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From“prototype”to“model”:Architectural and spatial development of Block A(1924—1945)of Istanbul’s Heybeliada Sanatorium

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Frontiers of Architectural Research 2024年第1期13卷 1-20页

作者： Deniz Avci-Hosanli Cansu Degirmencioglu department of interior architecture and Environmental design Izmir University of EconomicsIzmir 35330Turkey TUM School of Engineering and design Department of ArchitectureTechnical University of MunichMunich 80333Germany

This article examines Block A,the first block-style building in Heybeliada Sanatorium in Istanbul.The purpose of this research is to understand its architectural and spatial development and discuss how in fact it was a“prototype”of Turkish sanatoria.Approached with a three-step methodology(documentation/evaluation/results)this research conducts architectural and spatial analysis on Block A.Primary sources like architectural documentation and restitution drawings,the writings of the institution’s head doctor Tevfik Ismail Gökçe,periodicals on tuberculosis(TB),as well as pertinent literature are utilized.The findings demonstrate that Block A’s development(1924—1945)was the result of knowledge transfer that introduced the universal sanatorium design principles,spatial experiments,adaptation to sociocultural norms,and trial-and-error processes.Not only it had a major impact on shaping of the second block-type building in the complex,the“model”Block B,but it also became exemplary of the subsequent Turkish sanatoria.The originality of this article is its exploration of the changing and evolving Block A in its resonation with the cultural tensions of Turkey’s modernization process.This was established via the assessment of budgetary issues,medical developments and climatic experiments,the social issue of scarcity of TB beds in the country,spatial practices to separate the sexes as reflections of local traditions and culture in the shaping of spaces.

关键词： Sanatorium architecture Tuberculosis History of healthcare Early republican Turkey Istanbul

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Cognitive-emotional feasibility of the effect of visual quality of building form on promoting the sense of place attachment(Case study:Cultural iconic buildings of Iran’s contemporary architecture)

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Frontiers of Architectural Research 2024年第1期13卷 37-56页

作者： Narmin Ariannia Negar Naseri Mansour Yeganeh Digital architecture and Artificial Intelligence Lab Department of ArchitectureTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran Architectural design Modeling and Fabrication LabDepartment of ArchitectureTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran

The present research studies the relationship between place attachment and the perception of form’s visual quality in fifteen outstanding contemporary Iranian architectural cultural buildings.This study puts forward the hypothesis that there is a correlation between the quality of building form and the sense of place attachment,in the sense that creating high visual quality through enhancing the quality of building form increases citizens’initial satisfaction with and subsequent attachment to the building.High visual quality influences people’s experience of the environment and improves the quality of life.Place attachment highlights how people,on a personal level,recreate a sense of place for themselves.The present study adopts the descriptive-analytical method as its theoretical framework and the survey as the empirical methodology.Questionnaires were developed using the Likert scale and distributed among experts and ordinary citizens.Data analysis using SPSS and the adoption of descriptive-analytical statistics,correlation analysis,and regression showed the relationship among the characteristics of indicators.The results show a positive correlation between form and place attachment mediated through visual quality,and they are causal conditions for one another.In addition,only some of the buildings under study evoke the same level of place attachment.

关键词： Visual preferences Environmental quality Environmental psychology Mental schemas Contemporary architecture

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Ordinary Urban Heritage of Rattanakosin: Ordinary restaurants and everyday foods of the historic center of Bangkok

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Frontiers of Architectural Research 2024年第2期13卷 335-348页

作者： Prin Jhearmaneechotechai design for Creative Economy Research Unit Department of Urban and Regional PlanningFaculty of ArchitectureChulalongkorn UniversityBangkok 10330Thailand

This paper discussed the selection criteria for Ordinary Urban Heritage (OUH) in Rattanakosin, the historic center of Bangkok through the case of ordinary restaurants and everyday foods. The OUH stands for an alternative approach to heritage understanding and conservation, derived from the notion of ordinary heritage, vernacular heritage, and urban heritage emphasizing the heritages of the everydayness of ordinary people. The OUHs have co-existed and inherited through the evolution of the city but are overlooked by the official conservation process. Ordinary restaurants and everyday foods were selected by 5 criteria, 1) appeared for more than 50 years;2) created, developed, and used by ordinary people;3) found as the clusters;4) able to be adapted to the urban context;5) exist until the present day.The methodology applied to the analysis of the historical documents and Bangkok maps from 1887 to 1974, and the selection criteria developed from past research in another old commercial district of Bangkok were also reinvestigated with observational surveys. Ordinary restaurants and everyday foods are the outcomes representing the heritage of everyday life of ordinary people that are ubiquitously related to commercial activities.

