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Experimental demonstration of a flexible-grid 1×(2×3)mode-and wavelength-selective switch using silicon microring resonators and counter-tapered couplers

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Chinese Optics Letters 2024年第1期22卷 52-58页

作者：孔德军鲁昊汪鹏君符强戴世勋陈伟伟王栎沣张波豪马凌霄李军戴庭舸杨建义 Faculty of electrical engineering and Computer Science Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315211China College of electrical and Electronic engineering Wenzhou UniversityWenzhou 325035China College of Science and Technology Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315300China Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices The Research Institute of Advanced TechnologiesNingbo UniversityNingbo 315211China department of Information Science and electronics engineering and Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China

A flexible-grid 1×(2×3)mode-and wavelength-selective switch which comprises counter-tapered couplers and silicon microring resonators has been proposed,optimized,and demonstrated experimentally in this work.By carefully thermally tuning phase shifters and silicon microring resonators,mode and wavelength signals can be independently and flexibly conveyed to any one of the output ports,and different bandwidths can be generated as desired.The particle swarm optimization algorithm and finite difference time-domain method are employed to optimize structural parameters of the twomode(de)multiplexer and crossing waveguide.The bandwidth-tunable wavelength-selective optical router composed of12 microring resonators is studied by taking advantage of the transfer matrix method.Measurement results show that,for the fabricated module,cross talk less than-10.18 dB,an extinction ratio larger than 17.41 d B,an in-band ripple lower than0.79 dB,and a 3-dB bandwidth changing from 0.38 to 1.05 nm are obtained,as the wavelength-channel spacing is 0.40 nm.The corresponding response time is measured to be 13.64μs.

关键词： integrated optics optical waveguide mode-and wavelength-selective switch

Sustainable thermal energy harvest for generating electricity

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The Innovation 2024年第2期5卷 24-26页

作者： Shuai Zhang Zekun Liu Xiaotian Zhang Zhenhua Wu Zhiyu Hu department of Micro/Nano electronics School of Electronic Information and Electrical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China School of Mechanical engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China

Electricity is the lifeblood of modern society.However,the predominant source of electricity generation still relies on non-renewable fossil fuels,whose combustion releases greenhouse gases contributing to global warming.The increasing demand for energy and escalating environmental concerns necessitate proactive measures to develop innovative green energy technologies capable of both cooling the Earth and generating electricity.Here,we look forward to an interdisciplinary power system integrating solar absorbers,radiative coolers,and thermoelectric generators.This system can simultaneously harvest thermal energy from the sun and from cold space,thereby transforming the challenges posed by global warming into opportunities for the production of clean electricity.We underscore recent advancements in this field and address key challenges while also exploring forward-looking opportunities in the foreseeable future.The proposed integrated energy technology achieves uninterrupted power supply through the unrestricted capture of thermal energy,offering a robust alternative pathway for next-generation sustainable energy technologies.

关键词： Sustainable generating electricity

Improving Thyroid Disorder Diagnosis via Ensemble Stacking and Bidirectional Feature Selection

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第3期78卷 4225-4241页

作者： Muhammad Armghan Latif Zohaib Mushtaq Saad Arif Sara Rehman Muhammad Farrukh Qureshi Nagwan Abdel Samee Maali Alabdulhafith Yeong Hyeon Gu Mohammed A.Al-masni department of Computer and Information System Cleveland State UniversityOhio44115USA department of electrical Electronics and Computer SystemsCollege of Engineering and TechnologyUniversity of SargodhaSargodha40100Pakistan department of Mechanical engineering College of EngineeringKing Faisal UniversityAl-Ahsa31982Saudi Arabia department of Biomedical engineering Riphah International UniversityIslamabad44000Pakistan department of electrical engineering Riphah International UniversityIslamabad44000Pakistan department of Information Technology College of Computer and Information SciencesPrincess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityP.O.Box 84428Riyadh11671Saudi Arabia department of Artificial Intelligence College of Software and Convergence TechnologySejong UniversitySeoul05006Korea

