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Identification and Functional Analysis of Three MAX2 Orthologs in Chrysanthemum

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2013年第5期55卷 434-442页

作者： Lili Dong Abdurazak Ishak Jing Yu Ruiyan Zhao Liangjun Zhao department of Ornamental Horticulture and landscape Architecture China Agricultural University

MORE AXILLARY BRANCHING 2 （MAX2）, initially identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, is a key regulatory gene in strigolactone signal transduction. Three orthologs of MAX2 were cloned from Dendranthema grandiflorum （DgMAX2a, b, and c）. Each of the genes has an open reading frame of 2,049 bp and encodes 682 amino acid proteins. The predicted amino acid sequences of the three DgMAX2s are most closely related to the MAX2 orthologs identified in petunia （PhMAX2A and PhMAX2B）, and display the highest amino acid sequence similarity with PhMAX2A compared to other MAX2s. Expression analysis revealed that DgMAX2s are predominantly expressed in the stem and axillary buds. On a cellular level, we localized the DgMAX2a：：GFP fusion protein to the nucleus in onion epidermal cells, which is consistent with the nuclear localization of MAX2 in Arabidopsis. The chrysanthemum DgMAX2a is able to restore the max2–1 mutant branching to wild-type （WT） Arabidopsis, suggesting that it is a functional MAX2 ortholog. These results suggest that DgMAX2s may be candidate genes for reducing the shoot branching of chrysanthemum.

关键词： Arabidopsis DgMAX2 chrysanthemum nuclear localized shoot branching.

Rank-size Distributions of Chinese Cities: Macro and Micro Patterns

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Chinese Geographical Science 2016年第5期26卷 577-588页

作者： LI Shujuan department of landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning Utah State University

A large number of studies have been conducted to find a better fit for city rank-size distributions in different countries. Many theoretical curves have been proposed, but no consensus has been reached. This study argues for the importance of examining city rank-size distribution across different city size scales. In addition to focusing on macro patterns, this study examines the micro patterns of city rank-size distributions in China. A moving window method is developed to detect rank-size distributions of cities in different sizes incrementally. The results show that micro patterns of the actual city rank-size distributions in China are much more complex than those suggested by the three theoretical distributions examined(Pareto, quadratic, and q-exponential distributions). City size distributions present persistent discontinuities. Large cities are more evenly distributed than small cities and than that predicted by Zipf′s law. In addition, the trend is becoming more pronounced over time. Medium-sized cities became evenly distributed first and then unevenly distributed thereafter. The rank-size distributions of small cities are relatively consistent. While the three theoretical distributions examined in this study all have the ability to detect the overall dynamics of city rank-size distributions, the actual macro distribution may be composed of a combination of the three theoretical distributions.

关键词： Pareto's law city rank-size moving window China

Occurrence of an endangered grassland butterfly is mainly driven by habitat heterogeneity,food availability,and microclimate

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Insect Science 2022年第4期29卷 1211-1225页

作者： Gwydion Scherer Thomas Fartmann department of Biodiversity and landscape Ecology University of OsnabrückOsnabrückGermany Institute of Biodiversity and landscape Ecology(IBL) MünsterGermany

The Marsh Fritillary(Euphydryas aurinia)was once widespread in large parts of Central ***,in the course of the last century,populations of the butterfly largely ***,we surveyed patch and microhabitat occupancy and its drivers in one of the last vital populations in calcareous *** study revealed that environmental conditions at the landscape and habitat level determined the occurrence of *** in a montane agricultural landscape with low land-use *** occupancy increased with the cover of Devil's-bit Scabious(Succisa pratensis)grasslands in the surroundings of the patches,habitat heterogeneity and host-plant *** occupancy was driven by a warm microclimate and high availability of host *** the well-connected landscape of nutrient-poor grasslands,patch occupancy of *** was driven by parameters defining a high habitat *** heterogeneity very likely buffers *** populations against environmental stochasticity and,hence,enhances long-term *** the gregariously feeding caterpillars of ***,host-plant biomass is *** to their more luxuriant growth,*** plants were clearly preferred,although the Glossy Scabious(Scabiosa lucida)was also ***,the growth of large Succisa plants was favored by soil humidity and grassland *** cope with the adverse macro-and mesoclimatic conditions of the study area,females of the butterfly selected host plants growing in extraordinarily warm microhabitats for *** secure long-term viability of *** populations,we recommend creating mosaics of traditionally managed grasslands and early stages of abandonment within the patches.

