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Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Investigations for Architectural Heritage Preservation: The Case of Habib Sakakini Palace, Cairo, Egypt

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Open Journal of Geology 2012年第3期2卷 189-197页

作者： Sayed Hemeda Conservation department Faculty of Archaeology Cairo University Giza Egypt

A comprehensive Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) investigations and hazard assessment for the rehabilitation and strengthening of Habib Sakakini’s Palace in Cairo is presented herein, which is considered one of the most significant architectural heritage sites in Egypt. The palace located on an ancient water pond at the eastern side of Egyptian gulf besiding Sultan Bebris Al-Bondoqdary mosque is a place also called “Prince Qraja al-Turkumany pond”. That pond had been filled down by Habib Sakakini at 1892 to construct his famous palace in 1897. The integrated geophysical survey of the palace allowed the identification of several targets of potential archaeological and geotechnical engineering interest buried in fill and silty clay in the depth range between 100 - 700 cm. the methodological development focused on Multi-Fold (MF) Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) imaging and subsurface characterization based on integrated velocity and attenuation analysis. Eight hundred sqm of Ground penetration Radar (GPR) profiling have been conducted to monitor the subsurface conditions. 600 meters are made in the surrounding area of the Palace and 200 sqm at the basement. The aim is to monitor the soil conditions beneath and around the Palace and to identify potential geological discontinuities, or the presence of faults and cavities. A suitable single and dual antenna are used (500 - 100 MHZ) is used to penetrate the desired depth of 7 meters (ASTM D6432). The GPR is used also detect the water table. At the building basement the GPR is used to identify the foundation thickness and soil-basement interface. As well as the inspection of cracks in some supporting columns, piers and masonry walls. The GPR also was used to investigate the floors and ceilings conditions and structural mapping. The results were validated by the geotechnical and structural surveys. All these results together with the seismic hazard analysis will be used for the complete analysis of the palace in the framework o

关键词： Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) Architectural Heritage Preservation Site Investigations Geophysics Restoration of Monuments

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Nano Particles and Nano Composites for Preservation of Historic Marble Minbars with Application on the Minber of Soliman Pasha Al-Khadim Mosque in Salah El-Din Citadel in Cairo, Egypt

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Open Journal of Geology 2019年第13期9卷 957-973页

作者： Mohamed Abd El Hady Sayed Hemada Mahmoud Algohary Conservation department Faculty of Archaeology Cairo University Giza Egypt

Minbar, in Islam, the pulpit from which the sermon (khutbah) is delivered. In its simplest form, the minbar is a platform with three steps. Often it is constructed as a domed box at the top of a staircase and is reached through a doorway that can be closed. Soliman pasha Al-Khadim mosque in Salah El-Din citadel in Cairo is considered the first mosque with ottoman architectural style. This Minbar exposed to aggressive human intervention by mosque workers and archaeological crafts unity-ministry of antiquities in Egypt, to lose more of its historical and architectural values. Now this Minbar undergoes restoration process, they are removing all modern pigments and remains of last reconstruction in 2014 so we proposed some Nano particles and Nano composites for Preservation of it. The study started with the characteristics of the historic architectural elements of Mibars and their joining structural mortars in order to risk assessment and to define the necessary characteristics of the intervention retrofitting new materials, which will be used in the ongoing preservation work of these stucco architectural elements. To achieve such, several analyses and laboratory tests like ultra-sonic pulse method testing and uniaxial compression test were carried out to determine their basic, physical and mechanical properties, along with the microstructural properties determination using Mercury porosimeter. On the other hand, the morphological description, petrography, mineralogical and microstructural properties were determined using scanning electron microscope equipped by EDS, transmission electron microscopy TEM, polarizing light microscopy, XRD and XRF. The results proved the superiority of the samples that have been strengthened by nano lime concentration of 2% with Wacker OH 100 concentration in 5%.

