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Einstein Probe discovery of EP240408a: A peculiar X-ray transient with an intermediate timescale

Science China(physics,Mechanics & astronomy) 2025年第1期Mechanics & Astronomy) .卷 222-240页

作者： Wenda Zhang Weimin Yuan Zhixing Ling Yong Chen Nanda Rea Arne Rau Zhiming Cai Huaqing Cheng Francesco Coti Zelati Lixin Dai Jingwei Hu Shumei Jia Chichuan Jin Dongyue Li Paul O’Brien Rongfeng Shen Xinwen Shu Shengli Sun Xiaojin Sun Xiaofeng Wang Lei Yang Bing Zhang Chen Zhang Shuang-Nan Zhang Yonghe Zhang Jie An David Buckley Alexis Coleiro Bertrand Cordier Liming Dou Rob Eyles-Ferris Zhou Fan Hua Feng Shaoyu Fu Johan P.U.Fynbo Lluis Galbany Saurabh W.Jha Shuaiqing Jiang Albert Kong Erik Kuulkers Weihua Lei Wenxiong Li Bifang Liu Mingjun Liu Xing Liu Yuan Liu Zhu Liu Chandreyee Maitra Alessio Marino Itumeleng Monageng Kirpal Nandra Jeremy Sanders Roberto Soria Lian Tao Junfeng Wang Song Wang Tinggui Wang Zhongxiang Wang Qingwen Wu Xuefeng Wu Dong Xu Yanjun Xu Suijian Xue Yongquan Xue Zijian Zhang Zipei Zhu Hu Zou Congying Bao Fansheng Chen Houlei Chen Tianxiang Chen Wei Chen Yehai Chen Yifan Chen Chenzhou Cui Weiwei Cui Yanfeng Dai Dongwei Fan Ju Guan Dawei Han Dongjie Hou Haibo Hu Maohai Huang Jia Huo Zhenqing Jia Bowen Jiang Ge Jin Chengkui Li Junfei Li Longhui Li Maoshun Li Wei Li Zhengda Li Tianying Lian Congzhan Liu Heyang Liu Huaqiu Liu Fangjun Lu Laidan Luo Jia Ma Xuan Mao Haiwu Pan Xin Pan Liming Song Hui Sun Yunyin Tan Qingjun Tang Yihan Tao Hao Wang Juan Wang Lei Wang Wenxin Wang Yilong Wang Yusa Wang Qinyu Wu Haitao Xu Jingjing Xu Xinpeng Xu Yunfei Xu Zhao Xu Changbin Xue Yulong Xue Ailiang Yan Haonan Yang Xiongtao Yang Yanji Yang Juan Zhang Mo Zhang Wenjie Zhang Zhen Zhang Zhen Zhang Ziliang Zhang Donghua Zhao Haisheng Zhao Xiaofan Zhao Zijian Zhao Hongyan Zhou Yilin Zhou Yuxuan Zhu Zhencai Zhu National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences School of astronomy and Space Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics Institute of High Energy physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Space Sciences (ICE) CSIC Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial physics Innovation Academy for Microsatellites Chinese Academy of Sciences department of physics University of Hong Kong School of physics and astronomy University of Leicester School of physics and astronomy Sun Yat-sen University department of physics Anhui Normal University Shanghai Institute of Technical physics Chinese Academy of Sciences physics department Tsinghua University Nevada Center for Astrophysics University of Nevada Las Vegas department of physics and astronomy University of Nevada Las Vegas South African Astronomical Observatory department of astronomy University of Cape Town department of physics University of the Free State Université Paris Cité CNRS Astroparticule et Cosmologie Université Paris Cité CEA Paris-Saclay IRFU/DAp-AIM department of astronomy Guangzhou University Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) Niels Bohr Institute University of Copenhagen department of physics and astronomy Rutgers the State University of New Jersey Institute for Cosmic Ray Research The University of Tokyo ESA/ESTEC department of astronomy School of physics Huazhong University of Science and Technology INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino Sydney Institute for astronomy School of physics The University of Sydney department of astronomy Xiamen University Institute for Frontiers in astronomy and Astrophysics Beijing Normal University department of astronomy University of Science and Technology School of astronomy and Space Sciences University of Science and Technology of China Institute of Deep Space Sciences Deep Space Exploration Laboratory department of astronomy School of physics and astronomy Yunnan University Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chi

