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Research on the solid particle erosion wear of pipe steel for hydraulic fracturing based on experiments and numerical simulations

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Petroleum Science 2024年第4期21卷 2779-2792页

作者： Si-Qi Yang Jian-Chun Fan Ming-Tao Liu De-Ning Li Jun-Liang Li Li-Hong Han Jian-Jun Wang Shang-Yu Yang Si-Wei Dai Lai-Bin Zhang State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Equipment CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Safety and Emergency Technology China University of Petroleum Oil production Technology Research Institute of Liaohe oilfield company Tianjin Gas Storage Branch PetroChina Dagang Oilfield Company Petroleum production Engineering Research Institute Daqing Oilfield Company

Erosion wear is a common failure mode in the oil and gas industry. In the hydraulic fracturing, the fracturing pipes are not only in high-pressure working environment, but also suffer from the impact of the high-speed solid particles in the fracturing fluid. Beneath such complex conditions, the vulnerable components of the pipe system are prone to perforation or even burst accidents, which has become one of the most serious risks at the fracturing site. Unfortunately, it is not yet fully understood the erosion mechanism of pipe steel for hydraulic fracturing. Therefore, this article provides a detailed analysis of the erosion behavior of fracturing pipes under complex working conditions based on experiments and numerical simulations. Firstly, we conducted erosion experiments on AISI 4135 steel for fracturing pipes to investigate the erosion characteristics of the material. The effects of impact angle, flow velocity and applied stress on erosion wear were comprehensively considered. Then a particle impact dynamic model of erosion wear was developed based on the experimental parameters, and the evolution process of particle erosion under different impact angles, impact velocities and applied stress was analyzed. By combining the erosion characteristics, the micro-structure of the eroded area, and the micro-mechanics of erosion damage, the erosion mechanism of pipe steel under fracturing conditions was studied in detail for the first time. Under high-pressure operating conditions, it was demonstrated through experiments and numerical simulations that the size of the micro-defects in the eroded area increased as the applied stress increased, resulting in more severe erosion wear of fracturing pipes.

关键词： Erosion wear Applied stress Particle impact dynamics Erosion mechanism

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Prediction on Failure Pressure of Pipeline Containing Corrosion Defects Based on ISSA-BPNNModel

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Energy Engineering 2024年第3期121卷 821-834页

作者： Qi Zhuang Dong Liu Zhuo Chen PetroChina Changqing oilfield company The Second Gas Production PlantXi’an710000China PetroChina Changqing oilfield company Safety and Environmental Supervision Department Co.Ltd.Xi’an710000China Sinopec Northwest oilfield company The Second Oil Production Plant Co.Ltd.Urumqi830016China

Oil and gas pipelines are affected by many factors,such as pipe wall thinning and pipeline *** prediction of failure pressure of oil and gas pipelines can provide technical support for pipeline safety *** at the shortcomings of the BP Neural Network(BPNN)model,such as low learning efficiency,sensitivity to initial weights,and easy falling into a local optimal state,an Improved Sparrow Search Algorithm(ISSA)is adopted to optimize the initial weights and thresholds of BPNN,and an ISSA-BPNN failure pressure prediction model for corroded pipelines is *** 61 sets of pipelines blasting test data as an example,the prediction model was built and predicted by MATLAB software,and compared with the BPNN model,GA-BPNN model,and SSA-BPNN *** results show that the MAPE of the ISSA-BPNN model is 3.4177%,and the R2 is 0.9880,both of which are superior to its comparison *** the ISSA-BPNN model has high prediction accuracy and stability,and can provide support for pipeline inspection and maintenance.

关键词： Oil and gas pipeline corrosion defect failure pressure prediction sparrow search algorithm BP neural network logistic chaotic map

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Prediction Model of Wax Deposition Rate in Waxy Crude Oil Pipelines by Elman Neural Network Based on Improved Reptile Search Algorithm

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Energy Engineering 2024年第4期121卷 1007-1026页

作者： Zhuo Chen Ningning Wang Wenbo Jin Dui Li The Second Oil production plant Sinopec Northwest Oilfield CompanyUrumqi830011China Yingmaili Oil and Gas production Management Area PetroChina Tarim Oilfield CompanyKorla841001China College of Petroleum Engineering Xi’an Shiyou UniversityXi’an710065China