关键词： Ordinary restaurants Everyday foods Rattanakosin Selection criteria Ordinary Urban Heritage

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Evaluating different levels of information on the calibration of building energy simulation models

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Building Simulation 2024年第4期17卷 657-676页

作者： Siyu Cheng Zeynep Duygu Tekler Hongyuan Ji Wenxin Li Adrian Chong department of the Built Environment College of Design and EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Architecture DriveSingapore117566Singapore School of Civil Engineering and architecture Chongqing University of Science and TechnologyChongqing401331China School of Energy and Environment Southeast UniversityNanjing210096China

A poorly calibrated model undermines confidence in the effectiveness of building energy simulation, impeding the widespread application of advanced energy conservation measures (ECMs). Striking a balance between information-gathering efforts and achieving sufficient model credibility is crucial but often obscured by ambiguities. To address this gap, we model and calibrate a test bed with different levels of information (LOI). Beginning with an initial model based on building geometry (LOI 1), we progressively introduce additional information, including nameplate information (LOI 2), envelope conductivity (LOI 3), zone infiltration rate (LOI 4), AHU fan power (LOI 5), and HVAC data (LOI 6). The models are evaluated for accuracy, consistency, and the robustness of their predictions. Our results indicate that adding more information for calibration leads to improved data fit. However, this improvement is not uniform across all observed outputs due to identifiability issues. Furthermore, for energy-saving analysis, adding more information can significantly affect the projected energy savings by up to two times. Nevertheless, for ECM ranking, models that did not meet ASHRAE 14 accuracy thresholds can yield correct retrofit decisions. These findings underscore equifinality in modeling complex building systems. Clearly, predictive accuracy is not synonymous with model credibility. Therefore, to balance efforts in information-gathering and model reliability, it is crucial to (1) determine the minimum level of information required for calibration compatible with its intended purpose and (2) calibrate models with information closely linked to all outputs of interest, particularly when simultaneous accuracy for multiple outputs is necessary.

关键词： calibration building energy simulation(BES) energy conservation measure(ECM) level of information field measurements

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Geometric investigation of entrance proportions of houses from the Qajar to the beginning of the early Pahlavi in Dezful City(1789—1979)

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Frontiers of Architectural Research 2024年第1期13卷 57-78页

作者： Raziyeh Rezadoost Dezfuli Mohammad Mehrakizadeh Behnaz Safar Ali Najar Hassan Bazazzadeh Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad department of architecture Poznan University of Technology61-131 PoznanPoland department of architecture and Urban Planning Jundi Shapur University of TechnologyDezfulIran College of Engineering and architecture University of Nizwa616 Birkat Al MawzOman department of architecture Faculty of Art and ArchitectureTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran

Due to the importance of the historical context of Dezful City,investigating historic buildings is necessary.But unfortunately,a large part of it is being destroyed.For this reason,it is essential to discover the guidelines and logic behind the architectural design of these buildings to help their reconstruction or restoration.Regrettably,there is no logical information about the components of this context and the reconstructions are usually done according to taste and based on architecture tested or personal preference.Therefore,it is necessary to find a logic behind these critical components that support the whole plan or parts of it in a particular style.The purpose of this research is to discover and find the logic behind the design of this building in the historical context of Dezful.Finding geometrical proportions can significantly help to reconstruct buildings better and more accurately.For this purpose,30 historical houses of Dezful were randomly selected,and their input information was drawn in 2D form in AutoCAD.Then,the length,width,and height proportions were measured,and the obtained ratios were compared with the golden proportions and dynamic rectangles.This paper studies entrance based on ratios of√2,√3,√4,√4,√1.25 andφ(the golden section).The results show that golden proportions and proportions derived from dynamic rectangles are present in the wording of all cases.Moreover,the range of ratios in the plan is from 1.34 to 2,and the content of changes in the section is from 1.22 to 2.The results can help architects,and particularly building owners,to reconstruct based on existing logic by discovering the proportions of the entrances of the houses.It is possible to administer a part of the damaged tissue and estimate its dimensions and sizes because the proportions’completeness can help revive half-destroyed historical buildings.