关键词： Historic Marble Minbar Nano-Lime Nano Titanium Nano Composites Salah Al-Din Citadel Preservation

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Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis of sources of porcelain body of Ru Guan and Jun Guan porcelains

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2006年第4期49卷 411-420页

作者： LI Guoxia1, ZHAO Weijuan1, LI Rongwu2, SUN Hongwei1, GUO Min1, WANG Yanfang1, LIU Hui1, ZHAO Qingyun3, SUN Xinmin3, ZHAO Wenjun3 & CHENG Huansheng4 1. Faculty of Physical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China 2. department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China 3. Institute of Cultural Relic and archaeology of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450000, China 4. Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China Faculty of Physical Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China department of Physics Beijing Normal University Beijing China Institute of Cultural Relic and archaeology of Henan Province Zhengzhou China Institute of Modern Physics Fudan University Shanghai China

34 samples of Ru Guan porcelain body and 50 samples of Jun Guan porcelain body (both kinds being in different body colors) were selected with the purpose of finding out the source of raw materials and their classification relationship so as to search for ways of non-destructive discrimination. Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) has been applied to these samples to determine their chemical elements. The data of seven major chemical elements collected from these samples were further studied through fuzzy cluster analysis. Results indicate that the origin of raw materials of Jun Guan porcelain body samples is comparatively more concentrated in certain places, while that of Ru Guan porcelain body samples is scattered about. The places of origin of raw materials of the majority of Ru Guan and Jun Guan porcelain body samples have something in common, but some differences still exist. It might be an important way for non-destructive discrimination among Ru Guan and Jun Guan porcelains by combining PIXE with fuzzy cluster analysis.

关键词： Ru Guan and Jun Guan porcelain, source of porcelain body, PIXE, fuzzy cluster analysis, non-destructive discrimination.

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Geotechnical Characterization of Sakakini’s Palace Stones and Other Construction Materials, Cairo-Egypt

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Geomaterials 2013年第1期3卷 38-46页

作者： Sayed Hemeda Conservation department Faculty of Archaeology Cairo University Cairo Egypt

The understanding of the geotechnical problems and failure mechanisms of stone structures of Sakakini palace (1897 after century) entails a comprehensive study on the mechanical behaviour of the stones and other construction materials. In addition to micro analysis, geological and geomorphologic interests, several investigations on stone deterioration and engineering geology were performed, First phase included more sophisticated techniques, which provided additional information on particular aspects of site deterioration and it included laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBs), electron probe micro analysis, micro XRD and XRF analyses, scanning electron microscope analysis coupled with EDX probing, transmission electron microscopy and grain size distribution analysis, permeability and pore size distribution of stone, mortars, core binders and other construction materials. Second phase included the determination of mechanical properties of building stones, such as compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, and shear strength. To arrive at reliable values for these properties, a suitable number of samples should be extracted, prepared for testing, and properly tested. The test results are then analyzed to establish the investigated stone properties. The testing program includes extracting seven cylindrical cores from the basement stone walls of Sakakini’s mansion in down townCairo. The cores are extracted using rotary cylindrical diamond blade coring machine. The top and bottom surfaces of every core were prepared to be flat circular surfaces perpendicular to the vertical axis of the core. Because the palace is museum and attractive places for the tourists, core sampling could be carried out only at a limited number of locations under official permission. For the purpose, cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 42 - 44 mm and height of 90 - 100 mm, prepared by the use of a core drilling machine and some collected blocks from the archaeological

关键词： Architectural Heritage Sakakini Palace Geotechnical Investigations Mechanical Properties Stone Deterioration Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBs)

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Intervention Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Al-Gawhara Palace at the Saladin Citadel, Cairo, Egypt

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Open Journal of Geology 2019年第3期9卷 109-141页

作者： Sayed Hemeda Taha Abd El Moaty Atalaa Conservation department Faculty of Archaeology Cairo University Cairo Egypt