A hard problem that hinders the movement of waxy crude oil is wax deposition in oil *** ensure the safe operation of crude oil pipelines,an accurate model must be developed to predict the rate of wax deposition in crude oil *** at the shortcomings of the ENN prediction model,which easily falls into the local minimum value and weak generalization ability in the implementation process,an optimized ENN prediction model based on the IRSA is *** validity of the new model was confirmed by the accurate prediction of two sets of experimental data on wax deposition in crude oil *** two groups of crude oil wax deposition rate case prediction results showed that the average absolute percentage errors of IRSA-ENN prediction models is 0.5476% and 0.7831%,***,it shows a higher prediction accuracy compared to the ENN prediction *** fact,the new model established by using the IRSA to optimize ENN can optimize the initial weights and thresholds in the prediction process,which can overcome the shortcomings of the ENN prediction model,such as weak generalization ability and tendency to fall into the local minimum value,so that it has the advantages of strong implementation and high prediction accuracy.

关键词： Waxy crude oil wax deposition rate chaotic map improved reptile search algorithm Elman neural network prediction accuracy

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Log interpretation of carbonate rocks based on petrophysical facies constraints

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Energy Geoscience 2024年第3期5卷 39-51页

作者： Hui Xu Hongwei Xiao Guofeng Cheng Nannan Liu Jindong Cui Xing Shi Shangping Chen School of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Changzhou UniversityChangzhouJiangsu213164China Exploration and Development Research Institute of daqing oilfield Co. Ltd.DaqingHeilongjiang163712China Changqing oilfield No.5 Oil production plant PetroChinaXi'anShannxi710000China

The complex pore structure of carbonate reservoirs hinders the correlation between porosity and *** view of the sedimentation,diagenesis,testing,and production characteristics of carbonate reservoirs in the study area,combined with the current trends and advances in well log interpretation techniques for carbonate reservoirs,a log interpretation technology route of“geological information constraint+deep learning”was *** principal component analysis(PCA)was employed to establish lithology identification criteria with an accuracy of 91%.The Bayesian stepwise discriminant method was used to construct a sedimentary microfacies identification method with an accuracy of 90.5%.Based on production data,the main lithologies and sedimentary microfacies of effective reservoirs were determined,and 10 petrophysical facies with effective reservoir characteristics were *** by petrophysical facies,the mean interpretation error of porosity compared to core analysis results is 2.7%,and the ratio of interpreted permeability to core analysis is within one order of magnitude,averaging *** research results demonstrate that deep learning algorithms can uncover the correlation in carbonate reservoir well logging *** geological and production data and selecting appropriate machine learning algorithms can significantly improve the accuracy of well log interpretation for carbonate reservoirs.

关键词： Carbonate reservoir Principal component analysis(PCA) Bayesian stepwise discriminant analysis Petrophysical facies Well log interpretation

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A log-based method for fine-scale evaluation of lithofacies and its applications to the Gulong shale in the Songliao Basin,Northeast China

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Energy Geoscience 2024年第3期5卷 189-202页

作者： Weilin Yan Chunyan Wang Shujun Yin Zheng Wen Jiandong Zheng Xiuli Fu Zhou Feng Zhaoqian Zhang Jianhua Zhu Exploration and Development Research Institute of daqing oilfield company Limited PetroChinaDaqingHeilongjiang163002China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development PetroChinaBeijing100083China

The Gulong shale demonstrates high clay content and pronounced thin laminations,with limited vertical variability in log curves,complicating lithofacies *** comprehend the distribution and compositional features of lithofacies in the Gulong shale for optimal sweet spot selection and reservoir stimulation,this study introduced a lithofacies classification scheme and a log-based lithofacies evaluation ***,theΔlgR method was utilized for accurately determining the total organic carbon(TOC)content;a multi-mineral model based on element-to-mineral content conversion coefficients was developed to enhance mineral composition prediction accuracy,and the microresistivity curve variations derived from formation micro-image(FMI)log were used to compute lamination density,offering insights into sedimentary *** this method,integrating TOC content,sedimentary structures,and mineral compositions,the Qingshankou Formation is classified into four lithofacies and 12 sublithofacies,displaying 90.6%accuracy compared to core description *** classification results reveal that the northern portion of the study area exhibits more prevalent fissile felsic shales,siltstone interlayers,shell limestones,and ***,the upper section primarily exhibits organic-rich felsic shale and siltstone interlayers,the middle part is characterized by moderate organic quartz-feldspathic shale and siltstone/carbonate interlayers,and the lower section predominantly features organic-rich fissile felsic/clayey felsic *** various sublithofacies in relation to seven petrophysical parameters,oil test production,and fracturing operation conditions indicates that the organic-rich felsic shales in the upper section and the organic-rich/clayey felsic shales in the lower section possess superior physical properties and oil content,contributing to smoother fracturing operation and enhanced production,thus emerging as dominant ***

