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Quick estimation of parameters for the land surface data assimilation system and its influence based on the extended Kalman filter and automatic differentiation

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science China earth sciences 2023年第11期66卷 2546-2562页

作者： Jiaxin TIAN Hui LU Kun YANG Jun QIN Long ZHAO Jianhong ZHOU Yaozhi JIANG Xiaogang MA department of earth system science Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System ModelingInstitute for Global Change StudiesTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China National Tibetan Plateau Data Center Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surfaces ProcessesInstitute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information system Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station School of Geographical SciencesSouth-west UniversityChongqing 400715China Tsinghua University(department of earth system science)-Xi’an institute of Surveying and Mapping Joint Research Center for Next-Generation Smart Mapping Beijing 100084China

Soil moisture plays a crucial role in drought monitoring,flood forecasting,and water resource *** assimilation methods can integrate the strengths of land surface models(LSM)and remote sensing data to generate highprecision and spatio-temporally continuous soil moisture ***,one of the challenges of the land data assimilation system(LDAS)is how to accurately estimate model and observation *** address this,we had previously proposed a dualcycle assimilation algorithm that can simultaneously estimate the model and observation errors,LSM parameters,and observation operator ***,this algorithm requires a large ensemble size to guarantee stable parameter estimates,resulting in low efficiency and limiting its large-scale *** address this limitation,the authors employed the following approaches:(1)using automatic differentiation to compute the Jacobian matrix of LSM instead of constructing a tangent linear model of LSM,and(2)replacing the ensemble Kalman filter framework with the extended Kalman filter(EKF)framework to improve the efficiency of parameter optimization for the dual-cycle *** EKF-based dual-cycle algorithm accelerated the parameter estimation efficiency near 60 times during a 90-day time period with a model integration time step of 1 *** evaluate the dual-cycle LDAS at the regional-scale,it was applied to assimilate the SMAP soil moisture over the Tibetan Plateau,and soil moisture estimates were validated using in situ observations from four different climatic *** results showed that the EKF-based dual-cycle LDAS corrected biases in both the model and observations and produced more accurate estimates of soil moisture,land surface temperature,and evapotranspiration than did the open loop with default ***,the spatial distribution of soil parameters(sand content,clay content,and porosity)obtained from the LDAS was more reasonable than those of default *** EKF-based

关键词： Soil moisture Data assimilation Parameter optimization Bias correction Error estimation Automatic differentiation

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A Method for Alpine Wetland Delineation and Features of Border: Zoigê Plateau, China

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Chinese Geographical science 2017年第5期27卷 784-799页

作者： ZHENG Yaomin NIU Zhenguo GONG Peng LI Mengna HU Lile WANG Lei YANG Yuxiang GU Hai-jun MU Jinrong DOU Gejia XUE Hui WANG Lin LI Hua DOU Gejie DANG Zhicairang State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing science Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital EarthChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for earth system Modeling Center for Earth System ScienceInstitute for Global Change StudiesTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Joint Center for global change studies College of Global Change and Earth System Science(GCESS)Beo'ing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Chinese Research Academy of Environmental sciences Beijing 100012China World-Wide Fund for Nature(China) Beijing 100006China Wildlife Management Bureau of Gansu Province Lanzhou 730050China Wetland Management Center of Sichuang Province Chengdu 610081China Gansu Gahai-Zecha National Reserve Administration Luqu CountyGansu Province 747200China Sichuan Zoige Wetland National Reserve Administration Zoige CountySichuang Province 624500China Gansu First Meander of Yellow River National Reserve Administration Maqu CountyGansu Province 747300China

