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A comparison of statistical learning of naturalistic textures between DCNNs and the human visual hierarchy

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science China Technological sciences 2024年第8期67卷 2310-2318页

作者： LU XinCheng YUAN ZiQi ZHANG YiChi AI HaiLin CHENG SiYuan GE YiRan FANG Fang CHEN NiHong department of Psychological and cognitive sciences Tsinghua University department of Computer science and Technology Tsinghua University School of Psychological and cognitive sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health Peking University Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education) Peking University Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life sciences Peking University IDG/McGovern Institute for brain Research Peking University State Key Laboratory of brain and cognitive science Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences IDG/McGovern Institute for brain Research Tsinghua University

The visual system continuously adapts to the statistical properties of the environment. Existing evidence shows a close resemblance between deep convolutional neural networks(CNNs) and primate visual stream in neural selectivity to naturalistic textures above the primary visual processing stage. This study delves into the mechanisms of perceptual learning in CNNs,focusing on how they assimilate the high-order statistics of natural textures. Our results show that a CNN model achieves a similar performance improvement as humans, as manifested in the learning pattern across different types of high-order image statistics. While L2 was the first stage exhibiting texture selectivity, we found that stages beyond L2 were critically involved in learning. The significant contribution of L4 to learning was manifested both in the modulations of texture-selective responses and in the consequences of training with frozen connection weights. Our findings highlight learning-dependent plasticity in the mid-to-high-level areas of the visual hierarchy. This research introduces an AI-inspired approach for studying learning-induced cortical plasticity, utilizing DCNNs as an experimental framework to formulate testable predictions for empirical brain studies.

关键词： CNN perceptual learning naturalistic texture psychophysics

Photonic neuromorphic architecture for tens-of-task lifelong learning

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Light(science & Applications) 2024年第3期13卷 519-530页

作者： Yuan Cheng Jianing Zhang Tiankuang Zhou Yuyan Wang Zhihao Xu Xiaoyun Yuan Lu Fang Sigma Laboratory Department of Electronic EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Beijing National Research Center for Information science and Technology(BNRist) Beijing 100084China Institute for brain and cognitive science Tsinghua University(THUIBCS)Beijing 100084China

Scalable,high-capacity,and low-power computing architecture is the primary assurance for increasingly manifold and large-scale machine learning *** electronic artificial agents by conventional power-hungry processors have faced the issues of energy and scaling walls,hindering them from the sustainable performance improvement and iterative multi-task *** to another modality of light,photonic computing has been progressively applied in high-efficient neuromorphic ***,we innovate a reconfigurable lifelong-learning optical neural network(L2 ONN),for highly-integrated tens-of-task machine intelligence with elaborated algorithm-hardware *** from the inherent sparsity and parallelism in massive photonic connections,L2 ONN learns each single task by adaptively activating sparse photonic neuron connections in the coherent light field,while incrementally acquiring expertise on various tasks by gradually enlarging the *** multi-task optical features are parallelly processed by multi-spectrum representations allocated with different *** evaluations on freespace and on-chip architectures confirm that for the first time,L2 ONN avoided the catastrophic forgetting issue of photonic computing,owning versatile skills on challenging tens-of-tasks(vision classification,voice recognition,medical diagnosis,etc.)with a single ***,L2 ONN achieves more than an order of magnitude higher efficiency than the representative electronic artificial neural networks,and 14×larger capacity than existing optical neural networks while maintaining competitive performance on each individual *** proposed photonic neuromorphic architecture points out a new form of lifelong learning scheme,permitting terminal/edge AI systems with light-speed efficiency and unprecedented scalability.

关键词： life neural versatile

Pathological and physiological functional cross-talks ofα-synuclein and tau in the central nervous system

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第4期19卷 855-862页

作者： Mingyue Jin Shengming Wang Xiaodie Gao Zhenyou Zou Shinji Hirotsune Liyuan Sun Guangxi Key Laboratory of brain and cognitive Neuroscience Guilin Medical University department of Genetic Disease Research Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine department of Scientific Research Brain Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

α-Synuclein and tau are abundant multifunctional brain proteins that are mainly expressed in the presynaptic and axonal compartments of neurons,*** works have revealed that intracellular deposition ofα-synuclein and/or tau causes many neurodegenerative disorders,including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s *** intense investigation,the normal physiological functions and roles ofα-synuclein and tau are still unclear,owing to the fact that mice with knockout of either of these proteins do not present apparent ***,the co-occurrence ofα-synuclein and tau aggregates was found in post-mortem brains with synucleinopathies and tauopathies,some of which share similarities in clinical ***,the direct interaction ofα-synuclein with tau is considered to promote the fibrillization of each of the proteins in vitro and in *** the other hand,our recent findings have revealed thatα-synuclein and tau are cooperatively involved in brain development in a stage-dependent *** findings indicate strong cross-talk between the two proteins in physiology and *** this review,we provide a summary of the recent findings on the functional roles ofα-synuclein and tau in the physiological conditions and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.A deep understanding of the interplay betweenα-synuclein and tau in physiological and pathological conditions might provide novel targets for clinical diagnosis and therapeutic strategies to treat neurodegenerative diseases.

