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The scope for manipulating the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of beef:a review

Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2016年第3期7卷 299-311页

作者： Payam Vahmani Cletos Mapiye Nuria Prieto David C.Rolland Tim A.Mc Allister Jennifer L.Aalhus Michael E.R.Dugan agriculture and agri-food Canada Lacombe Research Centre department of Animal sciences Faculty of Agri SciencesStellenbosch University department of agricultural Food and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Alberta agriculture and agri-food Canada Lethbridge Research Centre

Since 1950, links between intake of saturated fatty acids and heart disease have led to recommendations to limit consumption of saturated fatty acid-rich foods, including beef. Over this time, changes in food consumption patterns in several countries including Canada and the USA have not led to improvements in health. Instead, the incidence of obesity, type II diabetes and associated diseases have reached epidemic proportions owing in part to replacement of dietary fat with refined carbohydrates. Despite the content of saturated fatty acids in beef, it is also rich in heart healthy cis-monounsaturated fatty acids, and can be an important source of long-chain omega-3（n-3） fatty acids in populations where little or no oily fish is consumed. Beef also contains polyunsaturated fatty acid biohydrogenation products,including vaccenic and rumenic acids, which have been shown to have anticarcinogenic and hypolipidemic properties in cell culture and animal models. Beef can be enriched with these beneficial fatty acids through manipulation of beef cattle diets, which is now more important than ever because of increasing public understanding of the relationships between diet and health. The present review examines recommendations for beef in human diets, the need to recognize the complex nature of beef fat, how cattle diets and management can alter the fatty acid composition of beef, and to what extent content claims are currently possible for beef fatty acids.

关键词： Beef Biohydrogenation products Lipids n-3 fatty acids Rumenic acid Vaccenic acid

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Accuracy of genomic selection in biparental populations of flax(Linum usitatissimum L.)

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The Crop Journal 2016年第4期4卷 290-303页

作者： Frank M.You Helen M.Booker Scott D.Duguid Gaofeng Jia Sylvie Cloutier Morden Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Crop Development Centre Department of Plant Sciences University of Saskatchewan Ottawa Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

Flax is an important economic crop for seed oil and stem fiber. Phenotyping of traits such as seed yield, seed quality, stem fiber yield, and quality characteristics is expensive and time consuming. Genomic selection(GS) refers to a breeding approach aimed at selecting preferred individuals based on genomic estimated breeding values predicted by a statistical model based on the relationship between phenotypes and genome-wide genetic markers. We evaluated the prediction accuracy of GS(rMP) and the efficiency of GS relative to phenotypic selection(RE) for three GS models: ridge regression best linear unbiased prediction(RR-BLUP),Bayesian LASSO(BL), and Bayesian ridge regression(BRR), for seed yield, oil content, iodine value, linoleic, and linolenic acid content with a full and a common set of genome-wide simple sequence repeat markers in each of three biparental populations. The three GS models generated similar rMPand RE, while BRR displayed a higher coefficient of determination(R^2)of the fitted models than did RR-BLUP or BL. The mean rMPand RE varied for traits with different heritabilities and was affected by the genetic variation of the traits in the *** for seed yield generated a mean RE of 1.52 across populations and marker sets, a value significantly superior to that for direct phenotypic selection. Our empirical results provide the first validation of GS in flax and demonstrate that GS could increase genetic gain per unit time for linseed breeding. Further studies for selection of training populations and markers are warranted.

关键词： Genomic selection SSR Flax Linseed Seed yield Fatty acid composition

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Proteomics analysis of Trichoplusia ni midgut epithelial cell brush border membrane vesicles

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Insect Science 2019年第3期26卷 424-440页

作者： Muhammad Afzal Javed Cathy Coutu David A. Theilmann Martin A. Erlandson Dwayne D. Hegedus Saskatoon Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada Summerland Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Summerland British Columbia Canada department of food & Bio-Product sciences University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada

The insect midgut epithelium is composed of columnar, goblet, and regenerative cells. Columnar epithelial cells are the most abundant and have membrane protrusions that form the brush border membrane (BBM) on their apical side. These increase surface area available for the transport of nutrients, but also provide opportunities for interaction with xenobiotics such as pathogens, toxins and host plant allelochemicals. Recent improvements in proteomic and bioinfbrmatics tools provided an opportunity to determine the proteome of the T. ni BBM in unprecedented detail. This study reports the identification of proteins from BBM vesicles (BBMVs) using single dimension polyacrylamide gel elec? trophoresis coupled with multi-dimensional protein identification technology. More than 3000 proteins were associated with the BBMV of which 697 were predicted to possess either a signal peptide, at least one transmembrane domain or a GPI-anchor signal. Of these, bioinfbrmatics analysis and manual curation predicted that 185 may be associated with the BBMV or epithelial cell plasma membrane. These are discussed with respect to their predicted functions, namely digestion, nutrient uptake, cell signaling, development, cell-cell interactions, and other functions. We believe this to be the most detailed proteomic analysis of the lepidopteran midgut epithelium membrane to date, which will provide information to better understand the biochemical, physiological and pathological processes taking place in the larval midgut.