We report the discovery of a peculiar X-ray transient,EP240408a,by Einstein Probe （EP） and follow-up studies made with EP,Swift,NICER,GROND,ATCA and other ground-based multiwavelength *** new transient was first detected with Wide-field X-ray Telescope （WXT） on board EP on April 8th,2024,manifested in an intense yet brief X-ray flare lasting for *** flare reached a peak flux of 3.9×10-9erg cm-2s-1in 0.5-4 ke V,～300 times brighter than the underlying X-ray emission detected throughout the *** and more precise follow-up observations by EP/FXT,Swift and NICER confirmed the finding of this new *** X-ray spectrum is non-thermal in 0.5-10 ke V,with a power-law photon index varying *** X-ray light curve shows a plateau lasting for ～4 d,followed by a steep decay till becoming undetectable ～10 d after the initial *** on its temporal property and constraints from previous EP observations,an unusual timescale in the range of 7-23 d is found for EP240408a,which is intermediate between the commonly found fast and long-term *** counterparts have been found in optical and near-infrared,with the earliest observation at 17 h after the initial X-ray detection,suggestive of intrinsically weak emission in these *** demonstrate that the remarkable properties of EP240408a are inconsistent with any of the transient types known so far,by comparison with,in particular,jetted tidal disruption events,gamma-ray bursts,X-ray binaries and fast blue optical *** nature of EP240408a thus remains an *** suggest that EP240408a may represent a new type of transients with intermediate timescales of the order of～10 *** detection and follow-ups of more of such objects are essential for revealing their origin.

关键词： X-ray transients ${\bm~{Einstein~~Probe}}$

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Molecule‑Level Multiscale Design of Nonflammable Gel Polymer Electrolyte to Build Stable SEI/CEI for Lithium Metal Battery

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Nano-Micro Letters 2025年第1期17卷 404-423页

作者： Qiqi Sun Zelong Gong Tao Zhang Jiafeng Li Xianli Zhu Ruixiao Zhu Lingxu Wang Leyuan Ma Xuehui Li Miaofa Yuan Zhiwei Zhang Luyuan Zhang Zhao Qian Longwei Yin Rajeev Ahuja Chengxiang Wang Key Laboratory for Liquid‑Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials(Ministry of Education) School of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong UniversityJinan 250061People’s Republic of China Condensed Matter Theory Department of Physics and AstronomyUppsala UniversityUppsala 75120Sweden

The risk of flammability is an unavoidable issue for gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs).Usually,flameretardant solvents are necessary to be used,but most of them would react with anode/cathode easily and cause serious interfacial instability,which is a big challenge for design and application of nonflammable ***,a nonflammable GPE(SGPE)is developed by in situ polymerizing trifluoroethyl methacrylate(TFMA)monomers with flame-retardant triethyl phosphate(TEP)solvents and LiTFSI–LiDFOB dual lithium *** is strongly anchored to PTFMA matrix via polarity interaction between-P=O and-CH_(2)CF_(3).It reduces free TEP molecules,which obviously mitigates interfacial reactions,and enhances flame-retardant performance of TEP *** TEP molecules are also inhibited in solvation of Li^(+),leading to anion-dominated solvation sheath,which creates inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interface/cathode electrolyte interface *** coordination structure changes Li^(+)transport from sluggish vehicular to fast structural transport,raising ionic conductivity to 1.03 mS cm^(-1) and transfer number to 0.41 at 30℃.The Li|SGPE|Li cell presents highly reversible Li stripping/plating performance for over 1000 h at 0.1 mA cm^(−2),and 4.2 V LiCoO_(2)|SGPE|Li battery delivers high average specific capacity>120 mAh g^(−1) over 200 *** study paves a new way to make nonflammable GPE that is compatible with Li metal anode.

