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IDS-INT:Intrusion detection system using transformer-based transfer learning for imbalanced network traffic

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Digital Communications and Networks 2024年第1期10卷 190-204页

作者： Farhan Ullah Shamsher Ullah Gautam Srivastava Jerry Chun-Wei Lin School of Software Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXian710072ShaanxiChina Knowledge Unit of Systems and Technology University of Management and TechnologySialkot 51040Pakistan department of math and Computer Science Brandon UniversityBrandonMB R7A 6A9Canada department of Computer Science and math Lebanese American UniversityBeirut1102Lebanon Western Norway University of Applied Sciences BergenNorway Research Centre for Interneural Computing China Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwanChina

A network intrusion detection system is critical for cyber security against llegitimate *** terms of feature perspectives,network traffic may include a variety of elements such as attack reference,attack type,a subcategory of attack,host information,malicious scripts,*** terms of network perspectives,network traffic may contain an imbalanced number of harmful attacks when compared to normal *** is challenging to identify a specific attack due to complex features and data imbalance *** address these issues,this paper proposes an Intrusion Detection System using transformer-based transfer learning for Imbalanced Network Traffic(IDS-INT).IDS-INT uses transformer-based transfer learning to learn feature interactions in both network feature representation and imbalanced ***,detailed information about each type of attack is gathered from network interaction descriptions,which include network nodes,attack type,reference,host information,***,the transformer-based transfer learning approach is developed to learn detailed feature representation using their semantic ***,the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique(SMOTE)is implemented to balance abnormal traffic and detect minority ***,the Convolution Neural Network(CNN)model is designed to extract deep features from the balanced network ***,the hybrid approach of the CNN-Long Short-Term Memory(CNN-LSTM)model is developed to detect different types of attacks from the deep *** experiments are conducted to test the proposed approach using three standard datasets,i.e.,UNsWNB15,CIC-IDS2017,and *** explainable AI approach is implemented to interpret the proposed method and develop a trustable model.

关键词： Network intrusion detection Transfer learning Features extraction Imbalance data Explainable AI Cybersecurity

A Procedure for Trisecting an Acute Angle (Method 2)

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Advances in Pure mathematics 2024年第4期14卷 204-213页

作者： Lyndon O. Barton department of math and Physics Delaware State University Dover USA

This paper presents an alternate graphical procedure (Method 2), to that presented in earlier publications entitled, “A Procedure for Trisecting an Acute Angle” and “A Key to Solving the Angle Trisection Problem”. The procedure, when applied to the 30˚ and 60˚ angles that have been “proven” to be nottrisectable and the 45˚ benchmark angle that is known to be trisectable, in each case produced a construction having an identical angular relationship with Archimedes’ Construction, as in Section 2 on THEORY of this paper, where the required trisection angle was found to be one-third of its respective angle (i.e. DE’MA = 1/3 DE’CG). For example, the trisection angle for the 30˚, 45˚ and 60˚ angles were 10.00000˚, 15.00000˚, and 20.00000˚, respectively, and Section 5 on PROOF in this paper. Therefore, based on this identical angular relationship and the numerical results (i.e. to five decimal places), which represent the highest degree of accuracy and precision attainable by The Geometer’s Sketch Pad software, one can only conclude that not only the geometric requirements for arriving at an exact trisection of the 30˚ and 60˚ angle (which have been “proven” to be not-trisectable) have been met, but also, the construction is valid for any arbitrary acute angle, despite theoretical proofs to the contrary by Wantzel, Dudley, and others.

关键词： Archimedes’ Construction College Geometry College mathematics Angle Trisection Famous Problems in mathematics Mechanism Analysis Geometer’s Sketch Pad

Black hole shadows in Einstein-Bel-Robinson gravity

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Chinese Physics C 2024年第5期48卷 272-283页

作者： B.Hamil B.C.Lütfüoğlu Laboratoire de Physique mathématique et Subatomique Facultédes Sciences ExactesUniversitéConstantine 1ConstantineAlgeria department of Physics University of Hradec KrálovéRokitanského 6250003 Hradec KrálovéCzechia

Gravity models given by higher-order scalar curvature corrections are believed to bear important consequences. Einstein-Bel-Robinson (EBR) gravity with quartic curvature modification motivated Sajadi et al. to explore static spherically symmetric black hole solutions using perturbative methods. In this study, inspired by their work, we investigate AdS black hole shadows in EBR gravity and demonstrate how the gravity parameter alters the energy emission rate. Finally, we address the same problem in the presence of plasma, because the black holes are thought to be surrounded by a medium that changes the geodesic of photons.