Accurate wetland delineation is the basis of wetland definition and mapping, and is of great importance for wetland management and research. The Zoige Plateau on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was used as a research site for research on alpine wetland delineation. Several studies have analyzed the spatiotemporal pattern and dynamics of these alpine wetlands, but none have addressed the issues of wetland boundaries. The objective of this work was to discriminate the upper boundaries of alpine wetlands by coupling ecological methods and satellite observations. The combination of Landsat 8 images and supervised classification was an effective method for rapid identification of alpine wetlands in the Zoig6 Plateau. Wet meadow was relatively stable compared with hydric soils and wetland hydrology and could be used as a primary indicator for discriminating the upper boundaries of alpine wetlands. A slope of less than 4.5° could be used as the threshold value for wetland delineation. The normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） in 434 field sites showed that a threshold value of 0.3 could distinguish grasslands from emergent marsh and wet meadow in September. The median normalized difference water index （NDWI） of emergent marsh remained more stable than that of wet meadow and grasslands during the period from September until July of the following year. The index of mean density in wet meadow zones was higher than the emergent and upland zones. Over twice the number of species occurred in the wet meadow zone compared with the emergent zone, and close to the value of upland zone. Alpine wetlands in the three reserves in 2014 covered 1175.19 kin2 with a classification accuracy of 75.6%. The combination of ecological methods and remote sensing technology will play an important role in wetland delineation at medium and small scales. The correct differentiation between wet meadow and grasslands is the key to improving the accuracy of future wetland delineation.

关键词： alpine wetland delineation ecological methods remote sensing Zoige Plateau

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The northern boundary of the Asian summer monsoon and division of westerlies and monsoon regimes over the Tibetan Plateau in present-day

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science China earth sciences 2023年第4期66卷 882-893页

作者： Lingxin HUANG Jie CHEN Kun YANG Yujie YANG Wei HUANG Xu ZHANG Fahu CHEN Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental systems(Ministry of Education) College of Earth and Environmental SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Group of Alpine Paleoecology and Human Adaptation(ALPHA) State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth SystemEnvironment and Resources(TPESER)Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research(ITPCAS)Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Beijing 100101China College of Atmospheric sciences Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China department of earth system science Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System ModelingInstitute for Global Change StudiesTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China National Tibetan Plateau Data Center State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth SystemEnvironment and Resources(TPESER)Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research(ITPCAS)Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Beijing 100101China

Precipitation patterns and their variations over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) are mainly dominated by the Asian summer monsoon, westerlies, and their interactions. The exact extent of the Asian summer monsoon’s influence, however, remains undetermined. Referencing the climatological northern boundary index of the East Asian summer monsoon, we demonstrate that the 300 mm precipitation isoline from May to September can be utilized as an indicator of the northern boundary of the Asian summer monsoon over the TP, allowing for an analysis of the spatial distribution characteristics of the climatological and interannual northern boundary. Our results indicate that the climatological northern boundary of the Asian summer monsoon over the TP lies along the eastern Qilian Mountains-Tanggula Mountains-Qiangtang Plateau-Gangdise Mountains-Western Himalayas during 2001–2020. This position corresponds well with the position of the convergence of westerly(westerlies) and southerly wind(monsoon) in the lower troposphere, representing the interface between dry and wet regions in the rainy season over the TP. There is a significant positive correlation between changes in the zonal/meridional water vapor budget and variations in precipitation to the north/south of the climatological northern boundary, respectively. Additionally, a close relationship exists between the interannual fluctuation range of the northern boundary and the distribution of vegetation across the TP. Compared to the northern boundary of the summer monsoon defined by meteorological criteria, which is established based on 5-day(pentad)mean precipitation(exceeding 4 mm day^(-1)), our climatological northern boundary offers a more objective portrayal of the region that experiences persistent influence from the summer monsoon. These indicate that climatological northern boundary has a clear significance for natural geographical distribution such as the westerlies-monsoon circulation, ecology, and climate. Based on the inte

关键词： Tibetan Plateau Asian summer monsoon Climatological northern boundary index Westerlies domain Monsoon domain

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Adaptive Statistical Spatial Downscaling of Precipitation Supported by High-Resolution Atmospheric Simulation Data for Mountainous Areas of Nepal

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气象学报:英文版 2023年第4期37卷 508-520页

作者： Hua YANG Kun YANG Jun QIN Baohong DING Yaozhi JIANG Yingying CHEN Xu ZHOU Yan WANG Shankar SHARMA National Tibetan Plateau Data Center State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth SystemEnvironment and ResourcesInstitute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101 University of Chinese Academy of sciences Beijing 100049 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for earth system Modeling Department of Earth System ScienceInstitute for Global Change StudiesTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084 State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information system Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101 Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101

