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Drivers of land Cover Dynamics for Pugu and Kazimuzumbwi Forest Reserves in Kisarawe, Tanzania

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Open Journal of Forestry 2016年第5期6卷 348-360页

作者： Makarius Victor Mdemu Marco Mathias Burra department of Regional Development Planning Ardhi University Dar es Salaam Tanzania department of Urban and Regional Planning Ardhi University Dar es Salaam Tanzania

forests that are close to growing urban centres have been subject to constant deforestation and degradation from various factors. This study assesses the drivers of land cover dynamics in Pugu and Kazimzumbwi forest reserves in the context of urban and peri-urban expansion of Dar es Salaam for the past three decades. The study adopted review of relevant literature and household survey from three settlements surrounding the forest reserves. One hundred and fifty (150) households were collected from Buyuni, Chanika and Masaki in Ilala and Kisarawe and administered with semi-structured questionnaire to collect information on migration, use of forest products by communities and perception on climate change and variability. SPSS computer program was used to analyse the questionnaire data while tables and graphs were adopted for presentation of the results. rural-urban and internal urban migration in Dar es Salaam was identified as one of the primary drivers of land cover dynamics in peri-urban areas and adjoining environments. The migration was intensified by push drivers which include urban growth, market of land and reliance on forest product among community members as source of their livelihoods. The increased rainfall variability accompanied with high temperature has contributed to frequent droughts which compromises rainfed agriculture. Thus, the successful conservation of the forest will require strengthened enforcement of protection measures supported with introduction of alternative livelihood strategies for majority of poor community members.

关键词： Climate Change and Variability Driver Forest Reserve land Cover Dynamics Peri-Urban

The changing Himalayan landscape:pine-oak forest dynamics and the supply of ecosystem services

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Journal of Forestry Research 2017年第3期28卷 431-443页

作者： Niyati Naudiyal Joachim Schmerbeck department of Natural Resources TERI UniversityVasantKunjNew Delhi 110070India Chair of Silviculture Institute of Forest SciencesFaculty of Environment and Natural ResourcesUniversity of FreiburgTennenbacher Str.479085 FreiburgGermany

This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on pine and oak forest dynamics in the midmontane central Himalayan forest and the ecosystem services associated with these vegetation types. Forest ecosystems play a crucial role in the livelihood of the central Himalayas as well as the adjacent plains, providing a number of tangible and intangible ecosystem services, at each stage of succession. The successional sequence starts from warm temperate grasslands, followed by early successional pine forests, mid-successional pine-oak mixed forests and eventually culminating in a late successional oak community. This successional sequence is considerably influenced by disturbances like fire, grazing, and lopping, which maintain the vegetation types in their current form and can act as potential drivers of change. Fire and grazing in grasslands and pine forests inhibit the successional process by hindering the establishment of pioneer and late successional species, respectively. Potential land-cover changes with forest succession can lead to changes in ecosystem services supply. We found that the number of ecosystem services associated with these vegetation types increase from early to late successional community. Current management approaches fail to include the dynamic nature of vegetation, which is essential for maintenance of ecosystem service supply. In conclusion, the trade-offs between ES of global （biodiversity and carbon） and local importance （fuel wood and fodder） have to be examined carefully in order to have effective conservation and management plans for the region.

关键词： Disturbance Ecosystem services Himalaya Oak Pine

The contribution of the European Society for Soil Conservation (ESSC) to scientific knowledge, education and sustainability

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2019年第1期7卷 102-107页

作者： Carmelo Dazzi Wim Comelis Edoardo A.C.Costantini Mihail Dumitru Michael A.Fullen Donald Gabriels Raimonds Kasparinskis Adam Kertész Giuseppe Lo Papa Guenola Pérès Jane Rickson JoséL.Rubio Thomas Sholten Sid Theocharopoulos Ivan Vasenev department of Agricultural Food and Forest SciencesUniversity of PalermoItaly department of Environment University of GhentBelgium CREA-AA Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment Firenze/FlorenceItaly Institute for Soil Science Agrochemistry&Environment Protection ICPA BucharestRomania Faculty of Science and Engineering The University of WolverhamptonWV1 1LYUK UNESCO Chair on Eremology Faculty of Biosciences EngineeringGhent UniversityBelgium University of Latvia Faculty of Geography and Earth SciencesRigaLatvia Geographical Institute Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth SciencesHungarian Academy of SciencesBudapestHungary UMR SAS INRA Agrocampus 65 rue de Saint BrieucRennesFrance Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute Cranfield UniversityCranfieldUK IDE-CSIC Ctra Moncada-Naquera km 4.546113 MoncadaValenciaSpain department of Geosciences Soil Science and GeomorphologyUniversity of TübingenGermany Hao-Demeter Institute of Soil and Water Resources14123 AthensGreece Ecology department Russian State Agrarian UniversityTimiryazev Agricultural AcademyMoscowRussia