关键词： Lithofacies division Formation micro-image(FMI)log Lithoscanner logging Fine-scale log-based evaluation Gulong shale

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Differences in and factors controlling organic matter enrichment in the Ziliujing Formation shale in the Sichuan Basin

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Petroleum Science 2024年第1期21卷 77-86页

作者： Peng Li Zhong-Bao Liu He Bi Tao Jiang Rui-Kang Bian Peng-Wei Wang Xiao-Yu Shang State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Efficient Development Beijing102206China Key Laboratory of Shale Oil/Gas Exploration and production Technology SINOPECBeijing102206China Petroleum Exploration and production Research Institute SINOPECBeijing102206China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChinaBeijing100083China Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing100037China No.4 Oil production plant in daqing oilfield Co Ltd. Daqing163511HeilongjiangChina

Lacustrine shale oil and gas are important fields for unconventional exploration and development in China,and organic-rich shale deposition lays down the critical foundation for hydrocarbon *** are two sets of shale,the Dongyuemiao and Da’anzhai Members,in the Ziliujing Formation in the Sichuan *** identify the differential enrichment characteristics of organic matter and clarify its controlling factors,geochemical analyses of organic and inorganic geochemical analyses were *** results showed that the total organic carbon content of the Dongyuemiao shale(1.36%)is slightly higher than that of the Da’anzhai shale(0.95%).The enrichment of organic matter in the two shales resulted from the comprehensive controls of paleoproductivity,paleoenvironment,and terrigenous input,but different factors have different *** addition,driven by climate,the change in the sulfate concentration in the bottom water further led to the different intensities of bacterial sulfate reduction in early *** made a great difference regarding organic matter accumulation in the two *** general,climate may have played a dominant role in organic matter enrichment in the two sets of shale.

关键词： Lacustrine shale Ziliujing Formation Sichuan Basin Enrichment mechanism of organic matter

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Experimental study of the influencing factors and mechanisms of the pressure-reduction and augmented injection effect by nanoparticles in ultra-low permeability reservoirs

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Petroleum Science 2024年第3期21卷 1915-1927页

作者： Pan Wang Yu-Hang Hu Liao-Yuan Zhang Yong Meng Zhen-Fu Ma Tian-Ru Wang Zi-Lin Zhang Ji-Chao Fang Xiao-Qiang Liu Qing You Yan Zhang Beijing Key Laboratory of Unconventional Natural Gas Geological Evaluation and Development Engineering China University of Geosciences(Beijing)Beijing100083China School of Energy Resources China University of Geosciences(Beijing)Beijing100083China Petroleum Engineering Technology Research Institute Sinopec Shengli Oilfield CompanyDongying257000ShandongChina Hekou Oil production plant Sinopec Shengli Oilfield CompanyDongying257200ShandongChina Petroleum Exploration and production Research Institute SINOPECBeijing102206China CNPC Engineering Technology R&D company Limited Beijing102206China

Nanoparticles(NPs)have gained significant attention as a functional material due to their ability to effectively enhance pressure reduction in injection processes in ultra-low permeability *** are typically studied in controlled laboratory conditions,and their behavior in real-world,complex environments such as ultra-low permeability reservoirs,is not well understood due to the limited scope of their *** study investigates the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of NPs in decreasing injection pressure under various injection conditions(25—85℃,10—25 MPa).The results reveal that under optimal injection conditions,NPs effectively reduce injection pressure by a maximum of 22.77%in core *** pressure reduction rate is found to be positively correlated with oil saturation and permeability,and negatively correlated with temperature and ***,particle image velocimetry(PIV)experiments(25℃,atmospheric pressure)indicate that the pressure reduction is achieved by NPs through the reduction of wall shear resistance and wettability *** work has important implications for the design of water injection strategies in ultra-low permeability reservoirs.

关键词： Nanoparticle Pressure reduction Augmented injection Ultra-low permeability reservoir

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Numerical Simulation of Oil-Water Two-Phase Flow in Low Permeability Tight Reservoirs Based on Weighted Least Squares Meshless Method

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Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing 2024年第7期20卷 1539-1552页

作者： Xin Liu Kai Yan Bo Fang Xiaoyu Sun Daqiang Feng Li Yin School of GeoSciences Yangtze UniversityWuhan430100China State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation(Southwest Petroleum University) Chengdu610000China Downhole Service company Petro China Qinghai Oilfield CompanyHaixi817000China Research Institute of Drilling and production Technology Petro China Qinghai Oilfield CompanyDunhuang736200China PetroChina Qinghai oilfield company The Third Oil plant Dunhuang736200China