In complex terrain regions, it is very challenging to obtain high accuracy and resolution precipitation data that are required in land hydrological studies. In this study, an adaptive precipitation downscaling method is proposed based on the statistical downscaling model MicroMet. A key input parameter in the MicroMet is the precipitation adjustment factor(PAF) that shows the elevation dependence of precipitation. Its value is estimated conventionally based on station observations and suffers sparse stations in high altitudes. This study proposes to estimate the PAF value and its spatial variability with precipitation data from high-resolution atmospheric simulations and tests the idea in Nepal of South Himalayas, where rainfall stations are relatively dense. The result shows that MicroMet performs the best with the PAF value estimated from the simulation data at the scale of approximately 1.5 degrees. Not only the value at this scale is qualitatively consistent with early knowledge obtained from intensive observations, but also the downscaling performance with this value is better than or comparable to that with the PAF estimated from dense station data. Finally, it is shown that the PAF estimation, although critical, cannot replace the importance of increasing input station density for downscaling.

关键词： precipitation statistical downscaling precipitation adjustment factor adaptive estimation high resolution dynamical downscaling

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Comparison of Nonlinear Local Lyapunov Vectors with Bred Vectors, Random Perturbations and Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter Strategies in a Barotropic Model

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Advances in Atmospheric sciences 2016年第9期33卷 1036-1046页

作者： Jie FENG Ruiqiang DING Jianping LI Deqiang LIU State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029 College of earth science University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049 global systems Division Earth System Research Laboratory/Oceanic and Atmospheric Research/National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationBoulderCO80305USA Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu University of Information TechnologyChengdu 610225 College of global change and earth system sciences Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875 Joint Center for global change studies Beijing 100875 Fujian Meteorological Observatory Fuzhou 350001

The breeding method has been widely used to generate ensemble perturbations in ensemble forecasting due to its simple concept and low computational cost. This method produces the fastest growing perturbation modes to catch the growing components in analysis errors. However, the bred vectors （BVs） are evolved on the same dynamical flow, which may increase the dependence of perturbations. In contrast, the nonlinear local Lyapunov vector （NLLV） scheme generates flow-dependent perturbations as in the breeding method, but regularly conducts the Gram-Schmidt reorthonormalization processes on the perturbations. The resulting NLLVs span the fast-growing perturbation subspace efficiently, and thus may grasp more com- ponents in analysis errors than the BVs. In this paper, the NLLVs are employed to generate initial ensemble perturbations in a barotropic quasi-geostrophic model. The performances of the ensemble forecasts of the NLLV method are systematically compared to those of the random pertur- bation （RP） technique, and the BV method, as well as its improved version--the ensemble transform Kalman filter （ETKF） method. The results demonstrate that the RP technique has the worst performance in ensemble forecasts, which indicates the importance of a flow-dependent initialization scheme. The ensemble perturbation subspaces of the NLLV and ETKF methods are preliminarily shown to catch similar components of analysis errors, which exceed that of the BVs. However, the NLLV scheme demonstrates slightly higher ensemble forecast skill than the ETKF scheme. In addition, the NLLV scheme involves a significantly simpler algorithm and less computation time than the ETKF method, and both demonstrate better ensemble forecast skill than the BV scheme.

关键词： ensemble forecasting bred vector nonlinear local Lyapunov vector ensemble transform Kalman filter

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change of surface cover greenness in China between 2000 and 2010

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Chinese science Bulletin 2012年第22期57卷 2835-2845页

作者： LIU Shuang1,4& GONG Peng1,2,31State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing science, Jointly Sponsored by institute of Remote Sensing Applications of Chinese Academy of sciences,and Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100101, China 2institute for global change studies & Center for earth system science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China 3department of Environmental science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA 4Graduate University of Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing 100049, China State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing science Jointly Sponsored by Institute of Remote Sensing Applications of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Normal University Beijing China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of sciences Beijing China institute for global change studies & Center for earth system science Tsinghua University Beijing China department of Environmental science Policy and Management University of California Berkeley USA