Thyroid disorders represent a significant global health challenge with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism as two common conditions arising from dysfunction in the thyroid gland.Accurate and timely diagnosis of these disorders is crucial for effective treatment and patient care.This research introduces a comprehensive approach to improve the accuracy of thyroid disorder diagnosis through the integration of ensemble stacking and advanced feature selection techniques.Sequential forward feature selection,sequential backward feature elimination,and bidirectional feature elimination are investigated in this study.In ensemble learning,random forest,adaptive boosting,and bagging classifiers are employed.The effectiveness of these techniques is evaluated using two different datasets obtained from the University of California Irvine-Machine Learning Repository,both of which undergo preprocessing steps,including outlier removal,addressing missing data,data cleansing,and feature reduction.Extensive experimentation demonstrates the remarkable success of proposed ensemble stacking and bidirectional feature elimination achieving 100%and 99.86%accuracy in identifying hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism,respectively.Beyond enhancing detection accuracy,the ensemble stacking model also demonstrated a streamlined computational complexity which is pivotal for practical medical applications.It significantly outperformed existing studies with similar objectives underscoring the viability and effectiveness of the proposed scheme.This research offers an innovative perspective and sets the platform for improved thyroid disorder diagnosis with broader implications for healthcare and patient well-being.

关键词： Ensemble learning random forests boosting dimensionality reduction machine learning smart healthcare computer aided diagnosis

Influence of donor age on liver transplantation outcomes: A multivariate analysis and comparative study

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2024年第2期16卷 331-344页

作者： Miran Bezjak Ivan Stresec Branislav Kocman Stipislav Jadrijević Tajana Filipec Kanizaj Miro Antonijević Bojana Dalbelo Bašić Danko Mikulić department of Surgery University Hospital MerkurZagreb 10000Croatia department of electronics MicroelectronicsComputer and Intelligent SystemsFaculty of Electrical Engineering and ComputingZagreb 10000Croatia department of Gastroenterology University Hospital MerkurZagreb 10000Croatia Development of Software Nanobit Ltd.Zagreb 10000Croatia

BACKGROUND The growing disparity between the rising demand for liver transplantation(LT)and the limited availability of donor organs has prompted a greater reliance on older liver grafts.Traditionally,utilizing livers from elderly donors has been associated with outcomes inferior to those achieved with grafts from younger donors.By accounting for additional risk factors,we hypothesize that the utili-zation of older liver grafts has a relatively minor impact on both patient survival and graft viability.AIM To evaluate the impact of donor age on LT outcomes using multivariate analysis and comparing young and elderly donor groups.METHODS In the period from April 2013 to December 2018,656 adult liver transplants were performed at the University Hospital Merkur.Several multivariate Cox propor-tional hazards models were developed to independently assess the significance of donor age.Donor age was treated as a continuous variable.The approach involved univariate and multivariate analysis,including variable selection and assessment of interactions and transformations.Additionally,to exemplify the similarity of using young and old donor liver grafts,the group of 87 recipients of elderly donor liver grafts(≥75 years)was compared to a group of 124 recipients of young liver grafts(≤45 years)from the dataset.Survival rates of the two groups were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test was used to test the differences between groups.RESULTS Using multivariate Cox analysis,we found no statistical significance in the role of donor age within the constructed models.Even when retained during the entire model development,the donor age's impact on survival remained insignificant and transformations and interactions yielded no substantial effects on survival.Consistent insigni-ficance and low coefficient values suggest that donor age does not impact patient survival in our dataset.Notably,there was no statistical evidence that the five developed models did not adhere to the proportional hazards assumption.When c

关键词： Liver transplantation Elderly donors Survival analysis Postoperative complications Cox proportional hazard models

Resonant Beam communications:A New Design Paradigm and Challenges

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Journal of communications and Information Networks 2024年第1期9卷 80-87页

作者： Yuanming Tian Dongxu Li Chuan Huang Qingwen Liu Shengli Zhou Future Network of Intelligence Institute and School of Science and engineering the Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhen 518172China School of Science and engineering and the Future Network of Intelligence Institute the Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhen 518172China College of electronics and Information engineering Tongji UniversityShanghai 201804China department of electrical and Computer engineering University of ConnecticutStorrsCT 06250USA

Resonant beam communications (RBCom), which adopts oscillating photons between two separate retroreflectors for information transmission, exhibits potential advantages over other types of wireless optical communications (WOC). However, echo interference generated by the modulated beam reflected from the receiver affects the transmission of the desired information. To tackle this challenge, a synchronization-based point-to-point RBCom system is proposed to eliminate the echo interference, and the design for the transmitter and receiver is discussed. Subsequently,the performance of the proposed RBCom is evaluated and compared with that of visible light communications(VLC)and free space optical communications (FOC). Finally, future research directions are outlined and several implementation challenges of RBCom systems are highlighted.

