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The insect cellular immune response

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Insect Science 2008年第1期15卷 1-14页

作者： Michael R. Strand department of Entomology and Center for Emerging and Tropical global Diseases University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA

The innate immune system of insects is divided into humoral defenses that include the production of soluble effector molecules and cellular defenses like phagocytosis and encapsulation that are mediated by hemocytes. This review summarizes current understand- ing of the cellular immune response. Insects produce several terminally differentiated types of hemocytes that are distinguished by morphology, molecular and antigenic markers, and function. The differentiated hemocytes that circulate in larval or nymphal stage insects arise from two sources： progenitor cells produced during embryogenesis and mesodermally derived hematopoietic organs. Regulation of hematopoiesis and hemocyte differentiation also involves several different signaling pathways. Phagocytosis and encapsulation require that hemocytes first recognize a given target as foreign followed by activation of downstream signaling and effector responses. A number of humoral and cellular receptors have been identified that recognize different microbes and multicellular parasites. In turn, activation of these receptors stimulates a number of signaling pathways that regulate different hemocyte functions. Recent studies also identify hemocytes as important sources Of a number of humoral effector molecules required for killing different foreign invaders.

关键词： antimicrobial peptides clotting cytokines Diptera Drosophila encapsulation,hemocytes immunity insects Lepidoptera nodulation phagocytosis

Perceptive insight into incentive design and sustainability of participatory mangrove management: a case study from the Indian Sundarbans

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Journal of Forestry Research 2017年第4期28卷 815-829页

作者： Rajarshi DasGupta Rajib Shaw International Environment & Disaster Management Research Group Graduate School of Global Environmental StudiesKyoto UniversityYoshida HonmachiSakyo-kuKyoto 606-8501Japan

Incentive design is among the decisive factors behind active community participation and long-term sustainability of participatory forest management. Especially in case of mangroves, where multiple interests apply, it requires a careful integration of several ecological, economic and institutional factors. The primary objective of this paper is to understand the basis of incentive design and make a comprehensive inquiry into the existing incentive mechanism of participatory mangrove management in Indian Sundarbans. The qualitative and in-depth assessment was derived against a conceptual framework that contains three main determinants: (1) resources availability, (2) control mechanism, and (3) perception of end-users. The study deploys the results of various participatory exercises such as structured interviews with forest officials, focus group discussions with 10 Joint Forest Management Committees and semi-structured interviews with 119 mangrove users. In general, we observed an over-cautious, hierarchical and safety-margin-based incentive design with distinct bifurcation of communities over the adequacy and effectiveness of derived benefits. Although, the incentives are diverse and align well with the overall conservation of mangroves, they are considered to be insufficient by nearly half of the mangrove users. The main issues that were observed to hinder effective community participation can be summarized as (1) serious restrictions on access to economically exploitable mangrove products, (2) passive involvement of vulnerable occupational groups, and (3) lack of trust and conflicting interests between the officials and the communities. Although the existing preventive management of mangroves can be justified considering the magnanimity of the Indian Sundarbans, it can severely impair community participation and emerge as a clear threat to future sustainability. To secure greater participation of the communities, we propose small scale, innovative developmental in

关键词： Mangrove conservation Community based mangrove management Joint forest management Community perception

The Nature of No-Fly Zones in International Relations

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Contemporary International Relations 2019年第3期29卷 68-85页

作者： Zhao Guangcheng the Institute of Middle Eastern studies Northwest University the Center for Iranian culture studies of Xi’an International Studies University

A No-Fly Zone (NFZ) is a unique mode of humanitarian intervention that is understudied in international relations. This article focuses on the politics of NFZs in international relations, and investigates their nature by empirically reviewing all three cases of NFZs to date. NFZs represent a middle ground for international intervention which, both legally and legitimately, may be aimed at either protecting populations or promoting regime change in weak states, depending on the circumstances. There may be efforts by intervening states to highlight humanitarian crises among certain targets in order to secure UN authorization for the NFZs;but the implementation of NFZs is also largely driven by the security interests of the enforcing states. As a result, there is the potential for those states implementing NFZs to transcend legal authorization and to at times use excessive force, with the potential for calamitous results for local people, or, in extreme cases, to accomplish regime change by supporting opposition parties in target states.

