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A Study of the Three Buddhist Copper Hall Projects, 1602-1607

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Frontiers of History in China 2015年第2期10卷 289-322页

作者： Jianwei Zhang School of archaeology and museology Peking University Beijing 100871 China

The copper hall was a special type of building in Chinese architectural history. It imitates traditional Chinese timber architecture in terms of structure, but with all its components cast out of copper alloys and then assembled. During the Wanli reign of the Ming dynasty, three such Buddhist copper halls were constructed from 1602 to 1607, and set up at Emei Mountain, Baohua Mountain, and Wutai Mountain. The present article makes several points. First, the three copper halls were from the same design, as determined through historical texts and on-site investigation. In conception, they may have been inspired by Taoist copper halls, but did not follow those particular designs. Furthermore, the author has created a statistical database of all the inscriptions from Wutai Copper Hall and loaded the data into the GIS platform, which was keyed to a historical map of 1582. The data suggest that the patrons of Wutai Copper Hall lived in areas along the Grand Canal, the Sanggan River, and the Fen River; and that the patrons were numerous. The Chan Master Miaofeng was not only an organizer but also an experienced project manager who preferred brick, stone and metal to timber. Under his organizing and management, people from different social classes and communities willingly contributed. Finally, this paper contextualizes the Buddhist building projects of the late Wanli period. The inscriptions in Wutai Copper Hall reliably record a vivid landscape of Ming society. The donation initiated by Miaofeng was not merely a personal action but also an influential event the effect of which lasted for years. The numerous patrons were organized not by the power afforded by any state representative, but by networks of monks, nuns, merchants, local religious communities, and pilgrim associations. Copper halls, especially Wutai Copper Hall, are excellent evidence for how religious monumental projects were organized, managed, and implemented in late Ming society.

关键词： copper hall Ming society Emei Mountain Wutai Mountain,Baohua Mountain Miaofeng Wanli metal architecture

Microwear analysis of a bone-handled microblade excavated at Shangzhai site in Beijing: Evidences from ESEM

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Science China Earth Sciences 2010年第9期53卷 1335-1342页

作者： CUI TianXing YANG Qin YU JinCheng ZHOU ShuangLin ZHAO ChaoHong School of archaeology and museology Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China Beijing Institute of Cultural Relics Beijing 100009China

The conventional wisdom has been challenged recently that microblades with handles are only tools for hunting and gathering in the Neolithic Age. Some scholars argued that microblades actually played an important part in the early agricultural development in the Neolithic. However, both of these opinions lacked direct evidence. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) is used to analyze the residues of the bone-handled microblade excavated at the Shangzhai site in Pinggu, Beijing. The ESEM observation and EDX analysis show that at the edge of this bone-handled microblade are Ca, P, C, O or C, N, O, etc, which provide direct evidence for determining its function, namely that this microblade may have been dealt with animals. In addition, there was a layer of glue at the back of the microblade with barium and zinc salt distributed evenly in it, this new discovery sheds new light on adhesive technology in ancient China.

关键词： Shangzhai culture bone-handled microblade microwear analysis ESEM EDX

Plant food sources and stone tools' function at the site of Shunshanji based on starch grain analysis

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Science China Earth Sciences 2016年第8期59卷 1574-1582页

作者： YANG YuZhang LI WeiYa YAO Ling CHENG ZhiJie LUO WuHong ZHANG JuZhong LIN LiuGen GAN HuiYuan YAN Long department for the History of Science and Scientific archaeology University of Science and Technology of China Faculty of archaeology Leiden University Institute of archaeology Nanjing Museum

The upper-middle Huai River valley(HRV) is located in the transition zone in the middle of eastern China. Previous studies have shown that the past populations in the upper HRV obtained plant food through gathering and cultivation of both rice and millet during the middle Neolithic. However, for the middle HRV it is not very clear what methods were used by humans to obtain plant food in that time. In this paper, starch grain analysis was carried out on 17 stone tools and 29 cauldron pottery sherds unearthed at Shunshanji(8.5–7.0 kyr BP), which is known as the earliest Neolithic site in the middle HRV excavated so far. Here, ancient starches from Coix lacryma-jobi, Triticeae, Oryza sativa, Trichosanthes kirilowii and one unidentified specie were recovered. This study contributes to the limited knowledge of food strategies as observed in the middle HRV. It demonstrates that both gathering and cultivation of rice took place during the middle-Neolithic. Among the identified species, Coix lacryma-jobi appears to have been the main plant food at Shunshanji. Moreover, it is clear that Oryza sativa was not consumed as much as other plant species according to the occurrence frequency of different starch grains. Starch grains were also found on the used surfaces of grinding stone implements as well as pestles, which means that these stone tools were used for food processing. In addition, axes from Shunshanji may also have been used for food processing as well as wood working because starches were also found on the edge of axes. Information about subsistence strategies and tool use at Shunshanji will also be helpful to understanding the utilization of plants and agricultural development in the middle HRV during the early-middle Neolithic period.