Surface greenness reflects the situation of vegetation *** index calculated from the Red and Near Infrared bands of remote sensing images,whose values indicate the level of photosynthetic activity,is monotonically related to surface greenness when vegetation canopy does not fully cover the background *** for desert regions,vegetation index is positively correlated with vegetation ***,vegetation index can be used to study the change in greenness of desert *** study collected MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data from 2000 to 2010 and analyzed their change over China in this *** results showed that an increasing trend of NDVI occurred over 66.84% (OLS fitting) or 64.27% (LAD fitting) of China,indicating that China's greenness is increasing ***,desertification of China *** showing large increase in greenness are found in Shaanxi,Shanxi,Ningxia,Henan,Shandong,Qinghai,and Gansu while regions with large decrease in greenness are found in Northeast Inner Mongolia,South Tibet,Jiangsu,and *** of Qinghai,Gansu,Xinjiang and South Tibet could probably be driven by climate *** of greenness in Northeast Inner Mongolia was related to agricultural *** of greenness in Jiangsu and Shanghai was related to rapid *** factors did not exhibit obvious correspondence to the large increase in greenness in Shaanxi,Shanxi,Ningxia and Gansu,indicating that the changes might have been caused by human *** reduction of desert areas in China could probably have been caused by human management and protection at the national scale.

关键词：中国地表覆盖归一化植被指数植被覆盖度沙漠地区 NDVI 西藏南部气候因素

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Worldwide impacts of atmospheric vapor pressure deficit on the interannual variability of terrestrial carbon sinks

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National science Review 2022年第4期9卷 33-40页

作者： Bin He Chen Chen Shangrong Lin Wenping Yuan Hans W.Chen Deliang Chen Yafeng Zhang Lanlan Guo Xiang Zhao Xuebang Liu Shilong Piao Ziqian Zhong Rui Wang Rui Tang State Key Laboratory of earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology College of Global Change and Earth System ScienceBeijing Normal University department of Application Research Twenty First Century Aerospace Technology Co.Ltd. School of Atmospheric sciences Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)Sun Yat-sen University department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem science Lund University Regional Climate Group Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of Gothenburg Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management School of GeographyBeijing Normal University State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing science Faculty of Geographical ScienceBeijing Normal University Sino-French institute for earth system science College of Urban and Environmental SciencesPeking University

Interannual variability of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink is substantially regulated by various environmental variables and highly dominates the interannual variation of atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO2) ***,it is necessary to determine dominating factors affecting the interannual variability of the carbon sink to improve our capability of predicting future terrestrial carbon *** global datasets derived from machine-learning methods and process-based ecosystem models,this study reveals that the inter annual variability of the atmospheric vapor pressure deficit(VPD) was significantly negatively correlated with net ecosystem production(NEP) and substantially impacted the inter annual variability of the atmospheric CO2growth rate(CGR).Further analyses found widespread constraints of VPD interannual variability on terrestrial gross primary production(GPP),causing VPD to impact NEP and *** correlation analysis confirms the persistent and widespread impacts of VPD on terrestrial carbon sinks compared to other environmental *** earth system models underestimate the interannual variability in VPD and its impacts on GPP and *** results highlight the importance of VPD for terrestrial carbon sinks in assessing ecosystems’ responses to future climate conditions.

关键词： vapor pressure deficit net ecosystem production gross vegetation production carbon dioxide concentration

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Tracking the historical urban development by classifying Landsat MSS data with training samples migrated across time and space

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International Journal of Digital earth 2023年第1期16卷 2487-2502页

作者： Zemin Feng Yuqing Liu Yan Shi Jun Yang department of earth system science Institute for Global Change StudiesMinistry of Education Ecological Field Station for East Asian Migratory BirdsTsinghua UniversityBeijingPeople’s Republic of China Anhui Urban&Rural Planning and Design institute Co. Ltd.HefeiPeople’s Republic of China Beijing Hanbolin institute of Surveying and Mapping BeijingPeople’s Republic of China

To reveal the historical urban development in large areas using satellite data such as Landsat MSS still need to overcome many *** of them is the need for high-quality training *** study tested the feasibility of migrating training samples collected from Landsat MSS data across time and *** migrated training samples collected for Washington,*** 1979 to classify the city’s land covers in 1982 and *** classifier trained with Washington,D.C.’s samples were used in classifying Boston’s and Tokyo’s land *** results showed that the overall accuracies achieved using migrated samples in 1982(66.67%)and 1984(65.67%)for Washington,*** comparable to that of 1979(68.67%)using a random forest *** of training samples between cities in the same urban ecoregion,***,D.C.,and Boston,achieved higher overall accuracy(59.33%)than cities in the different ecoregions(Tokyo,50.33%).We concluded that migrating training samples across time and space in the same urban ecoregion are *** can contribute to using Landsat MSS data to reveal the historical urbanization pattern on a global scale.