关键词： brush border membrane vesicles midgut proteomic analysis Trichoplusiani

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Effect of different sources and levels of iron in the diet of sows on iron status in neonatal pigs

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Animal Nutrition 2018年第2期4卷 197-202页

作者： Yan Li Weiren Yang Donghua Dong Shuzhen Jiang Zaibin Yang Yuxi Wang department of Animal sciences and Technology Shandong Agricultural University agriculture and agri-food Canada Lethbridge Research Centre

This study was conducted to determine the effects of maternal dietary supplementation of ferrous glycine chelate(Fe-Gly) and ferrous sulfate monohydrate(FeSO_4·H_2O) on the relative organ weight, tissue iron contents, red blood cells(RBC), hemoglobin concentration(HGB) and hematocrit(HCT) in blood, as well as ferritin(Fn), serum iron(SI), and total iron binding capacity(TIBC) in serum of newborn ***-five sows(Landrace × Large white, mean parity 3 to 4, no significant differences in BW) were randomly allotted to 9 treatments(n=5 sows/treatment): control(basal diet with no Fe supplementation), the basal diet supplemented with 50, 80, 110 or 140 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Gly, and the basal diet supplemented with 50, 80, 110 or 140 mg Fe/kg as FeSO_4·H_*** neonatal piglets(n=45) were used to determine the relative organ weight, tissue iron contents and blood biochemical *** with the control, the relative weight of spleen and kidney were significantly increased(P < 0.05) in the Fe-Gly *** iron contents in liver,spleen, kidney and femur were also found increased(P < 0.05) in the Fe-Gly *** RBC(d 1 and 21),HGB(d 1 and 21) and HCT(d 1 and 21) in blood and Fn(d 1) and SI(d 1 and 21) significantly increased(P < 0.05), but the TIBC(d 1 and 21) in serum decreased(P < 0.05) in the Fe-Gly ***, the kidney relative weight, iron content in liver, spleen, kidney and femur, RBC(d 1) and HGB(d 21) in blood, and SI(d 1)in the Fe-Gly groups increased(P < 0.05) compared with the FeSO_4·H_2O *** and quadratic responses of the kidney relative weight, the iron content in liver, spleen, kidney and femur, RBC(d 1 and 21),HGB(d 1 and 21) and HCT(d 1 and 21) in whole blood, SI(d 1) and TIBC(d 1 and 21) in the Fe-Gly groups were observed(P < 0.05).Linear responses of Fn(d 1 and 21) and SI(d 21) in the Fe-Gly groups, and spleen relative weight, HCT(d 1), Fn(d 1) and TIBC(d 1 and 21) in the FeSO_4·H_2O groups were observed(P < 0.05).These findin

关键词： Piglets Ferrous glycine chelate Ferrous sulfate monohydrate Relative organ weight Tissue iron contents Blood biochemical indices

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Potential impact of genetically modified Lepidoptera-resistant Brassica napus in biodiversity hotspots： Sicily as a theoretical model

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Insect Science 2018年第4期25卷 562-580页

作者： Barbara Manachini Giuseppe Bazan Rosario Schicchi department of agricultural Food and Forest Sciences University of Palermo Palermo Italy department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies University of Palermo Palermo Italy

The general increase of the cultivation and trade of Bt transgenic plants resis- tant to Lepidoptera pests raises concerns regarding the conservation of animal and plant biodiversity. Demand for biofuels has increased the cultivation and importation of oilseed rape （Brassica napus L.）, including transgenic lines. In environmental risk assessments （ERAs） for its potential future cultivation as well as for food and feed uses, the impact on wild Brassicaeae relatives and on non-target Lepidoptera should be assessed. Here we consider the potential exposure of butterflies as results of possible cultivation or natural- ization of spilled seed in Sicily （Italy）. Diurnal Lepidoptera, which are pollinators, can be exposed directly to the insecticidal proteins as larvae （mainly of Pieridae） through the host and through the pollen that can deposit on other host plants. Adults can be exposed via pollen and nectar. The flight periods of butterflies were recorded, and they were found to overlap for about 90% of the flowering period ofB. napus for the majority of the species. In addition, B. napus has a high potential to hybridise with endemic taxa belonging to the B. oleracea group. This could lead to an exposure of non-target Lepidoptera if introgression of the Bt gene into a wild population happens. A rank of the risk for butterflies and wild relatives of oilseed rape is given. We conclude that, in environmental risk assessments, attention should be paid to plant-insect interaction especially in a biodiversity hotspot such as Sicily.