关键词： Proportions Historical houses House entrance Dezful city Qajar period to early Pahlavi

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From the backyard to collective gardens in the “blue-courtyard”: Reversing the process of upgrading historic timber-framed courtyard buildings in Madrid

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Frontiers of Architectural Research 2024年第2期13卷 265-283页

作者： Esperanza Gonzalez-Redondo department of architecture University of AlcalaMadridSpain

This paper presents an analytical framework for evaluating the impact of the two main processes identified in Madrid timber-framed courtyard buildings reinforcing the courtyard's crucial role in architectural heritage sustainability:their development caused dwellings to darken(1737–1950),and the existing challenge is to open new patios according to the listed buildings'protection policy.Critical findings in archival research and existing building assessments led to completed data collection and analysis.When exploring construction expansion,from the house towards the collective prototype around a gradually reduced patio and dwelling darkening(1737–1786),buildings resulted in open,semiopen,underlighted and closed designs.Study area on-site assessment uncovered the transition from the older low-rise type(1–3)floors to the modern closed model of up to(4–6)storeys.Construction enlargements,consequently reducing original green areas and courtyards,call for reversing that process or formulating a new strategy.It debates the partial demolition of listed buildings in upgrades and its agreement with the needed“blue courtyard”strategy(PGOUM),resulting from joining new rear individual patios to create a communal building block courtyard.The uncovered“in-between”type(1864),which integrates two open-air collective spaces,an inner courtyard and a back garden,appears challenging to explore.

关键词： Courtyard Sustainabledesign Architectural heritage Archives Timber-framed construction Social housing

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Comparative Analysis of Reaction to Fire and Flammability of Hemp Shives Insulation Boards with Incorporated Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials

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Journal of Renewable Materials 2024年第3期12卷 603-613页

作者： Inga Zotova Edgars Kirilovs Laura Ziemele Institute of architecture and design Riga Technical UniversityRigaLV-1048Latvia Forest and Wood Products Research and Development Institute JelgavaLV-3001Latvia

Nowadays buildings contain innovative materials,materials from local resources,production surpluses and rapidly renewable natural resources.Phase Change Materials(PCM)are one such group of novel materials which reduce building energy consumption.With the wider availability of microencapsulated PCM,there is an opportunity to develop a new type of insulating materials,combinate PCM with traditional insulation materials for latent heat energy storage.These materials are typically flammable and are located on the interior wall finishing yet there has been no detailed assessment of their fire performance.In this research work prototypes of low-density insulating boards for indoor spaces from hemp shives using carbamide resin binder and cold pressing were studied.Bench-scale cone calorimeter tests were conducted to evaluate fire risk,with a focus on assessing material flammability properties and the influence of PCM on the results.In this research,the amount of smoke,heat release rate,effective heat of combustion,specific extinction coefficient,mass loss,carbon dioxide yield,specific loss factor,ignition time of hemp straws samples and samples of hemp straws with 10%and without PCM admixture were compared.There is a risk of flammability for PCM and their fire reaction has not been evaluated when incorporating PCM into interior wall finishing boards.The obtained results can be used by designers to balance the potential energy savings of using PCM with a more complete understanding and predictability of the associated fire risk when using the proposed boards.It also allows for appropriate risk mitigation strategies.