关键词： No-Fly Zone humanitarian intervention international norm sovereignty

A 32-million year cycle detected in sea-level fluctuations over the last 545 Myr

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Geoscience Frontiers 2020年第6期11卷 2061-2065页

作者： Michael R.Rampino Ken Caldeira departments of Biology and Environmental studies New York University100 Washington Square EastNew YorkNY10003USA NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies2880 BroadwayNew YorkNY10025USA department of global Ecology Carnegie Institution for Science290 Panama StreetStanfordCA94305USA

Spectral analyses of past relative sea-level oscillations as represented by the ages of 57 Phanerozoic(the last 545 Myr)stratigraphic sequence boundaries from the Canadian Arctic show a strong spectral peak at 32 Myr(>99.9%confidence).These findings concur with previous reports of significant cycles with periods of around 30 Myr in various records of fluctuations of sea level,and in potentially related episodes of tectonism,volcanism,climate,and biotic *** boundaries commonly coincide with stage boundaries based on biostratigraphy,and are correlated with episodes of extinction and times of flood-basalt *** connection between tectonics and sea-level variations may come from changes in rates of ocean-floor spreading and subduction,intraplate stresses from plate-reorganizations,and pulsations of hotspot *** coordinated periodic fluctuations in tectonics,sea level and climate may be modulated by cyclical activity in the Earth’s mantle,although some pacing by astronomical cycles is suspected.

关键词： Sea level Periodicity Sequence boundary

Identifying the key factors of subsidiary supervision and management using an innovative hybrid architecture in a big data environment

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Financial Innovation 2021年第1期7卷 206-232页

作者： Kuang‑Hua Hu Ming‑Fu Hsu Fu‑Hsiang Chen Mu‑Ziyun Liu School of Accounting Finance and Accounting Research CenterNanfang College of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina English Program of global Business Chinese Culture UniversityTaipeiTaiwan department and Graduate School of Accounting Chinese Culture UniversityTaipeiTaiwan School of Accounting Nanfang College of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina

In a highly intertwined and connected business environment,globalized layout planning can be an effective way for enterprises to expand their ***,conflicts and contradictions always exist between parent and subsidiary enterprises;if they are in different countries,these conflicts can become especially *** control systems for subsidiary supervision and management seem to be particularly important when aiming to align subsidiaries’decisions with parent enterprises’strategic intentions,and such systems undoubtedly involve numerous criteria/*** effective tool is urgently needed to clarify the relevant issues and discern the cause-and-effect relationships among them in these *** statistical approaches cannot fully explain these situations due to the complexity and invisibility of the criteria/dimensions;thus,the fuzzy rough set theory(FRST),with its superior data exploration ability and impreciseness tolerance,can be considered to adequately address the *** by efficient integrated systems,aggregating multiple dissimilar systems’outputs and converting them into a consensus result can be useful for realizing outstanding *** on this concept,we insert selected criteria/dimensions via FRST into DEMATEL to identify and analyze the dependency and feedback relations among variables of parent/subsidiary gaps and *** results present the improvement priorities based on their magnitude of impact,in the following order:organizational control structure,business and financial information system management,major financial management,business strategy management,construction of a management system,and integrated audit *** can consider the potential implications herein when formulating future targeted policies to improve subsidiary supervision and strengthen overall corporate governance.

关键词： Decision making Swarm intelligence Internal audit Fuzzy rough set theory

Uprooting phylogenetic uncertainty in coalescent species delimitation： A meta-analysis of empirical studies

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Current Zoology 2015年第5期61卷 866-873页

作者： Itzue W. C AVIEDES-SOLIS Nassima M. BOUZID Barbara L. BANBURY Adam D. LEACHE department of Biology University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA Burke Museum of Natural History and culture University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA

Phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies rely on the accurate quantification of biodiversity. In recent studies of taxonomically ambiguous groups, species boundaries are often determined based on multi-locus sequence data. Bayesian Phylogenetics and Phylogeography （BPP） is a coalescent-based method frequently used to delimit species; however, empirical studies suggest that the requirement of a user-specified guide tree biases the range of possible outcomes. We evaluate fifteen multi-locus datasets using the most recent iteration of BPP, which eliminates the need for a user-specified guide tree and reconstructs the species tree in synchrony with species delimitation （= unguided species delimitation）. We found that the number of species recovered with guided versus unguided species delimitation was the same except for two cases, and that posterior probabilities were generally lower for the unguided analyses as a result of searching across species trees in addition to species delimitation models. The guide trees used in previous studies were often discordant with the species tree topologies estimated by BPP. We also compared species trees estimated using BPP and ＊BEAST and found that when the topologies are the same, BPP tends to give higher posterior probabilities [Current Zoology 61 （5）： 866-873, 2015].