关键词： butterflies cross pollination non-target effect oilseed rape protected areas transgenic crop

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In vitro and in vivo application of RNA interference for targeting genes involved in peritrophic matrix synthesis in a lepidopteran system

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Insect Science 2013年第1期20卷 92-100页

作者： Umut Toprak Doug Baldwin Martin Erlandson Cedric Gillott Stephanie Harris Dwayne D. Hegedus agriculture and agri-food Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada department of Biology University of Saskatchewan Canada department of Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture University of Ankara Turkey department of food and Bioproduct sciences University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada

The midgut of most insects is lined with a semipermeable acellular tube, the peritrophic matrix （PM）, composed of chitin and proteins. Although various genes encoding PM proteins have been characterized, our understanding of their roles in PM structure and function is very limited. One promising approach for obtaining functional information is RNA interference, which has been used to reduce the levels of specific mRNAs using double-stranded RNAs administered to larvae by either injection or feeding. Although this method is well documented in dipterans and coleopterans, reports of its success in lepidopterans are varied. In the current study, the silencing midgut genes encoding PM proteins （insect intestinal mucin 1, insect intestinal mucin 4, PM protein 1） and the chitin biosynthetic or modifying enzymes （chitin synthase-B and chitin deacetylase 1） in a noctuid lepidopteran, Mamestra configurata, was examined in vitro and in vivo. In vitro studies in primary midgut epithelial cell preparations revealed an acute and rapid silencing （by 24 h） for the gene encoding chitin deacetylase 1 and a slower rate of silencing （by 72 h） for the gene encoding PM protein 1. Genes encoding insect intestinal mucins were slightly silenced by 72 h, whereas no silencing was detected for the gene encoding chitin synthase-B. In vivo experiments focused on chitin deacetylase 1, as the gene was silenced to the greatest extent in vitro. Continuous feeding of neonates and fourth instar larvae with double-stranded RNA resulted in silencing of chitin deacetylase 1 by 24 and 36 h, respectively. Feeding a single dose to neonates also resulted in silencing by 24 h. The current study demonstrates that genes encoding PM proteins can be silenced and outlines conditions for RNA interference by per os feeding in lepidopterans.

关键词： chitin deacetylase chitin synthase-B lepidoptera peritrophic matrix,peritrophin RNA interference

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Minimization of methabenzthiazuron residues in leaching water using amended soils and photocatalytic treatment with TiO_2 and ZnO

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Journal of Environmental sciences 2014年第4期26卷 757-764页

作者： Jos Fenoll Pilar Flores Pilar Hellín Joaquín Hern'andez Simón Navarro department of food Quality Murcia Institute of Agri-Food Research and Development department of agricultural Chemistry Geology and Pedology School of Chemistry University of Murcia Campus Universitario de Espinardo

In the present work, potential groundwater pollution by methabenzthiazuron （MTBU） and the effect of three different amendments （composted sheep manure, composted pine bark and spent coffee grounds） on its mobility were investigated under laboratory conditions. The efficiency of ZnO and TiO2 suspensions in the photocatalytic degradation of MTBU in leaching water was also investigated. The relative and cumulative breakthrough curves were obtained from disturbed soil columns. The presence and/or addition of organic matter drastically reduced the movement of the herbicide. On other hand, photocatalytic experiments showed that the addition of ZnO and TiO2 strongly enhances the degradation rate of this herbicide compared with the results of photolytic experiments under artificial light. ZnO appeared to be more effective in MTBU oxidation than TiO2. The results obtained point to the interest of using organic wastes and heterogeneous photocatalysis for reducing the pollution of groundwater by pesticide drainage.