关键词： agricultural landscape calcarcous grassland hay meadow host-plant abundance land-use change traditional management

CASE STUDY AND SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF Bo01,MALMÖ,SWEDEN

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Journal of Green Building 2013年第3期8卷 34-50页

作者： Gary Austin University of Idaho Department of Landscape Architecture

INTRODUCTION The Bo01 high-density mixed-use development in Malmö,Sweden,was based on innovative planning procedures and products.A very broad definition of sustainability required new approaches in collaboration by the city,developers,planners,and *** outcomes of the project included outstanding aesthetics in the plan and the individual elements,as well as spaces that foster social interactions at the city,neighborhood,and block scales.A density of 26 residential dwelling units per gross acre balances the 50%open space *** planning for energy,water,and waste systems resulted in significant improvements,especially in energy production(100%is from renewable sources)and solid waste management.A wind turbine provides most of the electricity while a district-wide system supplied by a geothermal storage network provides almost all of the heating and cooling resources.

关键词： Bo01 sustainable development mixed-use urban housing Malmö brownfield development

Many public urban parks, but who profits from them? The example of Tabriz, Iran

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Ecological Processes 2015年第1期4卷 72-86页

作者： Jürgen Breuste Akbar Rahimi Research Group for Urban and landscape Ecology Department of Geography and GeologyUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria department of landscape Engineering University of TabrizBolvare 29 BahmanTabrizIran

Introduction:Public urban parks are accessible to everyone in a *** time people need to reach a public park influences the accessibility of the *** far away from home are less accessible because of time to spend to reach them than those in the *** green urban infrastructure aims to provide different types of parks(by size and structure)to all urban *** network of parks should allow all inhabitants to have access to parks within close proximity to their ***:This paper aims to investigate the accessibility of parks as related to the social status of the *** was investigated using the example of a clearly socially stratified city(Tabriz,Iran),in which a part of the urban society(by total number and social status)has better or worse access to urban *** example of urban parks shows which services are supplied on site and who the potential users are within an accessible *** services are qualified by structural park indicators and quantified by the quantity of these *** distances are calculated on the basis of the size of the *** distance circles around the parks indicate from where most of the users are coming,depending on park category.A quantification of population as related to potential users by social status in different distances to the parks shows the accessibility of parks for different quantities of inhabitants and different social *** classification of social status(high,middle,and low)was carried out by General Census of statistical center in 2005,informal settlement project data,statistical blocks data,land price in Tabriz municipality,and master and detailed plan ***:Many households do not enjoy government recommended levels of access to public green spaces in Tabriz,and the results highlight the social segregation in park distribution and their ***:The best parks are located in the high social status areas,and the acce

关键词： Ecological services Urban parks Social status Park accessibility

Traditional grazing management creates heterogeneous swards and fosters grasshopper densities

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Insect Science 2022年第6期29卷 1805-1818页

作者： Cinja Schwarz Thomas Fartmann department of Biodiversity and landscape Ecology Faculty of Biology and ChemistryOsnabruck UniversityOsnabruckGermany

Common pastures were once the dominant type of land use in many Euro-pean ***,during the past 150 years,they have declined *** studies have shown that they are hotspots for rare plant,butterfly,and bird species in the study area,the Bavarian pre-Alps(southern Germany).However,studies on the value of these pastures for Orthoptera(hereinafter termed"grasshoppers")have been ***,we studied the effects of traditional summer grazing in common pastures on grasshopper *** study revealed that grasshopper species richness did not differ between common pastures(n=57)and controls(n=57).By contrast,density of all and of threat-ened species varied between common pastures and controls in all plots and within the two vegetation types with the highest grasshopper abundance,grasslands on mineral soil and *** threatened species,Pseudochorthippus montanus and Stethophyma grossum,were identified as indicators for common pastures;controls had no indicative *** low-intensity grazing in common pastures has resulted in open and heteroge-neous swards with some bare ground,a low cover of litter and an intermediate vegetation height favouring high densities of grasshopper species in general and threatened species in *** is especially true for the two most productive vegetation types,grasslands on mineral soil and *** promote biodiversity in general and grasshopper densities in particular,we recommend maintaining traditional cattle grazing(stocking capacities:0.5-2.0 livestock units/ha)in common *** possible,this grazing regime should also be introduced in the surrounding landscape.