Soil is an integral component of the global environmental system which supports the quality and diversity of terrestrial life on ***,it is vital to consider the processes and impacts of soil degradation on society,especially on the provision of environmental goods and services,including food security and climate change mitigation and *** societies devoted to soil science play significant roles in reducing soil degradation and promoting soil conservation by advancing scientificknowledge,education and environmental *** ESSC was founded on 4 November 1988,with the aims to:*** research on soil degradation,soil protection and soil and water *** a network for the exchange of knowledge about soil degradation processes and soil conservation research and *** publications on major issues relating to soil degradation and soil and water *** regulators and policy-makers on soil issues,especially soil degradation,protection and *** societal challenges that can be addressed through better soil protection,advancing knowledge and scientific approaches to soil protection and sustainable management,mean the ESSC embraces the on-going development,application,review and constructive criticism of highly innovative scientific soil conservation methods,In this context,the ESSC analyses and publicizes the roles and functions of soil in natural and human-modified systems and the functional optimization of soils to ensure sustainable environmental protection.'The thin layer of soil that forms a patchy covering over the continents controls our awn existence and that of every other animal of the land' (Rachel Carson (1962) in'Silent Spring).

关键词： Soil degradation Soil education Soil functions Soil health Soil knowledge

Climate Change Predictions of Increased Watershed Flow in Atlantic Canada: Implications for Surface Water Vulnerability and Ameliorative land Use Planning and Management

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2019年第9期7卷 162-176页

作者： Robert L. France Peter W. Aitchison department of Plant Food and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Agriculture Dalhousie University Truro Canada Deceased Department of Applied Mathematics 424 University Centre University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada

Essential for comprehensive and sustainable watershed management is the need to understand interactions between climate change predictions and landuse modifications in concert on ecohydrology. The Atlantic Canada region is expected to experience elevated rainfall due to climate change over the next century. We undertook a predictive modeling study of a watershed in rural Nova Scotia, Thomas Brook, to investigate the potential of riparian reforestation to mitigate the deleterious environmental effects projected to occur from future climate change. A Watershed Analysis Risk Management Framework (WARMF) model was used to predict increased watershed flows using data from projections of the Canadian Regional Climate Change Model. The cold climate-validated WARMF model, which has been used previously to simulate surface flow hydrology in many agricultural and mixed-use landscapes, was found to predict increases of 9% to 25% in flow for the Thomas Brook watershed throughout the rest of the century. A spatial, exposure-based model, used previously in several studies, was adopted for assessing changes in surface water vulnerability based on GIS land-use and landscape topography estimates of nutrient loading, sedimentation, runoff, wetland loss, and stream geomorphology. This model indicated that increases in drainage intensity and drainage sensitivity expected through the climate change WARMF model resulted in greater proportions (from 5% to 27%) of the Thomas Brook watershed area being classified as “High vulnerability” for impacting surface water quality. In terms of land use planning, implementation of runoff and nutrient entrapment techniques through low impact development may need to become increasingly required in order to maintain aquatic health. In terms of land-use management, empirically increasing the width of riparian forest buffers was projected to reduce the predicted areal extent of “High vulnerability”. However, widths of 90 m would be required in order to ac

关键词： Climate Change Riparian forests Watershed Flow Water Vulnerability

Improving Forest Soil Health and Ecosystem services to Minimize the Impact of Climate Change

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Agricultural Sciences 2023年第9期14卷 1153-1168页

作者： Michael Aide Indi Braden Shakirah Nakasagga Sven Svenson department of Agriculture Southeast Missouri State University Cape Girardeau Missouri

