for the evaluation of tactical and strategic leader trainings,in particular command unit trainings,based on survey data of n=288 German Command Unit *** questionnaires were named"FIRE-CU"(Feedback Instrument for Rescue forces Education–Command Unit)and"FIRE-CPX"(Feedback Instrument for Rescue forces Education-Command Post e Xercise scale).Results of confirmatory factor analyses show a good fit for the postulated four-dimensional structure of process scales in the FIRE-CU(trainer’s behavior,structure,overextension,group),for the two-dimensional structure of outcome scales in the FIRE-CU(self-rated competence,transfer),and for the one-dimensional structure of the ***,strong evidence is found for reliability as well as for convergent,divergent,and concurrent validity of both the FIRE-CU and *** for research and practical application are also discussed to enable broad applicability in various educational programs for public security and crisis management.

关键词： Command post exercise Command staff Crisis management Emergency management Rescue forces Vocational training evaluation

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Comparative Analysis of the Relationship between Job Burnout and General Health of Male and Female High School Teachers in Zabol

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Natural Science 2015年第8期7卷 391-399页

作者： Tahere Abkhou Hossein Jenaabadi MA Student of educational psychology Department of Psychology Zahedan Branch Islamic Azad University Zahedan Iran Faculty of educational Sciences and psychology University of Sistan and Baluchestan Zahedan Iran

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between general health and job burnout of male and female high school teachers in Zabol. The research followed a cross-correlational method. The statistical population included all male and female high school teachers in the academic year 2014 in Zabol. In this study, considering participants’ gender, stratified random sampling method was used. Data collecting was performed through applying the Maslach’s Burnout Inventory and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). The content validity was checked and alpha coefficients for the variables of general health and job burnout were 0.92 and 0.81, respectively. In this research study, Pearson correlation coefficient, regression analysis, and independent t-test were conducted to analyze the hypotheses using SPSS v.21. Results revealed that general health and its dimensions were significantly and positively correlated with job burnout of male and female high school teachers in Zabol. Additionally, emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were significantly and negatively related to general health. Regarding the priority of the predictor variables of teachers’ general health, in the first step, emotional exhaustion, in the second step, depersonalization and in the third step, lack of personal accomplishment entered into the prediction model, these three variables together predicted 21% of variations in general health. Moreover, general health and job burnout were not significantly correlated in terms of gender.

关键词： General Health Job Burnout Teachers

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Progress in cognitive neuroscientific studies of visual awareness

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2009年第2期19卷 145-152页

作者： Qi Li,Haiyan Geng department of psychology,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China department of psychology Peking University Beijing 100871 China

The psychological and neural mechanisms of consciousness are among the most baffling problems in cognitive neuroscience. In this field,visual awareness is a topic that has been largely investigated,due to easy manipulation and measurable effects. The present arti-cle begins with the phenomena of dissociations between visual awareness and visual stimulus,visual awareness and visual attention,as well as visual awareness and vision-guided behavior,along with the corresponding experimental evidence. Furthermore,the neural mechanism of visual awareness is also discussed. It has been generally believed that visual awareness is the function of higher-order cerebral areas; however,recent discoveries have demonstrated that feedback from higher-to lower-order cortex areas is necessary for generating consciousness. The present article presents an in-depth analysis regarding this feedback process,and exploring its relation-ship with the generation and mechanisms of consciousness. Finally,theoretical controversies and discrepancies,as well as result con-flicts from various studies,have been collected,compared and discussed. Because the field of consciousness continues to be an extremely mysterious and complicated psychological phenomenon,there is a great need for further studies to explore and clarify this topic.

关键词： Visual awareness Neural mechanism Feedback process Cortical areas

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Centro-parietal N200: An event-related potential component specific to Chinese visual word recognition

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2012年第13期57卷 1516-1532页

作者： ZHANG John X FANG Zhuo DU YingChun KONG LingYue ZHANG Qin XING Qiang department of psychology the Chinese University ofHong Kong Hong Kong China Medical College of Shantou University Shantou 515041 China Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China International College of Chinese Language studies Peking University Beijing 100871 China department of psychology Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 China department of psychology Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 China

Almost all written languages currently used in the world are alphabetic or phonologically-based scripts (e.g., English) whose word recognition involves discrimination of one-dimensional linear combinations of several dozens of letters or phonological units, except written Chinese whose vocabulary consists of a large number of block characters, the analysis of which relies on the extraction of 2-dimensional form information at multiple levels including radical, character, and multiple-character word. Whether the dramatic contrast between the 2 types of orthography leads to distinctive mental processes is a fundamental question in psycholinguistic research unanswered in the past three decades. Using event-related potentials and visual lexical decision tasks, we asked native Chinese speakers to discriminate between real Chinese words and pseudoor non-words and observed a widespread negative deflection with centro-parietal focus elicited 200 ms post-stimulus onset. This N200 response showed a clear and large amplitude enhancement upon word repetition and seems to be specific to Chinese as no similar effects had been reported in word recognition studies involving alphabetic scripts under similar experimental conditions. Further evidence showed that this N200 could not be attributed to non-linguistic sensori-perceptual processes, nor phonological or semantic processes, but likely reflects very early identification of the orthography of individual words involving extensive and higher-level visual analysis. Recently the first author proposed a meaning-spelling theory of written Chinese vocabulary proposing that the Chinese and alphabetic scripts are the only 2 possible logical types of mature human writing systems, and that the former is more thoroughly a visual language compared with the latter and thus shall emphasize more of visual processing. Reinforcing each other, the meaning-spelling theory and the discovery of the centro-parietal N200 reveal the uniqueness of Chines

关键词：事件相关电位 N200 视觉分析早期识别中国词汇英文字母成分

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