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Utilizing Water Treatment Residuals to Reduce Phosphorus Runoff from Biosolids

Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(A) 2013年第7期2卷 405-417页

作者： Jason Peter de Koff Philip Alderson Moore Jr Rodney Dale Williams Randy Young Peter JohnAmadeus Kleinman department of Agricultural Sciences Tennessee State University Nashville TN 37209 USA Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit United States Department of Agriculture~Agricultural Research ServiceFayetteville AR 72701 USA department of Civil Engineering University of Arkansas Fayetteville AR 72701 USA Arkansas Natural Resource Commission Little Rock AR 72201 USA Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit United States Department of Agriculture~ Agricultural ResearchService University Park PA 16802 USA

Approximately 40% of biosolids （sewage sludge） produced in the U.S. are incinerated or landfilled rather than land applied due to concern over non-point source P （phosphorus） runoff. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of chemical amendments on WEP （water-extractable phosphorus） in applied treatments and DRP （dissolved reactive phosphorus） in runoff from biosolids-amended soils. Rainfall simulations were conducted in 2006 on field plots fertilized with biosolids that had been treated with alum [（A12804）3＂ 14H20], ferric chloride （FeC13） or an alum-based WTR （water treatment residual） at a rate of 20% （wt/wt） to reduce DRP in runoff. In 2007, rainfall simulations were conducted using WTR/biosolid blends of 15% and 30% （wt/wt） that were allowed to incubate for three weeks prior to application. Cumulative DRP runoff load observed for the 20% WTR treatment was not significantly different from other chemical treatments and resulted in a 45% reduction in DRP runoff as compared to the untreated biosolids application. Cumulative DRP runoff load in 2007 for the 15% and 30% WTR treatments resulted in significantly lower DRP loads compared to untreated biosolids and led to DRP runoff load reductions of 78% and 85% （compared to the untreated biosolids application）, respectively.

关键词： Biosolids sewage sludge phosphorus runoff water treatment residuals land application rainfall simulation,amendment.

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Seasonal Vegetation Changes in the Malinda Wetland Using Bi-Temporal, Multi-Sensor, Very High Resolution Remote Sensing Data Sets

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Advances in Remote Sensing 2014年第1期3卷 33-48页

作者： David N. Kuria Gunter Menz Salome Misana Emiliana Mwita Hans-Peter Thamm Miguel Alvarez Neema Mogha Mathias Becker Helida Oyieke department of geography Dar es Salaam University College of Technology Dar es Salaam Tanzania department of geography Free University Berlin Malteserstr Germany department of geography University of Bonn Meckenheimer Allee Bonn Germany department of geography University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation University of Bonn Katzenburgweg Germany Institute of geomatics GIS & Remote Sensing Dedan Kimathi University of Technology Nyeri Kenya National Museums of Kenya Nairobi Kenya

Small wetlands in East Africa have grown in prominence driven by the unreliable and diminished rains and the increasing population pressure. Due to their size (less than 500 Ha), these wetlands have not been studied extensively using satellite remote sensing approaches. High spatial resolution remote sensing approaches overcome this limitation allowing detailed inventorying and research on such small wetlands. For understanding the seasonal variations in land cover within the Malinda Wetland in Tanzania (350 Ha), two periods were considered, May 2012 coinciding with the wet period (rainy season) and August 2012 coinciding with a fairly rain depressed period (substantially dry but generally cooler season). The wetland was studied using very high spatial resolution orthophotos derived from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photography fused with TerraSAR-X Spotlight mode dual polarized radar data. Using these fused datasets, five main classes were identified that were used to firstly delineate seasonal changes in land use activities and secondly used in determining phenology changes. Combining fuzzy maximum likelihood classification, knowledge classifier and Change Vector Analysis (CVA), land cover classification was undertaken for both seasons. From the results, manifold anthropogenic activities are taking place between the seasons as evidenced by the high conversion rates (63.01 Ha). The phenological change was also highest within the human influence class due to the growing process of cropped land (26.60 Ha). Much of the changes in both cover and phenology are occurring in the mid upper portion of the wetland, attributed to the presence of springs in this portion of the wetland along the banks of River Mkomazi. There is thus seasonality in the observed anthropogenic influence between the wetland and its periphery.