关键词： Land cover classifier training samples Landsat MSS KH-9

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China’s urban expansion from 1990 to 2010 determined with satellite remote sensing

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Chinese science Bulletin 2012年第22期57卷 2802-2812页

作者： WANG Lei LI CongCong YING Qing CHENG Xiao WANG XiaoYi LI XueYan HU LuanYun LIANG Lu YU Le HUANG HuaBing GONG Peng State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing science Jointly Sponsored by Institute of Remote Sensing ApplicationsChinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100101China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for earth system Modeling Center for Earth System ScienceTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China College of global change and earth system Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Division of Ecosystem science University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA 94720-3114USA

Based on the same data source of Landsat TM/ETM+ in 1990s,2000s and 2010s,all urban built-up areas in China are mapped mainly by human *** results were checked and refined by the same analyst with the same set of *** results show during the last 20 years urban areas in China have increased exponentially more than 2 *** greatest area of urbanization changed from Northeastern provinces in 1990s to the Southeast coast of China in Jiangsu,Guangdong,Shandong,and Zhejiang in *** areas are mostly converted from croplands in *** 17750 km 2 croplands were converted into urban ***,the conversion from 2000 to 2010 doubled that from 1990 to *** the 20 years,the most urbanized provinces are Jiangsu,Guangdong,Shandong and *** also analyzed built-up areas,gross domestic production (GDP) and population of 147 cities with a population of greater than 500000 in *** result shows coastal cities and resource-based cities are with high economic efficiency per unit of built-up areas,resource-based cities have the highest population density,and the economic efficiency of most coastal provinces are lower than central provinces and *** newly created urban expansion dataset is useful in many fields including trend analysis of urbanization in China;simulation of urban development dynamics;analysis of the relationship among urbanization,population growth and migration;studies of carbon emissions and climate change;adaptation of climate change;as well as land use and urban planning and management.

关键词：中国城市城市扩张卫星遥感 Landsat 城市建成区资源型城市国内生产总值人口密度

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Some Advances in studies of the Climatic Impacts of the Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2014年第5期28卷 820-835页

作者：郑菲李建平刘婷 State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences College of global change and earth system science Beijing Normal University University of Chinese Academy of sciences

The Southern Hemisphere （SH） annular mode （SAM） is the dominant mode of atmospheric circulation in the SH extratropics. The SAM regulates climate in many regions due to its large spatial scale. Exploration of the climatic impacts of the SAM is a new research field that has developed rapidly in recent years. This paper reviews studies of the climatic impact of the SAM on the SH and the Northern Hemisphere （NH）, emphasizing linkages between the SAM and climate in China. studies relating the SAM to climate change are also discussed. A general survey of these studies have been systematically investigated. On interannual shows that signals of the SAM in the SH climate scales, the SAM can influence the position of storm tracks and the vertical circulation, and modulate the dynamic and thermodynamic driving effects of the surface wind on the underlying surface, thus influencing the SH air-sea-ice coupled system. These influences generally show zonally symmetrical characteristics, but with local features. On climate change scales, the impacts of the SAM on SH climate change show a similar spatial distribution to those on interannual scales. There are also meaningful results on the relationship between the SAM and the NH climate. The SAM is known to affect the East Asian, West African, and North American summer monsoons, as well as the winter monsoon in China. Air-sea interaction plays an important role in these connections in terms of the storage of the SAM signal and its propagation from the SH to the NH. However, compared with the considerable knowledge of the impact of the SAM on the SH climate, the response of the NH climate to the SAM deserves further study, including both a deep understanding of the propagation mechanism of the SAM signal from the SH to the NH and the establishment of a seasonal prediction model based on the SAM.

关键词： Southern Hemisphere annular mode (SAM) monsoon climatic impact climate change inter-action between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres

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