关键词： Anchoring effect Nonflammable gel electrolyte In situ cross-linked Electrode-electrolyte interface Li metal battery

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Microscopic Theory of the Thermodynamic Properties of Sr_3Ru_2O_7

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Chinese physics Letters 2016年第3期33卷 86-90页

作者：李伟正吴从军 department of physics University of California department of physics Applied Physicsand AstronomyBinghamton University-State University of New York

The thermodynamic properties of the bilayer ruthenate compound Sr3Ru2O7 at very low temperatures are inves- tigated by using a tight-binding model yielding the realistic band structure combined with the on-site interactions treated at the mean-field level. We find that both the total density of states at the Fermi energy and the entropy exhibit a sudden increase near the critical magnetic field for the nematic phase, echoing the experimental find- ings. A new mechanism to explain the anisotropic transport properties is proposed based on scatterings at the anisotropic domain boundaries. Our results suggest that extra cares are necessary to isolate the contributions due to the quantum criticality from the band structure singularity in Sr3Ru2O7.

关键词： in as on it of Ru Microscopic Theory of the Thermodynamic Properties of Sr3Ru2O7 Sr is that

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Theoretical analysis of spectral lineshapes from molecular dynamics

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npj Computational Materials 2019年第1期5卷 430-441页

作者： Andrew Cupo Damien Tristant Kyle Rego Vincent Meunier department of physics Applied Physicsand AstronomyRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroyNYUSA

Conventional methods for calculating anharmonic phonon properties are computationally *** address this issue,a theoretical approach was developed for the accelerated calculation of vibrational lineshapes for spectra obtained from finite-time molecular *** method gives access to the effect of anharmonicity-induced frequency shift and lifetime,as well as simulation *** a toy model we demonstrate at least an order of magnitude reduction in the number of simulation steps needed to obtain converged vibrational properties in nearly all cases considered as compared to the standard extraction *** theory is also illustrated for graphene,hexagonal boron nitride,and silicon at the density functional theory level,with up to nearly a factor of 9 reduction in the required simulation time to reach convergence in the vibrational frequencies and *** general,we expect the newly developed method to outperform the standard procedure when the anharmonicity is sufficiently weak so that well-defined renormalized phonon quasiparticles *** extension of signal analysis to material vibrations represents a state-of-the-art advance in calculating temperature-dependent phonon properties and could be implemented in computational materials discovery packages that search for thermoelectric materials for instance,since the thermal conductivity contribution to ZT depends strongly on these characteristics.

关键词： calculating harmonic analysis

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Transport Properties of a Classical One-Dimensional Kicked Billiard Model

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Chinese physics Letters 2000年第2期17卷 85-87页

作者： CHEN He-Sheng WANG Jiao GU Yan department of astronomy and applied physics University of Science and'Technology of ChinaHefei 230026

We study a classical 1-dimenslonal kicked billiard model and investigate its transport behavior. The roles played by the two system parameters a and K, governing the direction and strength of the kick, respectively, are found to be quite crucial. For the perturbations which are not strong, i.e. K1, the phase space is occupied by the stochastic sea, and the transport behavior of the system seems to be similar to that of the kicked rotor and independent of α.

关键词： behavior stochastic system

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Manipulating the nonlinearity of transition-metal dichalcogenide polaritons

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Light(Science & Applications) 2023年第12期12卷 2540-2542页

作者： Min-Soo Hwang Hong-Gyu Park department of physics and astronomy and Institute of Applied PhysicsSeoul National UniversitySeoul 08826Republic of Korea

The lithographically designed potential wells in monolayer WS2 microcavities are utilized to manipulate nonlinear transition-metal dichalcogenide polaritons and enhance the polariton-reservoir interaction strength.

关键词： strength. polar transition

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Statistical Entropy of the Kaluza-Klein Black Hole from the Horizon Conformal Field Theory

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Chinese physics Letters 2001年第3期18卷 331-333页

作者： JING Ji-Liang YAN Mu-Lin Institute of physics and department of physics Hunan Normal UniversityChangsha 410081 department of astronomy and applied physics University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026

The statistical entropy of the Kaluza-Klein black hole is studied by counting the black hole states which form an algebra of diffeomorphism at Killing horizon with a central *** is shown that the entropy yielded by the standard Cardy formula agrees with the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy only if we take period T of function u as the periodicity of the Euclidean black *** the other hand,the first-order quantum correction to the entropy is proportional to logarithm of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy with a factor-1/2.