Al-Gawhara Palace also known as Bijou Palace is located in the south of the Mosque of Muhammad Ali in Saladin Citadel in Cairo (Figure 1 and Figure 2). It was commissioned and constructed by Muhammad Ali Pasha in 1814. Al-Gawhara Palace is one of the most famous historical royal palaces in Egypt and the most important modern architectural heritage that reflects an important historical period of the Egyptian modern history—the period of the rule of the family of “Muhammad Ali Pasha”. The causes of structural deficiency of the palace could be attributed to many reasons and actions, mainly due to the earthquakes and seismic events (in particular the Dahshuor earthquake, in October 1992), degradation of drainage and feeding systems leading to water leakage, lack of awareness of the palace values, deterioration resulting from the use of old government agencies and the conflicts among authorities supervising historical buildings. The present study includes many phases: 1) the significance of the original building from the circumstances and date of construction;2) detailed studies of the architectural features and design of the building as well as construction type, methods and techniques of construction;3) characterization of the construction and building materials;4) stability analysis of the structure under static and the impact of seismic loadings;5) engineering measures for intervention retrofitting of the palace (this pilot study presents the main design studies for intervention retrofitting and the rehabilitation and re-employment of Al-Gawhara Palace, started from the static monitoring, old and modern documenting of the current state of preservation thorough the strengthening project implementation;6) the study also presents the reuse designs to convert the palace to be a national museum, for the purpose of preserving it by proposing the best means to apply the correct principles and criteria for reuse and employment in a manner that preserves its value through the

关键词： Al-Gawhara Palace Structural Deficiency Restoration Intervention Retrofitting Rehabilitation Structural Analysis Reuse

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Groundwater uptake of different surface cover and its consequences in great Hungarian plain

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Ecological Processes 2017年第1期6卷 408-416页

作者： Zoltán Gribovszki Péter Kalicz Kitti Balog András Szabó Tibor Tóth Péter Csáfordi Mohamed Metwaly Sándor Szalai Institute of Geomatics and Civil Engineering University of SopronSopronHungary Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry Centre for Agricultural ResearchHungarian Academy of SciencesBudapestHungary Forest Research Institute National Agricultural Research and Innovation CentreBudapestHungary archaeology department College of Tourism and ArchaeologyKing Saud UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics(NRIAG) CairoEgypt MTA CSFK GGI SopronHungary

Introduction:Forest cover in Hungary has increased from 1.1 to 2.0 million hectares during the last *** EU(European Union)promotes further afforestation;thus,15,000–18,000 ha are being forested each year,mainly in the Hungarian Great *** terms of species used for afforestation,poplar plantations are preferred over native oak *** groundwater uptake of trees can be a significant water balance element of forested areas in shallow groundwater environments within the Hungarian Great *** can cause water table depressions and subsurface salt accumulation in areas with negative water *** study examined the hydrological impact of forest cover in the Hungarian Great *** the framework of this research,climatic water balance,water table depth and salinity,subsoil layering,tree species and stand age were analysed as influencing *** paper compares the effect which an oak forest,a poplar plantation and a pasture have on groundwater uptake and salt ***:The water table level was roughly 0.4–0.5 m lower beneath the oak forest and the poplar plantation than it was beneath the *** groundwater use was 1.5–2 times higher than that of *** uptake of oak forest was greater than that of poplar plantation during the monitoring *** accumulation,which shows water use in the longer run,was slightly higher for poplar in deeper ***:The greater amount of groundwater used by trees does not lead to a higher salt uptake as only a slight accumulation of salt was measured beneath the ***,hybrid poplar was slightly less favourable than native oak when considering salinization ***,even greater groundwater uptake by trees over longer timescales could cause more significant salt accumulation under pronounced drought conditions due to climate change.

关键词： Groundwater recharge/water budget Evapotranspiration Diurnal fluctuation Forest cover Salinization

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Rice use history in Southeast China:Phytolith evidence from the Nanshan site in Fujian Province

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Science China Earth Sciences 2023年第5期66卷 1108-1119页

作者： Qiuhe CHEN Zhao LI Yongchao MA Zhenyu ZHOU Xiaoyan YANG Officers College of PAP ChinaChengdu610000China Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China department of History Jinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China School of archaeology and Museology Sichuan UniversityChengdu610065China Center for Archaeological Science Sichuan UniversityChengdu610065China National Demonstration Center for Experimental archaeology Education Sichuan UniversityChengdu610065China Institute of archaeology Chinese Academy of Social SciencesBeijing100710China Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems Ministry of EducationCollege of Earth and Environmental SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou730000China