关键词： black hole shadows Einstein-Bel-Robinson gravity plasma

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Adjustments for Kurtosis and Continuity on the Prentice Test

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Advances in Pure mathematics 2024年第2期14卷 101-117页

作者： Lily Gebhart John Kolassa math department Occidental College Los Angeles USA department of Statistics University of New Jersey Piscataway USA

The test of Prentice [1] is a non-parametric statistical test for the two-way analysis of variance using ranks. The null distribution of this test typically is approximated using the Chi-square distribution. However, the exact null distribution deviates from the Chi-square approximation in certain cases commonly found in applications of the test, motivating adjustments to the distribution. This manuscript presents adjustments to this null distribution correcting for continuity, multivariate skewness, and multivariate kurtosis. The effects of alternative scoring methods as non-polynomial functions of rank sums are also presented as a broader application of the approximation.

关键词： Friedman Test Prentice Test Edgeworth Approximation

The inhomogeneous incompressible Hall-MHD system with only bounded density

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Science China mathematics 2024年

作者： Jin Tan Lan Zhang Laboratoire de math′ematiques AGM UMR CNRS 8088 Cergy Paris Universit′e Center for mathematical Sciences and department of mathematics Wuhan University of Technology

This paper is dedicated to the global-in-time existence and uniqueness issues of solutions for the inhomogeneous incompressible Hall-magnetohydrodynamics(MHD) system with merely bounded density. In a three-dimensional case, assuming that the initial density is a small perturbation of a positive constant in the L∞norm, we prove global well-posedness for small initial velocity and magnetic fields in critical Besov spaces. Next, we consider the so-called 21/2D flows for the inhomogeneous Hall-MHD system(that is 3D flows independent of the vertical variable) and establish the global existence of strong solutions by only assuming that the initial magnetic field is small in critical spaces and the initial density is bounded and bounded away from zero. In particular, those solutions allow piecewise constant density with jumps so that a mixture of fluids can be considered. Compared with inhomogeneous incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, the new difficulties of proving these results come from the additional so-called Hall term, which endows the magnetic equation with a quasi-linear character. In order to overcome them, we reformulate the system by taking advantage of the curl form of the magnetic equation and develop some new maximal regularity estimates for the Stokes system with just bounded coefficients.

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Arrhythmia Detection by Using Chaos Theory with Machine Learning Algorithms

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第6期79卷 3855-3875页

作者： Maie Aboghazalah Passent El-kafrawy Abdelmoty M.Ahmed Rasha Elnemr Belgacem Bouallegue Ayman El-sayed math and Computer Science department Faculty of ScienceMenoufia UniversityShebin El-komEgypt College of Engineering Computer Science DepartmentEffat UniversityJeddahKingdom of Saudi Arabia department of Computer Engineering College of Computer ScienceKing Khalid UniversityAbha61421Saudi Arabia Computer Science and Engineering department Faculty of Electronic EngineeringMenoufia UniversityShebin El-komEgypt Climate Change Information Center and Expert Systems Agriculture Research CenterGizaEgypt

Heart monitoring improves life ***(ECGs or EKGs)detect heart *** learning algorithms can create a few ECG diagnosis processing *** first method uses raw ECG and time-series *** second method classifies the ECG by patient *** third technique translates ECG impulses into Q waves,R waves and S waves(QRS)features using richer *** ECG signals vary naturally between humans and activities,we will combine the three feature selection methods to improve classification accuracy and *** using all three approaches have not been examined till *** researchers found that Machine Learning(ML)techniques can improve ECG *** study will compare popular machine learning techniques to evaluate ECG *** algorithms—Support Vector Machine(SVM),Decision Tree,Naive Bayes,and Neural Network—compare categorization *** plus prior knowledge has the highest accuracy(99%)of the four ML *** characteristics failed to identify signals without chaos *** 99.8%classification accuracy,the Decision Tree technique outperformed all previous experiments.