关键词： Shunshanji Starch grain analysis Utilization of plants Development of agriculture Function of stone tools

Neolithic rice paddy from the Zhaojiazhuang site, Shandong, China

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2007年第24期52卷 3376-3384页

作者： JIN GuiYun YAN ShengDong Tetsuro UDATSU LAN YuFu WANG ChunYan TONG PeiHua Center for East Asia archaeology Studies Shandong University Jinan 250100 China School of archaeology and museology Peking University Beijing 100871 China Faculty of Agriculture Miyazaki University Miyazaki 889-2192 Japan Provincial archaeology Institute of Shandong Jinan 250012 China

To identify and study the Neolithic rice paddy in Shandong, eastern China, is not only an important issue in the development of Chinese rice agriculture, but also a key part of the study on rice spread in East Asia. Due to the limitation of archaeological materials and the research methods, there have been no discoveries about the Neolithic rice paddy in Shandong Province for a long time. Based on the identification of possible rice paddy by archaeological excavation, phytolith analysis of soil samples from this "paddy" has been systematically carried out and the results have shown a 4600—4300 years old rice paddy preserved at the Zhaojiazhuang site. This is the first examination and study of the rice paddy in North China by systematic phytolith analysis, which is very important for the Neolithic archaeological research and the study of the eastward spread of rice agricultural techniques in East Asia.

关键词：赵家庄遗址龙山文化稻米植物化石分析农业文化

Determining Foundry Area of Bronze Vessel Using REE in Clay Mould Residues

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Journal of Rare Earths 2006年第4期24卷 497-502页

作者：魏国锋秦颍胡雅丽黄凤春徐天进王昌燧 department of Scientific History and Archaeometry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China Institute of Cultural and Historical Relics and archaeology in Hubei Province Wuhan 435000 China School of archaeology and museology Peking University Beijing 100871 China College of Humanities and Social Science Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

The composition of casting clay core might provide clue to the foundry area of the bronze vessels. REE analysis of the residual clay mould was conducted by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer （ICP-AES）. Results reveal that characteristic of REE of clay mould from different region is dissimilar. It is feasible to restrict the possible foundry area of the bronze vessels on the basis of analysis of REE of clay mould residues on the bronzes. Meanwhile, this paper attempts to determine the foundry area of the bronze vessels unearthed at Jiuliandun tombs of Chu State, dated back to Warring States Period, in Zaoyang City, Hubei Province, and at Zuozhong cemetery, Spring and Autumn Period, in Jingmen City, Hubei Province. REE of clay core provides information on the foundry area of bronze vessels.

关键词： rare earths ICP-AES bronze vessels provenance

Performance measurement of sericin-coated silks during aging

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Science China Chemistry 2011年第6期54卷 1011-1016页

作者： ZHANG XiaoMei WYETH Paul School of archaeology and museology Peking University Beijing 100871 China clo Centre for Textile Conservation and Technical Art History University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QH UK

Silks are among the most precious ancient and historic artefacts worldwide. While washing removes the natural gum from the fibres during the fabrication of most silk textiles, for a small proportion of historic silks some or perhaps all of the sericin still remains. This paper investigated the effect of sericin coating on the aging of silk fibroin by means of ATR and tensile testing. The results show that sericin can provide some extent of protection from light and heat aging. However, in high humidity environments degummed and ungummed silk aged at the same rate because of leaching of sericin. Silk degraded at faster rate and more extensively in a moist environment. ATR could give very useful information about the aging of silk. The ATR-derived crystallinity index is good at tracing the aging factor and extent of silk deterioration. Alanine and tyrosine within fibroin, as estimated by ATR spectroscopy, are very sensitive to light, but not to heat and water. The ATR absorbance intensity ratio Iamide Ⅲ/ Iamide I is very useful for deterioration evaluation of archaeological silk objects. As a high humidity resulted in the leaching of silk, it is suggested for sericin-coated silk in collections, that not only wet cleaning is harmful, but also that storage or display in a high RH environment would be detrimental.

