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Characterization of natural fractures in deep-marine shales: a case study of the Wufeng and Longmaxi shale in the Luzhou Block Sichuan Basin, China

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2023年第1期17卷 337-350页

作者： Shasha SUN Saipeng HUANG Enrique GOMEZ-RIVAS Albert GRIERA ΒοLIU Lulu XU Yaru WEN Dazhong DONG Zhensheng SHI Yan CHANG Yin XING PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&development Beijing 100083China Key Laboratory of Continental Shale Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Efficient development Ministry of EducationNortheast Petroleum UniversityDaqing 163318China departament de mineralogia Petrologia i Geologia AplicadaFacultat de Ciències de la TerraUniversitat de Barcelona(UB)c/Martíi Franquès s/nBarcelona 08028Spain departament de Geologia Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra 08193Cerdanyola del VallèsSpain Hubei Geological Survey Wuhan 430034China School of Geography Science and Geomatics Engineering Suzhou University of Science and TechnologySuzhou 215009China

Natural fractures are of crucial importance for oil and gas reservoirs,especially for those with ultralow permeability and porosity.The deep-marine shale gas reservoirs of the Wufeng and Longmaxi Formations are typical targets for the study of natural fracture characteristics.detailed descriptions of full-diameter shale drill core,together with 3D Computed Tomography scans and Formation MicroScanner Image data acquisition,were carried out to characterize microfracture morphology in order to obtain the key parameters of natural fractures in such system.The fracture type,orientation,and their macroscopic and microscopic distribution features are evaluated.The results show that the natural fracture density appears to remarkably decrease in the Wufeng and Longmaxi Formations with increasing the burial depth.Similar trends have been observed for fracture length and aperture.Moreover,the natural fracture density diminishes as the formation thickness increases.There are three main types of natural fractures,which we interpret as(I)mineral-filled fractures(by pyrite and calcite),i.e.,veins,(II)those induced by tectonic stress,and(III)those formed by other processes(including diagenetic shrinkage and fluid overpressure).Natural fracture orientations estimated from the studied natural fractures in the Luzhou block are not consistent with the present-day stress field.The difference in tortuosity between horizontally and vertically oriented fractures reveals their morphological complexity.In addition,natural fracture density,host rock formation thickness,average total organic carbon and effective porosity are found to be important factors for evaluating shale gas reservoirs.The study also reveals that the high density of natural fractures is decisive to evaluate the shale gas potential.The results may have significant implications for evaluating favorable exploration areas of shale gas reservoirs and can be applied to optimize hydraulic fracturing for permeability enhancement.

关键词： marine shale natural fracture filled fracture tortuosity

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Larger Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy and Facies Analysis of the Oligocene–Miocene Asmari Formation in the Western Fars Sub-basin, Zagros Mountains, Iran

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2018年第6期92卷 2079-2097页

作者： Tahereh HABIBI Telm BOVER-ARNAL department of Earth Sciences College of SciencesShiraz University departament de mineralogia Petrologia i Geologia AplicadaFacultat de Ciències de la TerraUniversitat de Barcelona

The Oligocene–Miocene carbonate record of the Zagros Mountains, known as the Asmari Formation, constitutes an important hydrocarbon reservoir in southern Iran. This marine carbonate succession, which developed under tropical conditions, is explored in terms of larger foraminiferal biostratigraphy, facies analysis and sequence stratigraphy in a new section at Papoon cropping out in the western Fars sub-basin, in the south-east of the Zagros belt. Facies analysis shows evidence of re-working and transport of skeletal components throughout the depositional system, interpreted here as a carbonate ramp. The foraminifera-based biozones identified include the Globigerina–Turborotalia cerroazulensis–Hantkenina Zone and Nummulites vascus–Nummulites fichteli Zone, both of Rupelian age, the Archaias asmaricus–Archaias hensoni–Miogypsinoides complanatus Zone of Chattian age and the ‘Indeterminate’ Zone of Aquitanian age. The vertical sedimentary evolution of the formation exhibits a progressive shallowing of the facies belts and thus the succession is interpreted as a high-rank low-order regressive systems tract. This long-lasting Rupelian–Aquitanian regressive event is in accordance with accepted global long-term eustatic curves. Accordingly, long-term eustatic trends would have been a factor controlling accommodation during the deposition of the Asmari Formation studied in the western Fars sub-basin.

关键词： larger foraminifera biostratigraphy sequence stratigraphy carbonate platform Oligocene Zagros Basin Iran

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Magnetic Susceptibility and Natural Gamma Radioactivity as Indirect Indicators of Impurities in Limestones of the Sabinas Basin: Possible Relationships with the Sedimentation Environment

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2017年第10期5卷 77-91页

作者： José A. Batista Rodríguez Joaquín A. Proenza Fernández Gloria I. Dávila Pulido Mitzué Garza García Itzayana Y. Zamora Medellín Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Coahuila México departament de Cristallograia Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals Facultat de Geologia Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain

This study presents an analysis of magnetic susceptibility and natural gamma radioactivity as indirect indicators of impurities in Cretaceous limestones of the Sabinas basin, as well as of the possible relation of these physical properties with the changes in the sedimentation environment. Both of these physical properties indicate changes in the degree of impurities and the mineralogical composition of this rock, principally in its organic matter and detritus content. Considering that the sedimentation environment determines the impurities in these rocks, possible environmental conditions at different levels of the Cretaceous were suggested using the magnetic susceptibility, total gamma radiation and potassium values, as well as the uranium and thorium concentration in the limestones. The analyses suggest variations in the depth of water table of the basin, which are mainly related to transgressions and marine regressions.