关键词： Image Fusion land Cover Classification Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Change Vector Analysis land Cover Change Vegetation Phenology

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Flash Floods and Groundwater Recharge Potentials in Arid land Alluvial Basins, Southern Red Sea Coast, Egypt

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International Journal of geosciences 2014年第9期5卷 971-982页

作者： F. Abdalla I. El Shamy A. O. Bamousa A. Mansour A. Mohamed M. Tahoon 1geology department Faculty of Science South Valley University Qena Egypt 2King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency Red Sea Branch Hurgada Egypt geology department Faculty of Science Helwan University Cairo Egypt geology department Faculty of Science South Valley University Qena Egypt geology department Faculty of Science Taibah University Madinah Saudi Arabia Marine Science Institute Hurgada Branch Hurgada Egypt

Flash flooding is one of the periodic geohazards in the southern Red Sea Coast. However, their freshwaters are the main source of recharging alluvial and fractured aquifers. This paper presents hydrological and geomorphologic classification of Wadi El-Gemal, Wadi Umm El-Abas, Wadi Abu Ghuson and Wadi Lahmi, along the southeastern Red Sea Coast in Egypt. The main goal is to find a relationship of flash floods and groundwater recharge potentials. Satellite imageries and topographic data were analysed via remote sensing and GIS techniques. The main four valleys’ orders range from six to seven. Wadi El-Gemal was the main focus of this study;it is characterized by high stream frequency, low stream density and coarse texture, reflecting influence of highly fractured Precambrian rocks. Most of the wadis have umbrella-shaped catchment areas, due to the influence of NW-SE Najd Fault System and late E-W strike-slip faults. The main wadis were divided into 45 sub-basins. 14 of the studied sub-basins flow into Wadi El-Gemal, 7 flow into Wadi Umm El-Abas, 10 are in Abu Ghuson, and rest of the basins flow into WadiLahmi. A conceptual model was used in this study, showing that most of the sub-basins have high flash flooding and low groundwater recharge potentials. However, only two sub-basins have low potential of flooding and high potential of groundwater recharge, whereas few sub-basins have moderate potential of groundwater recharge as well as flooding. For flash floods beneficiation and mitigation, construction of multifunctional embankment dams is imminent.

关键词： Flash Floods Wadi El-Gemal Groundwater Recharge GIS Red Sea Coast Egypt

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Comparison and Prediction of the above Ground Carbon Storage in Croplands on the Inhabited Slopes on Mount Kilimanjaro (Tanzania) and the Taita Hills (Kenya)

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Journal of geographic Information System 2018年第4期10卷 415-438页

作者： Odeny Dickens Karanja Faith Mwachala geoffrey Pellikka Petri Marchant Rob Center of Biodiversity National Museums of Keny Nairobi Kenya department of geospatial and Space Technology The University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Earth Change Observation Laboratory Department of Geosciences and Geography University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland York Institute for Tropical Ecosystems (KITE) Environment Department University of York York UK

Mount Kilimanjaro and the Taita Hills are adjacent montane areas that experience similar climate and agricultural activity, but which differ in their geologic history, nature of elevation gradients and cultures. We assessed differences in cropland above ground carbon (AGC) between the two sites and against environmental variables. One hectare sampling plots were randomly distributed along elevational gradients stratified by cropland type;AGC was derived from all trees with diameter ≥ 10 cm at breast height in each plot. Predictor variables were physical and edaphic variables and human population. A generalized linear model was used for predicting AGC with AIC used for ranking models. AGC was spatially upscaled in 2 km buffer and visually compared. Kilimanjaro has higher AGC in cropped and agroforestry areas than the Taita Hills, but only significant difference in AGC variation in agroforestry areas (F = 9.36, p = 0.03). AGC in cropped land and agroforestry in Kilimanjaro has significant difference on mean (t = 4.62, p = 0.001) and variation (F = 17.41, p = 0.007). In the Taita Hills, significant difference is observed only on the mean AGC (t = 4.86, p = 0.001). Common tree species that contribute the most to AGC in Kilimanjaro are Albizia gummifera and Persea americana, and in the Taita Hills Grevillea robusta and Mangifera indica. Significant and univariate predictors of AGC in Mount Kilimanjaro are pH (R2 = 0.80, p = 0.00) and EVI (R2 = 0.68, p = 0.00). On Mount Kilimanjaro, the top multivariate model contained SOC, CEC, pH and BLD (R2 = 0.90, p = 0.00), whereas in the Taita Hills, the top multivariate model contained elevation, slope and population (R2 = 0.89, p = 0.00). Despite of the difference in land management history of Mount Kilimanjaro and the Taita Hills, mean of AGC in croplands does not differ significantly. Difference occurs on variation of AGC, type of trees contributing AGC, and environmental variables that explain AGC distribution. The research res