The presence of increasing quantities of greenhouse gases is fostering climate change. This review chronicles the emerging research addressing the role of soil to sequester carbon across biomes, understand the soil mechanisms responsible for soil carbon preservation and indicate the need to estimate the intensity for site-specific carbon sequestration. To negate the continuing increase of atmospheric greenhouse gases requires using well-documented soil pathways to sequester carbon. For deciduous forests, emerging concepts center around two approaches: 1) increasing the ecosystem’s net primary productivity coupled with increasing the carbon supply into soil using appropriate land management practices, and 2) supporting soil processes that increase soil carbon retention. New perspectives suggest that soil carbon may be preferentially preserved because organic materials are adsorbed onto phyllosilicates and oxyhydroxides and subsequently protected from microbial degradation because of soil structure improvement. Thus, augmenting soil structure may promote soil organic matter persistence. Each soil has a soil carbon carrying capacity;however, soil survey databases infer that soil organic matter concentrations have a significant variance at the soil series level. The need exists for more precise estimates of the soil’s carbon carrying capacity at the pedon level to support land management practices that encourage land management options designed to preserve soil carbon. However, the complexity of the soil system may limit its usefulness for routine soil management decisions. Our modern understanding of soil carbon preservation processes and emerging soil carbon saturation deficit concepts may potentially improve decision support tools for managing soils for carbon sequestration.

关键词： Soil Carbon Afforestation land Management Climate Change Nature-Based Solutions

Mechanization and efficiency in rice production in China

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2021年第7期20卷 1996-2008页

作者： SHI Min Krishna P.PAUDEL CHEN Feng-bo College of Economics&Management South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou 510642P.R.China department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Louisiana State University(LSU)and LSU Agricultural CenterBaton RougeLouisiana 70803USA

Agricultural mechanization and custom machine services have developed rapidly in China,which can influence rice production efficiency in the *** calculate technical efficiency,allocative efficiency,and scale efficiency using data collected in 2015 from a face-to-face interview survey of 450 households that cultivated 3096 plots located in the five major rice-producing provinces of *** use a one-step stochastic frontier model to calculate technical efficiency and regress the efficiency scores on socio-demographic and physical land characteristics to find the influencing *** influencing technical efficiency are compared at three different phases of rice *** also calculate technical efficiency by using the Heckman Selection Model,which addresses technological heterogeneity and self-selection *** indicate that:(1)the average value of technical efficiency using a one-step stochastic frontier model was found to be *** self-selection bias is accounted for using the Heckman Selection Model,the average value of the technical efficiency increases to 0.80;(2)mechanization at the chemical application phase has a positive effect on technical efficiency,but mechanization does not affect efficiency at the plowing and harvesting phases;(3)machines are overused relative to both land and labor,and high machine input use on the small size of landholding has resulted in allocative inefficiency;(4)rice farmers are overwhelmingly operating at a sub-optimal *** policies should focus on encouraging farmland transfer in rural areas to achieve scale efficiency and allocative efficiency while promoting mechanization at the chemical application phase of rice cultivation to improve technical efficiency.

关键词： technical efficiency allocative efficiency scale efficiency rice farmers stochastic frontier function

Forest land use discontinuity and northern red oak Quercus rubra introduction change biomass allocation and life strategy of lingonberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea

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Forest Ecosystems 2021年第1期8卷 109-123页

作者： Beata Woziwoda Marcin K.Dyderski Andrzej M.Jagodziński Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection Department of Geobotany and Plant EcologyUniversity of LodzBanacha 12/16PL-90-237ŁódźPoland Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of SciencesParkowa 5PL-62-035 KórnikPoland

Background:Multi-purpose use of forests in a sustainable way forces a recognition of how introduction of alien woody species in forests with different land use histories affect native plants other than *** Vaccinium vitis-idaea is an important understory component of temperate and boreal forests and provider of valuable non-wood forest *** we studied effects of land use changes and introduction of Northern red oak Quercus rubra on lingonberry in mesic Scots pine forests(in central Poland).We measured lingonberry cover,height of shoots,biomass of stems and leaves,and fruit *** were collected within 200 research plots located in recent and ancient Scots pine forests,with and without ***:We found that ***-idaea reached lower cover,aboveground biomass and fruit production in recent than ancient forests and in forests with than without *** fruit production in recent pine forest was only 2%of that reported in ancient pine forest,and ***-idaea did not reproduce generatively in forests with *** and carbon sequestration of ***-idaea in forests with alien(invasive)trees decreased by 75%compared to ancient pine *** were also clear at the individual shoot level–in less suitable conditions we found taller heights and higher biomass allocation into stems than *** allocation in fruiting and non-fruiting shoots in pine forests was also different–less of the dry biomass of fruiting shoots was allocated to leaves than to ***:In the age of high interest in ecosystem services and discussions about usage of alien tree species as alternatives in forest management,our results clearly indicate disruption of ecosystem services provided by *** in the presence of *** benefited from the continuity of forest land use,however,regardless of land-use legacy,alien tree introduction led to decline in abundance of species crucial for ecosystem functioning.T