关键词： Magnetic Susceptibility Natural Gamma Radioactivity Limestones Environment Sedimentation Sabinas Basin

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Ophiolite hosted chromitite formed by supra-subduction zone peridotite–plume interaction

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Geoscience Frontiers 2020年第6期11卷 2083-2102页

作者： Júlia Farré-de-Pablo Joaquín A.Proenza JoséMaría González-Jiménez Thomas Aiglsperger Antonio Garcia-Casco Javier Escuder-Viruete Vanessa Colás Francisco Longo departament de mineralogia Petrologia i Geologia AplicadaUniversitat de BarcelonaC/Martíi Franquess/n08028BarcelonaSpain departamento de Mineraloga y Petrologa Universidad de GranadaFacultad de CienciasFuentenueva s/n18002GranadaSpain department of Civil Engineering and Natural Resources LuleåUniversity of TechnologySE 97187LuleåSweden Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra(CSIC-UGR) Avda.de las Palmeras 4E-18100ArmillaGranadaSpain Instituto Geologico y Minero de Espana C/La Calera 1Tres Cantos28760MadridSpain Instituto de Geología Universidad Nacional Autonoma de MéxicoCiudad Universitaria04510Ciudad de MéxicoMexico Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad Catòlica de CibaoLa VegaDominican Republic

Chromitite bodies hosted in peridotites typical of suboceanic mantle(s.***.ophiolitic)are found in the northern and central part of the Loma Caribe peridotite,in the Cordillera Central of the Dominican Republic.These chromitites are massive pods of small size(less than a few meters across)and veins that intrude both dunite and harzburgite.Compositionally,they are high-Cr chromitites[Cr#=Cr/(Cr+Al)atomic ratio=0.71-0.83]singularly enriched in TiO2(up to 1.25 wt.%),Fe2 O3(2.77-9.16 wt.%)as well as some trace elements(Ga,V,Co,Mn,and Zn)and PGE(up to 4548 ppb in whole-rock).This geochemical signature is unknown for chromitites hosted in oceanic upper mantle but akin to those chromites crystallized from mantle plume derived melts.Noteworthy,the melt estimated to be in equilibrium with such chromite from the Loma Caribe chromitites is similar to basalts derived from different source regions of a heterogeneous Caribbean mantle plume.This mantle plume is responsible for the formation of the Caribbean Large Igneous Province(CLIP).Dolerite dykes with back-arc basin basalt(BABB)and enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt(E-MORB)affinities commonly intrude the Loma Caribe peridotite,and are interpreted as evidence of the impact that the Caribbean plume had in the off-axis magmatism of the back-arc basin,developed after the Caribbean island-arc extension in the Late Cretaceous.We propose a model in which chromitites were formed in the shallow portion of the back-arc mantle as a result of the metasomatic reaction between the supra-subduction zone(SSZ)peridotites and upwelling plume-related melts.

关键词： Chromitite Ophiolite Plume Mantle Back-arc basin Dominican Republic

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Review of the El Soplao Amber Outcrop,Early Cretaceous of Cantabria,Spain

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2010年第4期84卷 959-976页

作者： María NAJARRO Enrique PENALVER Ricardo PEREZ-de LA FUENTE Jaime ORTEGA-BLANCO Cesar MENOR-SALVAN Eduardo BARRON Carmen SORIANO Idoia ROSALES Rafael LOPEZ deL VALLE Francisco VELASCO Fernando TORNOS Véronique DAVIERO-GOMEZ Bernard GOMEZ Xavier deLCLOS Instituto Geologico y Minero de Espana E-28003MadridSpain departament d'Estratigrafia Paleontologia i Geociencies MarinesFacultat de GeologiaUniversitat de BarcelonaE-08071BarcelonaSpain Centro de Astrobiologia(CSIC-INTA) E-28850Torrejon de ArdozSpain European Synchrotron Radiation Facilities F-38000 GrenobleFrance/Geosciences Rennes-Universite de Rennes 1F-35042 RennesFrance El Soplao S.L. Prao El CollaoE-39553CantabriaSpain Universidad del Pais Vasco Dpto.Mineralogia y PetrologiaE-48080 BilbaoSpain CNRS-UMR 5125 PEPS Universite Lyon 1GeodeF-69622 VilleurbanneFrance