关键词： resonant beam communications(RBCom) wireless optical communications(WOC) echo interference elimination mobility multiple access

A new electric field mill array with each of the mill’s rotor controlled precisely by a GPS module:Equipment and initial results

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2024年第2期8卷 423-435页

作者： Kozo Yamashita Hironobu Fujisaka DaoHong Wang Hiroyuki Iwasaki Kazuo Yamamoto Koichiro Michimoto Masashi Hayakawa department of Production Systems engineering and Sciences Komatsu UniversityNu 1-3 Shicho-machiKomatsuIshikawa 923-8511Japan Fujisaka Technology Office 1058-5 Yoshizawa-choOhta-shiGunma 373-0019Japan department of electrical Electronic and Computer EngineeringGifu University1-1 YanagidoGifu CityGifu 501-1193Japan Cooperative Faculty of Education Gunma University4-2-Aramaki-machiMaebashiGunma 371-8510Japan department of electrical and Electronic engineering Chubu University1200 Matsumoto-choKasugaiAichi 487-8501Japan Independent Researcher Kosenba Town 2-44-11-406Kawagoe CitySaitama350-0036Japan Advanced Wireless&communications Research Center The University of Electro-Communications1-5-1 ChofugaokaChofuTokyo 182-8585Japan

We have newly designed an electrostatic sensor,called an electric field mill(EFM),to simplify the estimation of the charge position and charge amount transferred by lightning discharges.It is necessary for this remote estimation of the transferred charge to measure electric field changes caused by charge loss at the time of a lightning strike at multiple locations.For multiple-station measurement of electric field changes,not only speed but also phase for exposure and shielding of the sensing plates inside each EFM of the array should be synchronized to maintain the sensitivities of the deployed instruments.Currently,there is no such EFM with specified speed and phase control performance of the rotary part.Thus,we developed a new EFM in which the rotary mechanism was controlled consistently to within 3%error by a GPS module.Five EFMs had been distributed in the Hokuriku area of Japan during the winter season of 2022-2023 for a test observation.Here we describe the design and a simple calibration method for our new EFM array.Data analysis method based on the assumption of a simple monopole charge structure is also summarized.For validation,locations of assumed point charges were compared with three-dimensional lightning mapping data estimated by radio observations in the MF-HF bands.Initial results indicated the validity to estimate transferred charge amounts and positions of winter cloud-to-ground lightning discharges with our new EFM array.

关键词： lightning electrostatic field electric field mill electric field change

Spatio-Temporal Service Analysis in Multi-Layer Non-Terrestrial Networks

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Journal of communications and Information Networks 2024年第1期9卷 43-55页

作者： Qian Chen Weixiao Meng Shuai Han Cheng Li School of electronics and Information engineering Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150001China School of engineering Science Simon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBC V5A 1S6Canada department of electrical and Computer engineering Memorial UniversitySt.John’sNL A1B 3X5Canada

In the advent of the 6G era, non-terrestrial networks (NTN) with expansive coverage are being increasingly recognized as a vital supplement to cellular networks for facilitating seamless communication. The intricate interplay between network performance and service quality necessitates a thorough investigation into the modeling and analysis of services for efficient construction of NTN.Previous studies on service analysis, predominantly focused on terrestrial networks,fall short in addressing the unique challenges posed by NTN,particularly those related to platform distribution and antenna gain modeling. This deficiency in research,coupled with the varying preferences of users for different network types, forms the basis of this study. This paper explores the spatio-temporal characteristics of services within a multi-layered NTN framework.In this context,the spatial distribution of the platforms is modeled using a binomial point process, and the antennas are characterized by a sectorized beam pattern. We derive the closed-form expressions for the association probability,the number of accessed users, and the arrival rate of services with certain delay requirements towards different types of NTN. Simulation results are provided to evaluate the influence of various parameters on the association probability, the number of accessed users, and the total arrival rate of services. The number of satellites can be determined to achieve the optimal system utility,balancing the accessed services, offloading effects, and launching costs. This initial investigation lays the groundwork for further theoretical progress in the service analysis and platform deployment of NTN.