关键词： groundwater pollution organic amendment pesticide movement photocatalytic oxidation semiconductor oxides

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Genomic regions underlying agronomic traits in linseed(Linum usitatissimum L.) as revealed by association mapping

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2014年第1期56卷 75-87页

作者： Braulio J.Soto-Cerda Scott Duguid Helen Booker Gordon Rowland Axel Diederichsen Sylvie Cloutier department of Plant Science University of Manitoba 66 Dafoe Road Cereal Research Center Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 195 Dafoe Road Morden Research Station Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 101 Route 100 Unit 100 Morden department of Plant sciences College of Agriculture and Bioresources University of Saskatchewan 51 Campus Drive Plant Gene Resources of Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 107 Science Place

The extreme climate of the Canadian Prairies poses a major chal enge to improve yield. Although it is possible to breed for yield per se, focusing on yield-related traits could be advantageous because of their simpler genetic architecture. The Canadian flax core col ection of 390 accessions was genotyped with 464 simple sequence repeat markers, and phenotypic data for nine agronomic traits including yield, bol s per area, 1,000 seed weight, seeds per bol , start of flowering, end of flowering, plant height, plant branching, and lodging col ected from up to eight environments was used for association mapping. Based on a mixed model （principal component analysis （PCA） t kinship matrix （K））, 12 significant marker-trait associations for six agronomic traits were identi-fied. Most of the associations were stable across environments as revealed by multivariate analyses. Statistical simulation for five markers associated with 1000 seed weight indicated that the favorable al eles have additive effects. None of the modern cultivars carried the five favorable al eles and the maximum number of four observed in any accessions was mostly in＆amp;nbsp;breeding lines. Our results confirmed the complex genetic architecture of yield-related traits and the inherent difficulties associated with their identification while il ustrating the potential for improvement through marker-assisted selection.

关键词： Linum usitatissimum marker-assisted selection

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Automatic Microplot Localization Using UAV Images and a Hierarchical Image-Based Optimization Method

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Plant Phenomics 2021年第1期3卷 99-114页

作者： Sara Mardanisamani Tewodros WAyalew Minhajul Arifin Badhon Nazifa Azam Khan Gazi Hasnat Hema Duddu Steve Shirtliffe Sally Vail Ian Stavness Mark Eramian department of Computer Science University of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada department of Plant sciences University of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada agriculture and agri-food Canada SaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada

To develop new crop varieties and monitor plant growth,health,and traits,automated analysis of aerial crop images is an attractive alternative to time-consuming manual *** perform per-microplot phenotypic analysis,localizing and detecting individual microplots in an orthomosaic image of a field are major *** algorithm uses an automatic initialization of the known field layout over the orthomosaic images in roughly the right *** the orthomosaic images are stitched from a large number of smaller images,there can be distortion causing microplot rows not to be entirely straight and the automatic initialization to not correctly position every *** overcome this,we have developed a three-level hierarchical optimization ***,the initial bounding box position is optimized using an objective function that maximizes the level of vegetation inside the ***,columns of microplots are repositioned,constrained by their expected ***,the position of microplots is adjusted individually using an objective function that simultaneously maximizes the area of the microplot overlapping vegetation,minimizes spacing variance between microplots,and maximizes each microplot’s alignment relative to other microplots in the same row and *** orthomosaics used in this study were obtained from multiple dates of canola and wheat breeding *** algorithm was able to detect 99.7%of microplots for canola and 99%for *** automatically segmented microplots were compared to ground truth segmentations,resulting in an average DSC of 91.2%and 89.6%across all microplots and orthomosaics in the canola and wheat datasets.

关键词： breeding spacing entirely

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Genetic diversity and population structure of Leptosphaeria maculans isolates in Western Canada

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Journal of Genetics and Genomics 2021年第11期48卷 994-1006页

作者： Qilin Chen Gary Peng Randy Kutcher Fengqun Yu Saskatoon Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaSaskatoonCanada department of Plant sciences Crop Development CentreUniversity of SKSaskatoonSKCanada

Leptosphaeria maculans is a serious concern for canola production *** effective disease management,knowledge of the pathogen’s genetic variability and population structure is a *** this study,whole-genome sequencing was performed for 162 of 1590 *** isolates collected in the years 2007e2008 and 2012e2014 in Western *** variants in genome-wide and specific regions including avirulence(Avr)genes were characterized.A total of 31,870 high-quality polymorphic DNA variants were used to study *** genetic diversity and population *** analysis showed that 150 isolates were clustered into 2 main groups and 4 subgroups by DNA variants located in either Avr or small secreted protein-encoding genes and into 2 main groups and 6 subgroups by genome-wide *** analysis of nucleotide diversity and differentiation also confirmed genetic variation within a population and among *** component analysis with genome-wide variants showed that the isolates collected in 2012e2014 were more genetically diverse than those collected in *** structure analysis discovered three distinct *** isolates from Saskatchewan and Alberta were of similar genetic composition,Manitoba isolates were highly ***-wide association study detected DNA variants in genes AvrLm4-7,Lema_T86300,and Lema_T86310 associated with the years of collection.

关键词： Leptosphaeria maculans DNA variants Blackleg Genetic diversity Population structure

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