关键词： Aboveground Carbon Cropland Agroforestry Cropped land Elevation Gradient

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Carbon uptake and change in net primary productivity of oasis-desert ecosystem in arid western China with remote sensing technique

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Journal of geographical Sciences 2006年第3期16卷 315-325页

作者： ZHANG Jie PAN Xiaoling GAO Zhiqiang SHI Qingdong LV Guanghui department of Urban and Resources Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China Institute of Arid Ecology ＆ Environment Xinjiang University Urumqi 830046 China Institute of geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CAS Beijing 100101 China

Arid and semi-arid ecosystems exhibit a spatially complex biogeophysical structure. According to arid western special climate-vegetation characters, the fractional cover of photosynthetic vegetation （PV）, non-photosynthetic vegetation （NPV）, bare soil and water are unmixed, using the remote sensing spectral mixture analysis. We try the method to unmix the canopy funation structure of arid land cover in order to avoid the differentiation of regional vegetation system and the disturbance of environmental background. We developed a modified production efficiency model NPP-PEM appropriate for the arid area at regional scale based on the concept of radiation use efficiency. This model refer to the GLO-PEM and CASA model was driven with remotely sensed observations, and calculates not just the conversion efficiency of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation but also the carbon fluxes that determine net primary productivity （NPP）. We apply and validate the model in the Kaxger and Yarkant river basins in arid western China. The NPP of the study area in 1992 and 1998 was estimated based on the NPP-PEM model. The results show that the improved PEM model, considering the photosynthetical activation of heterogeneous functional vegetation, is in good agreement with field measurements and the existing literature. An accurate agreement （R2= 0.85, P〈0.001） between the estimates and the ground-based measurement was obtained. The spatial distribution of mountain-oasis-desert ecosystem shows an obvious heterogeneous carbon uptake. The results are applicable to arid ecosystem studies ranging from characterizing carbon cycle, carbon flux over arid areas to monitoring change in mountain-oasis-desert productivity, stress and management.

关键词： add western area oasis desert spectral mixture analysis NPP-PEM net primary productivity , Kaxger

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Formation of Better Streets: Interpretation of Urban Design Guidelines for Beijing Street Regeneration and Governance

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China City Planning Review 2019年第3期28卷 45-55页

作者： Ye Nan Guo Jing Li Min(译) Liu Jiayan(校) the Historic and Cultural City Protection and Research Center Urban Design department Beijing Municipal Institute of City Planning and DesignBeijingP.R.China 不详

As a showcase for public well-being and urban identity, a better street should carry not only the constantly flowing traffic stream, but also diversified lifestyles and various streetscapes. Beijing is the capital of China, one of its ancient capitals, and a tier 1 international metropolis, both its street connotation and functions are extremely complex. Along with new requirements proposed in the Beijing City Master Plan(2016 – 2035) for controlling construction land, strengthening urban identity, and improving urban governance, the Urban Design Guidelines for Beijing Street Regeneration and Governance(the Guidelines) is not only an important breakthrough point for promoting urban transformation to sustainable urban regeneration and governance, but also the foundation of optimizing capital city construction and building a world-class, harmonious, and livable capital city. Taking full consideration of value orientation, technical methods, system design, and governance transformation, the Guidelines adopts five measures, including identity enhancement, coordinated design, enhancing cultural and aesthetic quality, building platforms, and managing 'stubborn diseases' – problems which have plagued people for many years and have been intensifying with years to pass, to comprehensively improve the street design and governance, in the hope of making it a real typical space that represents the image and cultural charm of the capital city.