关键词： BPP Species delimitation Phylogeography Species tree

Glycolytic dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease:unveiling new avenues for understanding pathogenesis and improving therapy

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第8期20卷 2264-2278页

作者： You Wu Lijie Yang Wanrong Jiang Xinyuan Zhang Zhaohui Yao department of Geriatrics Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina

Alzheimer's disease poses a significant global health challenge owing to the progressive cognitive decline of patients and absence of curative *** current therapeutic strategies,primarily based on cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-Daspartate receptor antagonists,offer limited symptomatic relief without halting disease progression,highlighting an urgent need for novel research directions that address the key mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's *** studies have provided insights into the critical role of glycolysis,a fundamental energy metabolism pathway in the brain,in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's *** in glycolytic processes within neurons and glial cells,including microglia,astrocytes,and oligodendrocytes,have been identified as significant contributors to the pathological landscape of Alzheimer's *** changes impact neuronal health and function,thus offering promising targets for therapeutic *** purpose of this review is to consolidate current knowledge on the modifications in glycolysis associated with Alzheimer's disease and explore the mechanisms by which these abnormalities contribute to disease onset and *** focus on the pathways through which glycolytic dysfunction influences Alzheimer's disease pathology should provide insights into potential therapeutic targets and strategies that pave the way for groundbreaking treatments,emphasizing the importance of understanding metabolic processes in the quest for clarification and management of Alzheimer's disease.

关键词： Alzheimer’s disease glial cells glycolysis neuronal metabolism pathogenesis therapeutic targets

Physicochemical assessment and treatment of produced water:A case study in Niger delta Nigeria

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Petroleum Research 2023年第1期8卷 87-95页

作者： Kingsley Tamunokuro Amakiri Naomi Amoni Ogolo Athanasios Angelis-Dimakis Oshienemen Albert department of Chemical Engineering University of HuddersfieldQueens GateHuddersfieldEnglandUK Institute of Petroleum studies University of Port HarcourtRivers StateNigeria School of Art Design and ArchitectureGlobal Disaster Resilience CentreUK

The most important waste stream created during oil and gas production is oilfield-produced *** discharged without treatment,it poses a significant risk of pollution of marine *** adequate treatment before disposal is acceptable,achieving authorized discharge criteria continues to be a problem for the petroleum *** research examined the physicochemical characteristics of produced water at various month intervals before and after *** metal and organic component concentrations in water samples were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy and gas *** results indicate that produced water from a certain Niger Delta oilfield contains significant amounts of heavy metals and some organic compounds after *** present laws,as well as the measurement of dispersed oil and grease content,have been in place for a long period of time without considerable change,even though most dangerous components in produced water are *** is recommendable for the prospective field developers/operators to consider the dissolved components of produced water and consider the economic consequences of adopting tertiary produced water polishing technologies.

关键词： Nigeria Produced water Environment Oil and Gas Treatment

State-Dependent Topological Invariants and Anomalous Bulk-Boundary Correspondence in Non-Hermitian Topological Systems with Generalized Inversion Symmetry

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Chinese Physics Letters 2020年第11期37卷 87-92页

作者： Xiao-Ran Wang Cui-Xian Guo Qian Du Su-Peng Kou Center for Advanced Quantum studies Department of PhysicsBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China

Breakdown of bulk-boundary correspondence in non-Hermitian(NH)topological systems with generalized inversion symmetries is a controversial *** non-Bloch topological invariants determine the existence of edge states,but fail to describe the number and distribution of defective edge states in non-Hermitian topological *** state-dependent topological invariants,instead of a global topological invariant,are developed to accurately characterize the bulk-boundary correspondence of the NH systems,which is very different from their Hermitian *** the same time,we obtain the accurate phase diagram of the one-dimensional non-Hermitian Su–Schrieffer–Heeger model with a generalized inversion symmetry from the state-dependent topological ***,these results will be helpful for understanding the exotic topological properties of various non-Hermitian systems.

关键词： topological invariants correspondence