关键词： Encapsuled phase change material renewable resources reaction to fire flammability

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Random fractal-based computational design of an ice-ray (IR) lattice shell structure

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Frontiers of Architectural Research 2024年第2期13卷 406-424页

作者： Iasef Md Rian department of architecture Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool UniversitySuzhou 215123China

Chinese ice-ray (IR) lattices, known for their intricate and visually fascinating random patterns as decorative elements in traditional 18th-century Chinese window design, exhibit underlying stiffness as latticed window fences. Such unique patterns represent a new morphology within the family of stochastic lattices. However, the latent structural potential within the random patterns of ice-ray lattices remains largely unexplored, particularly in the context of lattice shell design. This study systematically studies the geometric qualities of ice-ray lattice patterns and develops an algorithm to model these patterns for ice-ray lattice shell design. Subsequently, it assesses the structural feasibility and effectiveness of these lattice shells in comparison to conventional gridshells. The practicality of constructing random lattice shells using digital fabrication tools is also explored. Employing fractal geometry as a foundational framework, this research not only offers insights into the potential of ice-ray lattices for innovative lattice shell design but also introduces a new structural morphology to the field, expanding the possibilities of incorporating stochastic patterns in lattice shell design. Ultimately, it opens up new opportunities for innovative lattice shell designs, emphasizing the potential of stochastic patterns in structural applications.

关键词： Ice-ray pattern Fractals Random Lattice shells Computational design Digital fabrication

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Theoretical framework of the Isfahani style: Inspiring sustainable aspects of a vernacular urban development

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Frontiers of Architectural Research 2024年第2期13卷 349-369页

作者： Hatef Jafari Sharami Seyed Jamalaldin Hosseini department of architecture and Urbanism University of EyvanekeyEyvanekey 99888-35918Iran Faculty of Civil and architecture University of EyvanekeyEyvanekey 99888-35918Iran

The Isfahani style represents a method of traditional Iranian architecture and urban development that existed in the early 20th century and is regarded as a leading model in most traditional Iranian cities. It exhibits several vigorous features contributing to its recognition as a traditional approach to sustainable architecture and urban development. This research endeavors to reveal a theoretical framework beneath these inspiring aspects using the typology of sustainable modern forms, including the hierarchy, passive design strategies, compactness, density, diversity, mixed land use, pluralism, balance, good composition, and integration over time. To this end, the study employs qualitative research methods, drawing from traditional samples, to identify innovative, energy and socially efficient, and low-impact strategies implemented in this vernacular architecture of Iran's semi-arid and hot climates. The findings revealed that the neighborhood concept as a local and plural community (Mahalla) was a vital phenomenon in Iran's urban development. Apparently, the demise of this paradigm effectively played an important role in the numerous challenges regarding the social, energy, and economic viability of modern Iranian cities. Hence, this study presented theoretical frameworks—aligned with sustainable concepts—from the Isfahani style through its analysis, classification, and interpretation, which can contribute to modern urban development.

关键词： Isfahani style Vernacular urban development Sustainable urban development Iranian cities Vernacular architecture

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An integrated computational method for calculating dynamic thermal bridges of building facades in tropical countries

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Frontiers of Architectural Research 2024年第1期13卷 201-218页

作者： Miktha Farid Alkadri Muhammad Rafif Cahyadi Agung Francesco De Luca Research Cluster of Architectural Sciences and Building Technology Department of ArchitectureFaculty of EngineeringUniversitas IndonesiaDepok 16425Indonesia department of Civil Engineering and architecture Tallinn University of TechnologyTallinn 19086Estonia

Identifying thermal bridges on building façades has been a great challenge for architects,especially during the conceptual design stage.This is not only due to the complexity of parameters when calculating thermal bridges,but also lack of feature integration between building energy simulation(BES)tools and the actual building conditions.For example,existing BES tools predominantly calculate thermal bridges only in steady state without considering the temperature dynamic behaviour of building outdoors.Consequently,relevant features such as thermal delay,decrement factor,and operative temperature are often neglected,and this can lead to miscalculation of energy consumption.This study then proposes an integrated method to calculate dynamic thermal bridges under transient conditions by incorporating field observations and computational simulations of thermal bridges.More specifically,the proposed method employs several measurement tools such as HOBO data logger to record the actual conditions of indoor and outdoor room temperature and thermal cameras to identify the surface temperature of selected building junctions.The actual datasets are then integrated with the simulation workflow developed in BES tools.This study ultimately enables architects not only to identify potential thermal bridges on existing building façades but also to support material and geometric exploration in early design phase.

关键词： Thermal bridges Dynamic calculation Thermal delay Cooling load Computational design method

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