关键词： horizon periodicity entropy

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MONTE CARLO SIMULATION STUDY OF SURFACE ELECTRONIC EXCITATION OF NOBLE METALS

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2002年第2期15卷 191-197页

作者： H.M. Li, Z.J. Ding, Q.R. Pu and Z.M. Zhang Structural Research Laboratory and department of astronomy and applied physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China Structural Research Laboratory and department of astronomy and applied physics University of Science and Technology of China

In this work we present a numerical simulation of REELS-spectrum for noblemetals, Au and Ag. The calculation is based on an electron-surface inelastic scattering modelpreviously developed. The differential inelastic cross section is obtained from an inhomogeneouselectron self-energy in the surface region, which provides full information of the dependency of thetotal and differential cross section on the kinetic energy, the distance from the surface and themoving direction of electrons, accommodating the formulation to the practical situation in surfaceelectron spectroscopes. A novel Monte Carlo simulation code of electron interaction with a surfaceincorporating the local scattering mean free path has been developed. The comparison of thesimulated REELS-spectra with the experimental measurements shows a remarkable agreement on thespectrum shape, which then confirms that the present model for electron-surface inelastic scatteringis quite reasonable. The simulation has further shown the component to surface excitation due tothe individual scattering processes along trajectory part, i.e., the loss in vacuum beforereflection, the loss in vacuum after reflection and loss in metal events.

关键词： Monte Carlo surface plasmon REELS Ag Au

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Wave effect of gravitational waves intersected with a microlens field Ⅱ:An adaptive hierarchical tree algorithm and population study

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Science China(physics,Mechanics & astronomy) 2025年第1期Mechanics & Astronomy) .卷 241-254页

作者： Xikai Shan Guoliang Li Xuechun Chen Wen Zhao Bin Hu Shude Mao department of astronomy Tsinghua University Purple Mountain Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute for Frontier in astronomy and Astrophysics Beijing Normal University School of physics and astronomy Beijing Normal University School of astronomy and Space Science University of Science and Technology of China CAS Key Laboratory for Researches in Galaxies and Cosmology Department of Astronomy University of Science and Technology of ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences

The gravitational lensing wave effect generated by a microlensing field embedded in a lens galaxy is an inevitable phenomenon in strong lensed gravitational waves （SLGWs）.This effect presents both challenges and opportunities for the detection and application of ***,investigating this wave effect requires computing a complete diffraction integral over each microlens in the *** is extremely time-consuming due to the large number of microlenses （10～3-10～6）.Therefore,simply adding all the microlenses is ***,the complexity of the time delay surface makes the lens plane resolution a crucial factor in controlling numerical *** this paper,we propose a trapezoid approximation-based adaptive hierarchical tree algorithm to meet the challenges of calculation speed and *** find that this algorithm accelerates the calculation by four orders of magnitude compared to the simple adding method and is one order of magnitude faster than the fixed hierarchical tree algorithm proposed for electromagnetic *** importantly,our algorithm ensures controllable numerical errors,increasing confidence in the *** with our previous work （***.66,239511,2023）,this paper addresses all numerical issues,including integral convergence,precision,and computational time1).Finally,we conducted a population study on the microlensing wave effect of SLGWs using this algorithm and found that the microlensing wave effect cannot be ignored,especially for Type II SLGWs （from saddle position of the time delay surface） due to their intrinsic geometric structures and their typical intersection with a denser microlensing ***,more than 33%（11%） of SLGWs have a mismatch larger than 1%（3%） compared to the unlensed ***,we found that the mismatch between signal pairs in a doubly imaged GW is generally larger than 10-3,and 61%（25%） of signal pairs have a mismatch larger than 1%（3%）.Therefo

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Entropy of the Nonminimally Coupled Quantum Scalar Fields in a Stationary Axisymmetric Einstein-Maxwell Dilaton- Axion Black Hole

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Chinese physics Letters 1999年第11期16卷 784-786页

作者： JING Ji-liang WANG Yong-jiu department physics and Institute of physics Hu’nan Normal UniversityChangsha 410081 astronomy and applied physics department University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026

The statistical-mechanical entropy of the stationary axisymmetric Einstein-Maxwell dilaton-axion black hole is investigated by using the “brick wall” model in which the original Dirichlet condition is replaced by a scattering ansatz for the field functions at the event horizon and regularized with the Pauli-Villars scheme. It is also shown, for the Kerr black hole, that the statistical-mechanical entropy obtained from our derivation coincides with the one-loop correction to its thermodynamical entropy obtained by the conical singularity method.

关键词： method Einstein entropy

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