关键词： Beijing street space urban design regeneration and governance

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Hydrogeochemical and Multivariate Statistical Techniques to Trace the Sources of Ground Water Contaminants and Affecting Factors of Groundwater Pollution in an Oil and Gas Producing Wetland in Rivers State, Nigeria

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Open Journal of Yangtze Oil and Gas 2022年第3期7卷 166-202页

作者： Olalekan Morufu Raimi Clinton Ifeanyichukwu Ezekwe Abiodun Bowale Timothy Kayode Samson department of Community Medicine Environmental Health Unit Faculty of Clinical Sciences Niger Delta University Amassoma Nigeria Weather Forecasting Services Nigerian Meteorological Agency Abuja Nigeria department of geography and Environmental Management University of Port Harcourt Port Harcourt Nigeria Pennsylvania department of Health Harrisburg USA College of Agriculture Engineering and Science Bowen University Iwo Nigeria

Background: Groundwater is an important source of drinking water for the indigenous communities of Ebocha-Obrikom. Access to safe drinking water, in particular, is critical to one’s health and, by extension, one’s income and well-being. Underground wells are the primary supply of drinking water in the Niger Delta, and the groundwater is not always treated before consumption. As a result, water continues to be a vital environmental component that affects both humans and other life forms. Objectives: The aims of the research are to trace the sources and affecting factors of groundwater pollution via statistical and multivariate statistical techniques. Method: The investigation made use of standard analytical procedures. All sampling, conservation, transportation and analysis followed standard procedures described in APHA (2012). To prevent degradation of the organic substances, all obtained samples were transferred to the laboratory, while kept in an icebox. Results: The study reveals that the greater the number of principal components extracted the greater variation in geochemical composition of the ground waters. It indicated that 34 parameters were distributed into six (6) and nine (9) principal components (PCs) extracted for groundwater samples for both rainy and dry seasons, potentially suggesting the input of different pollutants from different sources. Gas flaring, mineral dissolution/precipitation and anthropogenic input are the main sources of the physicochemical indices and trace elements in the groundwater. Groundwater chemistry is predominantly regulated by natural processes such as dissolution of carbonates, silicates, and evaporates and soil leaching, followed by human activities. Climatic factors and land use types are also important in affecting groundwater chemistry. Conclusion: Greater efforts should be made to safeguard groundwater, which is hampered by geogenic and anthropogenic activities, in order to achieve sustainable groundwater development. A

关键词： Groundwater Quality Spatial Distribution Pollution Loading Health Exposure Multivariate Analysis Systems Thinking Wetlands Core Niger Delta

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Critical role of multidimensional biodiversity in contributing to ecosystem sustainability under global change

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geography and Sustainability 2023年第3期4卷 232-243页

作者： Ruiyang Zhang Dashuan Tian Jinsong Wang Shuli Niu Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China department of Environment and Resources University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China

The 21st century has seen an acceleration of global change,including climate change,elevated carbon dioxide,nitrogen deposition,and land-use intensification,which poses a significant threat to ecosystem ***-ertheless,studies on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning(BEF)have consistently demonstrated that biodiversity enhances ecosystem functioning and its stability,even in variable environmental *** findings potentially indicate the critical role of biodiversity in promoting sustainable provi-sioning of ecosystem functioning under global *** paper provides a comprehensive review of current BEF research and the response of BEF to multiple global change *** demonstrate that(1)assessing the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning requires consideration of multiple dimensions of diversity,such as diversity across multiple trophic levels(plants,animals,and microbes),multiple facets(taxonomy,functional traits,and phylogeny),and multiple spatial scales(local,regional,and landscape scales).(2)The interaction of multiple global change factors may lead to a greater reduction in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning than a single global change factor.(3)Multidimensional biodiversity regulates the response of ecosystem functioning to global change factors,indicating that high levels of multidimensional biodiversity can mitigate the negative impacts of global change on ecosystem ***,we emphasize that recognizing the importance of multidimensional biodiversity is critical for sustaining ecosystem ***,prioritizing conserva-tion efforts to maintain and enhance all dimensions of biodiversity is essential to address the challenges of future global change.