El Soplao outcrop, an Early Cretaceous amber deposit recently discovered in northern Spain （Cantabria）, has been shown to be the largest site of amber with arthropod inclusions that has been found in Spain so far. Relevant data provided herein for biogeochemistry of the amber, palynology, taphonomy and arthropod bioinclusions complement those previously published. This set of data suggests at least two botanical sources for the amber of El Soplao deposit. The first （type A amber） strongly supports a source related to Cheirolepidiaceae, and the second （type B amber） shows non-specific conifer biomarkers. Comparison of molecular composition of type A amber with Frenelopsis leaves （Cheirolepidiaceae） strongly suggests a biochemical affinity and a common botanical origin. A preliminary palynological study indicates a regional high taxonomical diversity, mainly of pteridophyte spores and gymnosperm pollen grains. According to the preliminary palynological data, the region was inhabited by conifer forests adapted to a dry season under a subtropical climate. The abundant charcoalified wood associated with the amber in the same beds is evidence of paleofires that most likely promoted both the resin production and an intensive erosion of the litter, and subsequent great accumulation of amber plus plant cuticles. In addition, for the first time in the fossil record, charcoalified plant fibers as bioinclnsions in amber are reported. Other relevant taphonomic data are the exceptional presence of serpulids and bryozoans on the surfaces of some amber pieces indicating both a long exposure on marine or brackish-water and a mixed assemblage of amber. Lastly, new findings of insect bioiuclusions, some of them uncommon in the fossil record or showing remarkable adaptations, are reported. In conclusion, a documented scenario for the origin of the El Soplao amber outcrop is provided.

关键词： fossil resin chemotaxonomy paleobotany charcoal arthropod bioinclusions taphonomy EarlyAlbian

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Cold plumes trigger contamination of oceanic mantle wedges with continental crust-derived sediments:Evidence from chromitite zircon grains of eastern Cuban ophiolites

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Geoscience Frontiers 2018年第6期9卷 1921-1936页

作者： J.A.Proenza J.M.González-Jiménez A.Garcia-Casco E.Belousova W.L.Griffin C.Talavera Y.Rojas-Agramonte T.Aiglsperger D.Navarro-Ciurana N.Pujol-Solà F.Gervilla S.Y.O’Reilly D.E.Jacob departament de mineralogia Petrologia i Geologia AplicadaUniversitat de BarcelonaC/Martíi Franquès s/n08028BarcelonaSpain departamento de Mineralogía y Petrología Universidad de GranadaFacultad de CienciasFuentenueva s/n 18002GranadaSpain Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra(CSIC-UGR) Avda.de las Palmeras 4E-18100ArmillaGranadaSpain ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems(CCFS) GEMOC National Key CentreDepartment of Earth and Planetary SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSW 2109Australia John de Laeter Centre Curtin UniversityPerthWA 6102Australia Geocycles-Earth System Research Center Institut fur GeowissenschaftenJohannes Gutenberg-UniversitatBecherweg 21D-55099 MainzGermany departamento de Geociencias Universidad de los AndesBogotáColombia

The origin of zircon grains, and other exotic minerals of typical crustal origin, in mantle-hosted ophiolitic chromitites are hotly debated. We report a population of zircon grains with ages ranging from Cretaceous(99 Ma) to Neoarchean(2750 Ma), separated from massive chromitite bodies hosted in the mantle section of the supra-subduction(SSZ)-type Mayari-Baracoa Ophiolitic Belt in eastern Cuba. Most analyzed zircon grains(n = 20, 287 ± 3 Ma to 2750 ± 60 Ma) are older than the early Cretaceous age of the ophiolite body, show negativeε_(Hf)(t)(-26 to-0.6) and occasional inclusions of quartz, K-feldspar,biotite, and apatite that indicate derivation from a granitic continental crust. In contrast, 5 mainly rounded zircon grains(297±5 Ma to 2126±27 Ma) show positive εHf(t)(+0.7 to +13.5) and occasional apatite inclusions, suggesting their possible crystallization from melts derived from juvenile(mantle)sources. Interestingly, younger zircon grains are mainly euhedral to subhedral crystals, whereas older zircon grains are predominantly rounded grains. A comparison of the ages and Hf isotopic compositions of the zircon grains with those of nearby exposed crustal terranes suggest that chromitite zircon grains are similar to those reported from terranes of Mexico and northern South America. Hence, chromitite zircon grains are interpreted as sedimentary-derived xenocrystic grains that were delivered into the mantle wedge beneath the Greater Antilles intra-oceanic volcanic arc by metasomatic fluids/melts during subduction processes. Thus, continental crust recycling by subduction could explain all populations of old xenocrystic zircon in Cretaceous mantle-hosted chromitites from eastern Cuba ophiolite.We integrate the results of this study with petrological-thermomechanical modeling and existing geodynamic models to propose that ancient zircon xenocrysts, with a wide spectrum of ages and Hf isotopic compositions, can be transferred to the mantle wedge above subducting slabs by cold plumes.

关键词： Zircon U-Pb geochronology Chromitites Cold plumes Ophiolites Cuba

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