关键词： biodiversity conservation common pasture habitat heterogeneity insect abundance land-usechange mire ecosystem

DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF BIORETENTION BEDS FOR REMOVAL OF STORMWATER CONTAMINANTS

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Journal of Green Building 2012年第1期7卷 17-27页

作者： Gary Austin department of landscape Architecture at the University of Idaho

Bioretention basins hold a volume of water that is filtered through sandy soil and allowed to infiltrate into the subsoil or drained to an outlet(Figure 1).Originally,bioretention basins were intended as a site-scale tool to improve the quality of urban stormwater runoff,but they have a demonstrated impact on reduction of runoff volume and time of ***,the design of basins are complicated by a range of possible *** groundwater,improving runoff water quality to maintain or restore aquatic ecosystem health,reducing peak storm flows,extending time of concentration,and reducing runoff volume to prevent channel erosion and sedimentation are all possible goal *** a few states have guidelines or regulations for bioretention ***,some existing state design requirements do not reflect the range of goals or the research demonstrating the design and performance of bioretention *** example,the Idaho department of Environmental Quality recommendations were published in 2005 but based information from 1993(IDEQ,2005).The first section below considers the original purpose-pollutant removal.

关键词： rain garden bioretention stormwater treatment water quality infiltration bed

Optimal design of vegetation in residential district with numerical simulation and field experiment

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Journal of Central South University 2012年第3期19卷 688-695页

作者：洪波林波荣王冰李树华 department of Ornamental Horticulture and landscape Architecture China Agricultural University School of Architecture Tsinghua University

Vegetation plays a key role in improving wind environment of residential districts,and is helpful for creating a comfortable and beautiful living *** optimal design of vegetation for wind environment improvement in winter was investigated by carrying out field experiments in Heqingyuan residential area in Beijing,and after that,numerical simulation with SPOTE(simulation platform for outdoor thermal environment) experiments for outdoor thermal environment of vegetation was adopted for *** conclusions were summarized as follows:1) By comparing the experimental data with simulation results,it could be concluded that the wind field simulated was consistent with the actual wind field,and the flow distribution impacted by vegetation could be accurately reflected;2) The wind velocity with vegetation was lower than that without vegetation,and the wind velocity was reduced by 46%;3) By adjusting arrangement and types of vegetation in the regions with excessively large wind velocity,the pedestrian-level wind velocity could be obviously improved through the simulation and comparison.

关键词： wind environment simulation platform for outdoor thermal environment (SPOTE) field experiment optimal design of vegetation simulation

Predicting the impacts of climate change on nonpoint source pollutant loads from agricultural small watershed using artificial neural network

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2010年第6期22卷 840-845页

作者： Eunjeong Lee Chounghyun Seong Hakkwan Kim Seungwoo Park Moonseong Kang department of landscape Architecture and Rural Systems Engineering Research Institute for Agricultural & Life Sciences Seoul National University

This study described the development and validation of an artificial neural network （ANN） for the purpose of analyzing the effects of climate change on nonpoint source （NPS） pollutant loads from agricultural small watershed. The runoff discharge was estimated using ANN algorithm. The performance of ANN model was examined using observed data from study watershed. The simulation results agreed well with observed values during calibration and validation periods. NPS pollutant loads were calculated from load-discharge relationship driven by long-term monitoring data. LARS-WG （Long Ashton Research Station-Weather Generator） model was used to generate rainfall data. The calibrated ANN model and load-discharge relationship with the generated data from LARS-WG were applied to analyze the effects of climate change on NPS pollutant loads from the agricultural small watershed. The results showed that the ANN model provided valuable approach in estimating future runoff discharge, and the NPS pollutant loads.

关键词： artificial neural network climate change LARS-WG nonpoint source pollution runoff