关键词： attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy archaeological silk sericin

Maternal genetic history of ancient Tibetans over the past 4000 years

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Journal of Genetics and Genomics 2023年第10期50卷 765-775页

作者： Ganyu Zhang Can Cui Shargan Wangdue Hongliang Lu Honghai Chen Lin Xi Wei He Haibing Yuan Tinley Tsring Zujun Chen Feng Yang Tashi Tsering Shuai Li Norbu Tashi Tsho Yang Yan Tong Xiaohong Wu Linhui Li Yuanhong He Peng Cao Qingyan Dai Feng Liu Xiaotian Feng Tianyi Wang Ruowei Yang Wanjing Ping Ming Zhang Xing Gao Yichen Liu Wenjun Wang Qiaomei Fu Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100044China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Tibet Institute for Conservation and Research of Cultural Relics LhasaTibet 850000China Center for Archaeological Science School of Archaeology and MuseologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuan 610064China School of Cultural Heritage Northwest UniversityXi’anShaanxi 710069China School of archaeology and museology Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China Science and Technology archaeology National Centre for ArchaeologyBeijing 100013China Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute Shanghai 200232China

The settlement of the Tibetan Plateau epitomizes human adaptation to a high-altitude environment that poses great challenges to human ***,we reconstruct a 4000-year maternal genetic history of Tibetans using 128 ancient mitochondrial genome data from 37 sites in *** phylogeny of haplotypes M9a1a,M9a1b,D4g2,G2a’c,and D4i show that ancient Tibetans share the most recent common ancestor with ancient Middle and Upper Yellow River populations around the Early and Middle *** addition,the connections between Tibetans and Northeastern Asians vary over the past 4000 years,with a stronger matrilineal connection between the two during 4000 BPe3000 BP,and a weakened connection after 3000 BP,that are coincident with climate change,followed by a reinforced connection after the Tubo period(1400 BPe1100 BP).Besides,an over 4000-year matrilineal continuity is observed in some of the maternal *** also find the maternal genetic structure of ancient Tibetans is correlated to the geography and interactions between ancient Tibetans and ancient Nepal and Pakistan ***,the maternal genetic history of Tibetans can be characterized as a long-term matrilineal continuity with frequent internal and external population interactions that are dynamically shaped by geography,climate changes,as well as historical events.

关键词： Ancient DNA Tibetans Population history Mitochondrial genome

Implications of Large Burial Sites of Songze Culture

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Social Sciences in China 2012年第2期33卷 133-141页

作者：李伯谦 School of archaeology and museology Peking University

The discovery of large burial sites belonging to the early and middle stages of Songze Culture at Dongshan Village, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu Province, shows that distinct social polarization had already emerged in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River 5,700 or 5,800 years ago, when the initial stage of kingly power had taken shape and society had entered the stage of the ＂ancient states.＂ In the course of the evolution of ancient Chinese civilization, this area--rather than the Central Plains in the middle reaches of the Yellow River or the northern area centered around the ancient Great Wall-was the first to experience significant social transformation. This discovery also indicates that when the ＂ancient states＂ first appeared, they varied in form and character： some took the form of theocracies while others were dominated by kingly power. These differences meant that they developed in different directions and had different outcomes.

关键词： Songze Culture social polarization kingship

Diets, eco-environments and seasonal variations recorded in the oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions of mammal tooth enamel from the Shunshanji site,Sihong County,Jiangsu Province,China

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2013年第30期58卷 3788-3795页

作者： TIAN XiaoSi ZHU Cheng SHUI Tao HUANG YunPing The department of History of Nanjing University Chizhou College School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences of Nanjing University Faculty of archaeology and museology Peking University

The carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of the tooth enamel of mammals,including deer,wild pigs,buffaloes and domesticated pigs from the Shunshanji site,Sihong County,Jiangsu Province,China,were analyzed to reconstruct the mammals’ecoenvironments and diets,and to evaluate seasonal variations in the study *** isotopic compositions of buck samples revealed that the deer ate completely C3 plants and the environments they inhabited were relatively open and that wild pigs ate primarily C3 *** isotopic compositions indicated that the body sources of these two mammals were different,*** deer and pigs lived in different niches within a relatively similar *** domesticated pigs were isotopically more positive than the ancient wild pigs in carbon 13C values,suggesting the former ingested more C3 plants relative to the *** the 18O data showed modern domesticated and ancient pigs had similar oxygen isotope compositions,their water sources were *** carbon and oxygen isotopic patterns of premolar microsamples of ancient and modern buffaloes indicated that the plants ingested by the ancient buffalo varied with seasonal shifts,but plants ingested by the modern buffalo were relatively *** eco-environment of the modern buffalo was more open,warmer and drier than eco-environment of the ancient buffalo,which may be the result of the deforestation and other human *** and modern seasonal changes were clearly recorded in the isotopic patterns and the seasonal variation amplitudes of the ancient and modern eco-environments were similar.

关键词：碳同位素组成氧同位素组成生态环境哺乳动物季节变化泗洪县江苏省饮食

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