关键词： ECG extraction ECG leads time series prior knowledge and arrhythmia chaos theory QRS complex analysis machine learning ECG classification

Construction of Simple Modules over the Quantum Affine Space

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Algebra Colloquium 2024年第1期31卷 1-10页

作者： Snehashis Mukherjee Sanu Bera School of mathematical Sciences Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute Belur math HowrahWest Bengal 711202India

The coordinate ring O_(q)(K^(n))of quantum affine space is the K-algebra presented by generators x_(1),...,x_(n) and relations x_(i)x_(j)=q_(ij)a_(j)a_(i) for all i,*** construct simple O_(q)(K^(n))-modules in a more general setting where the parameters qij lie in a torsion subgroup of K^(*)and show that analogous results hold as in the uniparameter case.

关键词： simple module quantum affine space quantum torus polynomial identity algebra

An Improved Method for Calculating Paleoheat Flow from Vitrinite Reflectance Profiles

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Journal of China University of Geosciences 2001年第4期12卷 337-342页

作者： Tang Zhonghua department of math & stats, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, W A 6845, Australia Engineering Faculty , China University of Geosciences , Wuhan 430074 Wu Yonghong department of math & stats, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, W department of math & stats Curtin University of Technology Perth W A 6845 Australia Engineering Faculty China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 department of math & stats Curtin University of Technology Perth W A 6845 Australia department of math & stats Curtin University of Technology Perth W A 6845 Australia Faculty of Earth Resources China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074

Based on the models developed by Lerche et al. (1984) and Pang et al. (1993), an improved model for calculating paleoheat flow into basins is investigated. The new model is an optimization problem with the state variables governed by a thermal conduction equation. A genetic algorithm is used to solve the highly nonlinear optimization problem. As an application, the model is applied to the research into the history of heat flow in the Pearl River Mouth basin located in the South China Sea. The numerical analysis shows that the simulation results are in good agreement with the measured data and indicates that the basin may have undergone three rifting and thermal events. It is also demonstrated that a high R0 gradient reflects a response to high paleoheat flow during the early, rapid subsidence stage, while a low R0 gradient is a result of the thermal decay during the thermal subsidence because of thermal contraction of a cooling lithosphere.

关键词： genetic algorithms paleoheat flow vitrinite reflectance.

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A critical literature review of security and privacy in smart home healthcare schemes adopting IoT & blockchain: Problems, challenges and solutions

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BLOCKCHAIN-RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS 2024年第2期5卷 13-61页

作者： Popoola, Olusogo Rodrigues, Marcos Marchang, Jims Shenfield, Alex Ikpehai, Augustine Popoola, Jumoke Sheffield Hallam Univ Dept Comp Sheffield S1 1WB England Sheffield Hallam Univ Dept Engn & Math Sheffield S1 1WB England

Protecting private data in smart homes, a popular Internet-of-Things (IoT) application, remains a significant data security and privacy challenge due to the large-scale development and distributed nature of IoT networks. Recently, smart healthcare has leveraged smart home systems, thereby compounding security concerns in terms of the confidentiality of sensitive and private data and by extension the privacy of the data owner. However, proof-of-authority (PoA)-based blockchain distributed ledger technology (DLT) has emerged as a promising solution for protecting private data from indiscriminate use and thereby preserving the privacy of individuals residing in IoT-enabled smart homes. This review elicits some concerns, issues, and problems that have hindered the adoption of blockchain and IoT (BCoT) in some domains and suggests requisite solutions using the aging-in- place scenario. Implementation issues with BCoT were examined as well as the combined challenges BCoT can pose when utilised for security gains. The study discusses recent findings, opportunities, and barriers, and provides recommendations that could facilitate the continuous growth of blockchain applications in healthcare. Lastly, the study explored the potential of using a PoA-based permission blockchain with an applicable consent- based privacy model for decision-making in the information disclosure process, including the use of publisher- subscriber contracts for fine-grained access control to ensure secure data processing and sharing, as well as ethical trust in personal information disclosure, as a solution direction. The proposed authorisation framework could guarantee data ownership, conditional access management, scalable and tamper-proof data storage, and a more resilient system against threat models such as interception and insider attacks.

关键词： IoT Smart home healthcare PoA-based permissioned blockchain Authorisation framework Fine-grained access control Interception Privacy model Consent ACCESS-CONTROL INTERNET FRAMEWORK SYSTEMS MODEL