The southern spread of rice agriculture is of great academic *** it already has a broad chronological framework,newly introduced rice use and its impact on local subsistence and ecological systems are still *** this study,we explore these issues by analysing phytoliths recovered from continuous sediments of Cave No.4 at the Nanshan site in Fujian Province,together with evidence from surrounding *** results show that rice was introduced into southeast China at 7,500 *** BP,but the dominance of the hunting-gathering system was not challenged until later,between 5,000 and 3,500 *** BP,when cultivation of rice,together with foxtail and broomcorn millets,was widely practiced in the *** suggests that mixed farming in Southeast China,likely originating around the middle Yangtze River,became widespread and gradually systematic during the previous two-millennium *** rice-millet mixed agricultural system changed the former hunting-gathering subsistence system,promoting the agriculturalization process,cultural prosperity and population growth,thus providing a solid basis for rice expansion and cultural migration to Southeast Asia.

关键词： Phytolith analysis Southward spread of rice agriculture Subsistence system China-Indo-China-Indo-China Peninsula Island Southeast Asia

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Hypothesis and Thought Experiment: Comparing Cognitive Competition of Neandertals and Early Humans, to Our Coming Contest with AIs

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Journal of Social Computing 2024年第2期5卷 122-131页

作者： Margaret Boone Rappaport Christopher J.Corbally The Human Sentience Project LLC TucsonAZ 85704USA the department of Astronomy Steward ObservatoryUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZ 85719USA

The history of how Homo sapiens out-survived the Neanderthals is recalled here with the goal of conceiving an edge in our coming competition with a faster, stronger artificial intelligence (AI) who has far greater capacity for information storage. The social and cognitive differences between the two hominid species, Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis, are described. Based on findings from genomics, neuroscience, archaeology, and paleobiology, it appears possible that the capacities of Homo sapiens could outreach those of AIs in some ways. Especially important are human visuospatial, cultural, and, oddly enough, theological capacities, and the interaction of these capacities in group problem-solving. While communication between AIs is fast and can be widespread, the authors ask whether this is the right kind of communication for solving problems of survival. An important question is explored throughout: Is it ethical to withhold from AIs human-like capacities that may become possible to install? Finally, a worrisome question is broached: Is it the best course to create AIs in our own image to safeguard our existence in unknown future interactions with extraterrestrial species, both organic and inorganic?

关键词： cognitive evolution neuroscience genomics visuospatial capacity family structure navigation ethics extraterrestrials

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A Study of the Causes of Damage to the Walls of the Karnak Temples, Which Are Built of Mud Bricks, Luxor and Suggested Methods of Treatment

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Open Journal of Geology 2022年第7期12卷 565-585页

作者： Elashmawy Ahmed Abd-Elkareem Conservation department Faculty of Archaeology South Valley University Qena Egypt

Mud bricks were made in Egypt from the Nile silt, which is a mixture of clay and sand, which is sometimes mixed with pieces of organic materials and then mixed with water to make mud bricks, the oldest mud bricks were found in tombs dating back to Naqada and in Abydos, and parts of the central state pyramids were built from it, geological study and hydrogeology of the site were studied, mud bricks were studied by XRD and SEM, the main components and properties were studied, the mud bricks were made according to a local technique in industry and construction, the walls of Karnak temple become weak fragile materials due to their exposure to various damaging factors, the study put a recommended treatment of damaged mud bricks walls which surrounded of Karnak temple.

关键词： Karnak Mud Bricks Walls Hydrogeology XRD SEM XRF Decay Durability Treatment

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The Impact of Internet on Libyan Higher Education System： The Context of Cultural and Archaeological Heritage

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通讯和计算机（中英文版） 2017年第1期14卷 1-12页

作者： Elkhmasi Asma Mustafa Khalifa Amran Hussin department of AdvancedProtection Systems Singidunum University/Danijelova 32 Beograd 160622 Serbia Faculty of archaeology and Tourism Department of Classical Archaeology Al-Mergeb University El-Humas- Libya

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