In response to the complex characteristics of actual low-permeability tight reservoirs,this study develops a meshless-based numerical simulation method for oil-water two-phase flow in these reservoirs,considering complex boundary *** radial basis function point interpolation,the method approximates shape functions for unknown functions within the nodal influence *** shape functions constructed by the aforementioned meshless interpolation method haveδ-function properties,which facilitate the handling of essential aspects like the controlled bottom-hole flow pressure in horizontal ***,the meshless method offers greater flexibility and freedom compared to grid cell discretization,making it simpler to discretize complex geometries.A variational principle for the flow control equation group is introduced using a weighted least squares meshless method,and the pressure distribution is solved *** results demonstrate that the computational outcomes of the meshless point cloud model,which has a relatively small degree of freedom,are in close agreement with those of the Discrete Fracture Model(DFM)employing refined grid partitioning,with pressure calculation accuracy exceeding 98.2%.Compared to high-resolution grid-based computational methods,the meshless method can achieve a better balance between computational efficiency and ***,the impact of fracture half-length on the productivity of horizontal wells is *** results indicate that increasing the fracture half-length is an effective strategy for enhancing production from the perspective of cumulative oil production.

关键词： Weighted least squares method meshless method numerical simulation of low permeability tight reservoirs oil-water two-phase flow fracture half-length

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Factors Influencing Fracture Propagation in Collaborative Fracturing ofMultiple HorizontalWells

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Energy Engineering 2024年第2期121卷 425-437页

作者： Diguang Gong Junbin Chen Cheng Cheng Yuanyuan Kou Shanxi Key Laboratory of Well Stability and Fluid&RockMechanics inOil andGas Reservoirs Xi’an Shiyou UniversityXi’an710065China The Second Oil production plant Petro China Changqing Oilfield CompanyQingyang745100China

Horizontal well-stimulation is the key to unconventional resource exploration and *** development mode of the well plant helps increase the stimulated reservoir ***,fracture interference between wells reduces the fracturing ***,a 2D hydro-mechanical coupling model describing hydraulic fracture(HF)propagation is established with the extended finite element method,and the effects of several factors on HF propagation during multiple wells fracturing are *** results show that with an increase in elastic modulus,horizontal principal stress difference and injection fluid displacement,the total fracture area and the reservoir stimulation efficiency are both improved in all three fracturing *** a comparison of the three technologies,the method of improved zipper fracturing is proposed,which avoids mutual interference between HFs,and the reservoir stimulation effect is improved *** study provides guidance for optimizing the fracturing technology of multiple horizontal wells.

关键词： Multi-well fracturing inter-fracture interference hydraulic fracturing hydro-mechanical coupling extended finite element horizontal well

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Paleosalinity reconstruction in offshore lacustrine basins based on elemental geochemistry:a case study of Middle Upper Eocene Shahejie Formation,Zhanhua Sag,Bohai Bay Basin

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2024年第4期42卷 1087-1105页

作者： Long SUN Shenghe WU Dali YUE Wenfu CUI National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing 102249China College of Geosciences China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing 102249China Shengli Oil production plant Shengli Oilfield CompanySINOPECDongying 257400China

Salinity is a crucial property of water body and is essential for the restoration of paleoecology and ***,the theoretical method of application of elemental geochemical proxies to paleosalinity reconstruction is still ***,accurate determination and reconstruction of paleosalinity and its variation in an offshore lacustrine basin have been extremely challenging thus *** study presents detailed elemental geochemical investigations from the Zhanhua Sag in the southern Bohai Bay Basin to reconstruct the salinity variation in the Paleogene Eocene Shahejie Formation(50.8-33.9 Ma).Based on the variation of strontium barium ratio(Sr/Ba)and boron gallium ratio(B/Ga),we determined three typical salinity types of water body:salty water(Sr/Ba>0.5,B/Ga>6),brackish water(0.29,reflecting the overall characteristics of oligohaline(0.59 *** considered that the B/Ga ratio had the highest reliability and resolution in determining the salinity types of water body in the study *** environmental factors causing paleosalinity variation were also thoroughly analysed based on the temporal relationship among the salinity types of watermasses,paleoclimate characteristics from pollen records,and marine transgression events from marine *** research established a model of paleoclimatic and eustatic mechanisms to explain paleosalinity variation,providing reasonable and integral driving forces for the salinity variation of all offshore lacustrine basins.

关键词： paleosalinity paleoclimate Zhanhua Sag Middle-Upper Eocene Shahejie Formation

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