关键词： Biodiversity Ecosystem functioning Global change Ecosystem sustainability

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Accuracy evaluation of two precipitation datasets over upper reach of Heihe River Basin, northwestern China

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2015年第2期7卷 157-169页

作者： SiWei He ZhuoTong Nan YuTing Hou Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Civil and Architectural Engineering department University of Wyoming Shiyan Environmental Protection Monitoring Station

As an important forcing data for hydrologic models, precipitation has significant effects on model simulation. The China Meteorological Forcing Dataset （ITP） and Global land Data Assimilation System （GLDAS） precipitation data are the two commonly used data sources in the Heihe River Basin （HRB）. This paper focused on evaluating the accuracy of these two precipitation datasets. A set of metrics were developed to characterize the trend, magnitude, annual allocation, event matching, frequency, and spatial distribution of the two datasets. Meanwhile, such accuracy evaluation was performed at various scales, i.e., daily, monthly, and yearly. By comparing with observations, this study concluded that： first, both ITP and GLDAS precipitation data well represented the trends at corresponding sites, and GLDAS underestimated precipita- tion in most regions except the east tributary headwater region; second, unusual annual precipitation distribution was observed in both datasets with overestimation of precipitation in May through September and GLDAS appeared to be much severe; third, the ITP data seriously over-predicted the precipitation events; fourth, the ITP data have better spatial distribution than GLDAS in the upper reach area of HRB. Overall, we recommended ITP precipitation data for the land surface study in the uooer reach of HRB.

关键词： precipitation Heihe River Basin (HRB) accuracy evaluation

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Impact of land Use and land Cover Changes on Surface Runoff and Sediment Yield in the Little Ruaha River Catchment

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Open Journal of Modern Hydrology 2021年第3期11卷 54-74页

作者： Nyemo A. Chilagane Japhet J. Kashaigili Edmund Mutayoba Paul Lyimo Pantaleo Munishi Christine Tam Neil Burgess department of Forest Resources Assessment and Management Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania department of Water Supply and Irrigation Engineering Water Institute Dar es Salaam Tanzania department of Ecosystem Sciences and Conservation Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania WWF Dar es Salaam Tanzania UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) Cambridge UK

Little Ruaha River catchment (6370 Km2) in the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT), is one of the country’s most significant waterways due to its ecological composition and economic value. Regardless of its ecological and economical value, the regional hydrologic condition has been tremendously affected due to land uses alteration, influenced by different socio-economic factors. This study aimed to understand the associated impacts of the present Land Use Land Cover (LULC) change on the surface runoff and sediment yield in the Little Ruaha River Catchment. Hydrological modelling using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT Model) was done to quantify the impact of land use and land cover dynamics on catchment water balance and sediment loads. The calibration and validation of the SWAT model were performed using sequential uncertainty fitting (SUFI-2). The results showed that, for the given LULC change, the average annual surface runoff increased by 2.78 mm while average annual total sediment loading increased by 3.56 t/ha, the average annual base flow decreased by 2.68 mm, ground water shallow aquifer recharge decreased from 2.97 mm and a slight decrease in average annual ground water deep aquifer recharge by 0.14 mm. The model predicts that in the future, there will be a further increase in both surface runoff and sediment load. Such changes, increased runoff generation and sediment yield with decreased base flow have implications on the sustenance flow regimes particularly the observed reduced dry season river flow of the Little Ruaha River, which in turn cause adverse impacts to the biotic component of the ecosystem, reduced water storage and energy production at Mtera Hydroelectrical dam also increa

关键词： land Cover land Use Sediment Loading Surface Runoff SWAT Model

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