关键词： association strategy non-terrestrial networks service analysis stochastic geometry system utility

Experimental study on effects of gas flow rate on soot characteristics in diffusion flames coupled with plasma

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2024年第2期67卷 475-485页

作者： QI DanDan CHEN MingXiao TU Xin LIU Dong MIIT Key Laboratory of Thermal Control of Electronic Equipment School of Energy and Power EngineeringNanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjing 210094China Advanced Combustion Laboratory School of Energy and Power EngineeringNanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjing 210094China department of electrical engineering and electronics University of LiverpoolLiverpool L693GJUK

This study examined the evolution of morphology and nanostructure of soot particles from the plasma-flame interaction for various gas flow rates.The current study used both optical diagnostic and sampling methods to explore the soot production and combustion characteristics.Soot particles were characterized at the same positions downstream from the flame zone by thermophoretic sampling and transmission electron microscopy.Moreover,X-ray diffraction analysis,and thermogravimetric analysis were performed to study the nanostructure and oxidation reactivity of soot.A reduction in soot concentration was found with the plasma addition,which illustrated an inhibition effect of plasma on soot emission.The increased gas flow rate promoted soot concentration since a growing number of carbons participated in the combustion process.Depending on the gas flow rate(carbon content)variation and plasma activation,either liquid-like soot material with irregularly shaped protrusions or chain-like structure,or a mixture of both,were generated from the diffusion flames.The soot produced by plasma-flame interaction also demonstrated a high correlation between nanostructure and reactivity.The soot from lower carbon content with plasma activation had a shorter fringe length and larger fringe tortuosity related to higher oxidation reactivity.On the contrary,soot from the highest carbon content without plasma-flame interaction exhibited prevalent fullerene-like nanostructures with evident large or small shells and also had a higher carbonization degree resulting in lower oxidation reactivity.

关键词： soot characteristics gas flow rate plasma diffusion flames

Falcon Optimization Algorithm-Based Energy Efficient Communication Protocol for Cluster-Based Vehicular Networks

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第3期78卷 4243-4262页

作者： Youseef Alotaibi B.Rajasekar R.Jayalakshmi Surendran Rajendran department of Software engineering College of ComputingUmm Al-Qura UniversityMakkah21955Saudi Arabia department of electronics and Communication engineering Sathyabama Institute of Science and TechnologyChennai600119India department of Computer Science and engineering Panimalar Engineering CollegeChennai600123India department of Computer Science and engineering Saveetha School of EngineeringSaveetha Institute of Medical and Technical ScienceChennai602105India

Rapid development in Information Technology(IT)has allowed several novel application regions like large outdoor vehicular networks for Vehicle-to-Vehicle(V2V)transmission.Vehicular networks give a safe and more effective driving experience by presenting time-sensitive and location-aware data.The communication occurs directly between V2V and Base Station(BS)units such as the Road Side Unit(RSU),named as a Vehicle to Infrastructure(V2I).However,the frequent topology alterations in VANETs generate several problems with data transmission as the vehicle velocity differs with time.Therefore,the scheme of an effectual routing protocol for reliable and stable communications is significant.Current research demonstrates that clustering is an intelligent method for effectual routing in a mobile environment.Therefore,this article presents a Falcon Optimization Algorithm-based Energy Efficient Communication Protocol for Cluster-based Routing(FOA-EECPCR)technique in VANETS.The FOA-EECPCR technique intends to group the vehicles and determine the shortest route in the VANET.To accomplish this,the FOA-EECPCR technique initially clusters the vehicles using FOA with fitness functions comprising energy,distance,and trust level.For the routing process,the Sparrow Search Algorithm(SSA)is derived with a fitness function that encompasses two variables,namely,energy and distance.A series of experiments have been conducted to exhibit the enhanced performance of the FOA-EECPCR method.The experimental outcomes demonstrate the enhanced performance of the FOA-EECPCR approach over other current methods.

关键词： Vehicular networks communication protocol clustering falcon optimization algorithm routing