关键词： alpha-synuclein microtubule-associated protein neurodegenerative disease tau

Rapid Unconscious Acquisition of Conditioned Fear with Low-Spatial-Frequency but Emotionally Neutral Stimuli

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Research 2024年第1期2023卷 753-762页

作者： Yujie Chen Si Chen Zhongju Sun Xilei Zhang Xiangyong Yuan Liang Wang Yi Jiang State Key Laboratory of brain and cognitive sciences CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence TechnologyInstitute of PsychologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Chinese Institute for brain Research Beijing 102206China CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health Institute of PsychologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

It has long been proposed that emotionally“prepared”(i.e.,fear-related)stimuli are privileged in the unconscious acquisition of conditioned ***,as fear processing is suggested to highly depend on the coarse,low-spatial-frequency(LSF)components of the fear-related stimuli,it is plausible that LSF may play a unique role in the unconscious fear conditioning even with emotionally neutral ***,we provided empirical evidence that,following classical fear conditioning,an invisible,emotionally neutral conditioned stimulus(CS+)with LSF,but not with high spatial frequency(HSF),can rapidly elicit stronger skin conductance responses(SCRs)and larger pupil diameters than its CS−*** comparison,consciously perceived emotionally neutral CS+with LSF and HSF elicited comparable *** together,these results support that the unconscious fear conditioning does not necessarily entail emotionally prepared stimuli but prioritizes LSF information processing and highlight the crucial distinctions between the unconscious and the conscious fear *** findings not only coincide with the postulation that a rapid,spatial-frequency-dependent subcortical route is engaged in unconscious fear processing but also suggest the existence of multiple routes for conscious fear processing.

关键词： neutral necessarily diameters

BMP7 expression in mammalian cortical radial glial cells increases the length of the neurogenic period

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Protein & Cell 2024年第1期15卷 21-35页

作者： Zhenmeiyu Li Guoping Liu Lin Yang Mengge Sun Zhuangzhi Zhang Zhejun Xu Yanjing Gao Xin Jiang Zihao Su Xiaosu Li Zhengang Yang State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for brain science Institutes of Brain Scienceand Department of NeurologyZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai 200433China

The seat of human intelligence is the human cerebral cortex,which is responsible for our exceptional cognitive *** principles that lead to the development of the large-sized human cerebral cortex will shed light on what makes the human brain and species so *** remarkable increase in the number of human cortical pyramidal neurons and the size of the human cerebral cortex is mainly because human cortical radial glial cells,primary neural stem cells in the cortex,generate cortical pyramidal neurons for more than 130 days,whereas the same process takes only about 7 days in *** molecular mechanisms underlying this difference are largely ***,we found that bone morphogenic protein 7(BMP7)is expressed by increasing the number of corti-cal radial glial cells during mammalian evolution(mouse,ferret,monkey,and human).BMP7 expression in cortical radial glial cells promotes neurogenesis,inhibits gliogenesis,and thereby increases the length of the neurogenic period,whereas Sonic Hedgehog(SHH)signaling promotes cortical *** demonstrate that BMP7 sign-aling and SHH signaling mutually inhibit each other through regulation of GLI3 repressor *** propose that BMP7 drives the evolutionary expansion of the mammalian cortex by increasing the length of the neurogenic period.

关键词： radial glia cortical neurogenesis cortical gliogenesis cortical evolution BMP7 SHH

Control of defensive behavior by the nucleus of Darkschewitsch GABAergic neurons

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National science Review 2024年第4期11卷 70-83页

作者： Huiying Zhao Jinrong Liu Yujin Shao Xiang Feng Binhan Zhao Li Sun Yijun Liu Linghui Zeng Xiao-ming Li Hongbin Yang Shumin Duan Yan-qin Yu department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital and School of brain science and brain Medicine Zhejiang University School of Medicine Nanhu brain-Computer Interface Institute Liangzhu Laboratory MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence Zhejiang University NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology Zhejiang University Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province School of Medicine Hangzhou City University

The nucleus of Darkschewitsch(ND), mainly composed of GABAergic neurons, is widely recognized as a component of the eye-movement controlling system. However, the functional contribution of ND GABAergic neurons(NDGABA) in animal behavior is largely unknown. Here, we show that NDGABA neurons were selectively activated by different types of fear stimuli, such as predator odor and foot *** and chemogenetic manipulations revealed that NDGABA neurons mediate freezing ***, using circuit-based optogenetic and neuroanatomical tracing methods, we identified an excitatory pathway from the lateral periaqueductal gray(l PAG) to the ND that induces freezing by exciting ND inhibitory outputs to the motor-related gigantocellular reticular nucleus, ventral part(Gi V). Together,these findings indicate the NDGABA population as a novel hub for controlling defensive response by relaying fearful information from the l PAG to Gi V, a mechanism critical for understanding how the freezing behavior is encoded in the mammalian brain.