关键词： Ancient and recent forest Understory biomass Ecosystem services Invasive tree Lingonberry Non wood forest products Red oak introduction Scots pine monoculture

Evaluating Climate Change Effects on Natural Resources Using Remote Sensing Technologies： A Case of Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve, Kisarawe in Tanzania

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(B) 2017年第8期6卷 425-430页

作者： Martine Hagai department of Geospatial Science and Technology Ardhi University Dares Salaam 35176 Tanzani

Poor countries are prone to climate change effects due to lack of mechanisms to mitigation. As such, they are most vulnerable to effects of climate changes which are floods, drought, deforestation, environmental degradation and so on. Many of affected communities particularly in rural areas and urban poor have resorted to migration to viable agricultural lands and urban areas increasing pressure on available social services. This situation has led to depletion of natural resources in the fringes of the cities in search for shelter, food, water, energy etc.. Dares Salaam city is highly prone to environmental degradation by being highly populated and closer to the Kazimzumbwi Forest National Reserve, which has been a resource of logging at the guise of sustainable livelihood of Dares Salaam city residents. This paper is reporting on a study undertaken in ENVI ＆ ARCGIS software environment to evaluate the extent of environmental degradation in the forest reserve for the period of 16 years i.e. 1995-201 l, firstly, for purpose of informing policy makers and administrators to determine the extent of the problem and secondly to provide evidence for development of effective mitigation measures. Results revealed a considerable environmental degradation within the forest reserve over the study period. This was attested by a decrease of forests by 42%, grass land, as well as increase of bare land and grass land by 26% and 42% respectively. This is a testimony that there was a significant environmental degradation and loss of natural resources during the study period which should be addressed by relevant authorities.

关键词： Climate change environmental degradation image classification change detection.

Providing Biodiversity and Ecosystem services through Common Pool Resource Management as Hybrid Institution: On Eco-Net Advances and Payments for ESS in Cultural landscapes

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Natural Resources 2017年第7期8卷 478-512页

作者： Ernst-August Nuppenau department of Agricultural Policy and Market Analysis Justus-Liebig-University Giessen Germany

In many rural areas the management of natural resources is confronted with the tragedy of the common problem;not only historically but also in modern times. Especially where biodiversity loss appears and ecosystem services (ESS) decline, the lack of public management might be related to inappropriate institutional setups. Two distinct directions of thought prevail on the subject. On one hand, proponents of property rights and minimal state intervention eagerly analyse the feat of modern institutions and view private property and payments for ecosystem services (PES) as solution. On the other hand, common pool resource management (CPM) has regained interest because nature is not a straight commodity and cooperation in ESS provision is needed (partly also to facilitate PES). In this paper, the two aspects are combined in a hybrid institution. We suggest a new way of approaching institutional questions in ESS provision as synthesis of private and publically controlled ESS provision. It is contemplated as ESS governance of local eco-nets given the potential for inclusion of public management. In principle, the result is a controlled framework of land sharing between farm land (private ownership) and communally managed?land (public ownership). Some land is devoted to hedges, wetlands, etc. land is an immobile resource and can be used for EESs based on planned species prevalence, whereas communities compete also for labour which can move (or not). Governance is acting in competing constituencies and is a mean to control the regulating entities (public ESS management). At a meta-level we combine the need for public management with advantages of a competitive neo-classical framework. This contribution to CPM investigates a model of a group whose well-being is based on ESS provision in a cultural landscape. By statutory regulations, land (field margins), is ex-tracted from farms for ESS;in particular a leader (called reeve) guides farmers. Two institutions are compared: (1)

关键词： Common Property Management Competition between Communities ESS Regulations