关键词： nucleus of Darkschewitsch GABAergic population defensive behavior freezing neural circuitry

Forebrain excitatory neuron-specific loss of Brpf1 attenuates excitatory synaptic transmission and impairs spatial and fear memory

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第5期19卷 1133-1141页

作者： Baicheng Zhao Hang Zhang Ying Liu Gaoyu Zu Yuxiao Zhang Jiayi Hu Shuai Liu Linya You department of Human Anatomy&Histoembryology School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina Shanghai Key Laboratory of brain Functional Genomics(Ministry of Education) Affiliated Mental Health Center(ECNU)School of Psychology and Cognitive ScienceEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center ShanghaiChina NYU-ECNU Institute of brain and cognitive science at NYU Shanghai ShanghaiChina Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention of Shanghai ShanghaiChina

Bromodomain and plant homeodomain(PHD)finger containing protein 1(Brpf1)is an activator and scaffold protein of a multiunit complex that includes other components involving lysine acetyltransferase(KAT)6A/6B/***1,KAT6A,and KAT6B mutations were identified as the causal genes of neurodevelopmental disorders leading to intellectual *** previous work revealed strong and specific expression of Brpf1 in both the postnatal and adult forebrain,especially the hippocampus,which has essential roles in learning and ***,we hypothesized that Brpf1 plays critical roles in the function of forebrain excitatory neurons,and that its deficiency leads to learning and memory *** test this,we knocked out Brpf1 in forebrain excitatory neurons using *** found that Brpf1 deficiency reduced the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents and downregulated the expression of genes Pcdhgb1,Slc16a7,Robo3,and Rho,which are related to neural development,synapse function,and memory,thereby damaging spatial and fear memory in *** findings help explain the mechanisms of intellectual impairment in patients with BRPF1 mutation.

关键词： behavioral test Brpf1 CAMKIIa-Cre intellectual disability miniature excitatory postsynaptic current mRNA-Seq

Interplay between the glymphatic system and neurotoxic proteins in Parkinson’s disease and related disorders:current knowledge and future directions

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第9期19卷 1973-1980页

作者： Yumei Yue Xiaodan Zhang Wen Lv Hsin-Yi Lai Ting Shen department of Neurology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Zhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina department of Emergency Medicine The University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and School of brain science and brain Medicine Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument science Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina MOE Frontier science Center for brain science and brain-Machine Integration State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine IntelligenceSchool of Brain Science and Brain MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina

Parkinson’s disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder that is associated with abnormal aggregation and accumulation of neurotoxic proteins,includingα-synuclein,amyloid-β,and tau,in addition to the impaired elimination of these neurotoxic *** parkinsonism,which has the same clinical presentation and neuropathology as Parkinson’s disease,expands the disease landscape within the continuum of Parkinson’s disease and related *** glymphatic system is a waste clearance system in the brain,which is responsible for eliminating the neurotoxic proteins from the interstitial *** of the glymphatic system has been proposed as a significant contributor to the development and progression of neurodegenerative disease,as it exacerbates the aggregation of neurotoxic proteins and deteriorates neuronal ***,impairment of the glymphatic system could be considered as the final common pathway to *** evidence has provided initial insights into the potential effect of the impaired glymphatic system on Parkinson’s disease and related disorders;however,many unanswered questions *** review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the growing literature on the glymphatic system in Parkinson’s disease and related *** focus of this review is on identifying the manifestations and mechanisms of interplay between the glymphatic system and neurotoxic proteins,including loss of polarization of aquaporin-4 in astrocytic endfeet,sleep and circadian rhythms,neuroinflammation,astrogliosis,and *** review further delves into the underlying pathophysiology of the glymphatic system in Parkinson’s disease and related disorders,and the potential implications of targeting the glymphatic system as a novel and promising therapeutic strategy.

关键词： atypical parkinsonism glymphatic system magnetic resonance imaging neurotoxic proteins Parkinson’s disease

Neural Circuitry Involving Substance P in Male Sexual Behavior

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2024年第4期40卷 544-546页

作者： Xinrong Wang Junqiang Zheng Han Xu department of Neurobiology and department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and School of brain science and brain Medicine Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China Nanhu brain-Computer Interface Institute Hangzhou311100China Liangzhu Laboratory MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine IntegrationState Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine IntelligenceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou311121China NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China Lingang Laboratory Shanghai200031China

Male sexual behavior is an innate social behavior crucial for reproduction[1].Previous studies have identified several brain regions crucial for the control of both sexual and aggressive behaviors in ***,molecularly specified neural circuits that specifically control male sexual behavior remain *** with the inherently rewarding nature of sexual behavior,previous research has implicated the role of the dopamine system in regulating sexual desire[2].However,the interaction between reward and copulation at the circuit level remains largely ***,it is unclear if the associated neural pathways are specific in modulating sexual reward.

关键词： behavior neural specified