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Analysis of sensitivity to hydrate blockage risk in natural gas gathering pipeline

Petroleum Science 2024年第4期21卷 2723-2733页

作者： Ao-Yang Zhang Meng Cai Na Wei Hai-Tao Li Chao Zhang Jun Pei Xin-Wei Wang State Key Laboratory of oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Research Institute of Production Engineering Daqing Oilfield Co.Ltd.

During the operational process of natural gas gathering and transmission pipelines, the formation of hydrates is highly probable, leading to uncontrolled movement and aggregation of hydrates. The continuous migration and accumulation of hydrates further contribute to the obstruction of natural gas pipelines, resulting in production reduction, shutdowns, and pressure build-ups. consequently, a cascade of risks is prone to occur. To address this issue, this study focuses on the operational process of natural gas gathering and transmission pipelines, where a comprehensive framework is established. This framework includes theoretical models for pipeline temperature distribution, pipeline pressure distribution, multiphase flow within the pipeline, hydrate blockage, and numerical solution methods. By analyzing the influence of inlet temperature, inlet pressure, and terminal pressure on hydrate formation within the pipeline, the sensitivity patterns of hydrate blockage risks are derived. The research indicates that reducing inlet pressure and terminal pressure could lead to a decreased maximum hydrate formation rate, potentially mitigating pipeline blockage during natural gas transportation. Furthermore, an increase in inlet temperature and terminal pressure, and a decrease in inlet pressure, results in a displacement of the most probable location for hydrate blockage towards the terminal station. However,it is crucial to note that operating under low-pressure conditions significantly elevates energy consumption within the gathering system, contradicting the operational goal of energy efficiency and reduction of energy consumption. consequently, for high-pressure gathering pipelines, measures such as raising the inlet temperature or employing inhibitors, electrical heat tracing, and thermal insulation should be adopted to prevent hydrate formation during natural gas transportation. Moreover, considering abnormal conditions such as gas well production and pipeline network s

关键词： Natural gas hydrates Gathering pipeline Temperature variation Hydrate formation rate Sensitivity analysis

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Mechanical characteristics and reservoir stimulation mechanisms of the Gulong shale oil reservoirs, the northern Songliao Basin

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Petroleum Science 2024年第3期21卷 2023-2036页

作者： Si-Wei Meng Jia-Ping Tao Tian-Jiao Li Dong-Xu Li Su-Ling Wang Liu Yang Xin Liu Li-Hao Liang He Liu PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration Development Beijing100083China National Key Laboratory of continental Shale oil Daqing 163002HeilongjiangChina Dalian University of Technology Dalian116024LiaoningChina PetroChina daqing oilfield co.ltd. Daqing163002HeilongjiangChina Northeast Petroleum University Daqing163002HeilongjiangChina China University of Mining and Technology(Beijing) Beijing100083China

Shale oil of the Qingshankou Formation of the Gulong Sag,the northern Songliao Basin,represents the first attempt at large-scale development of pure-shale-type shale oil in *** integrating the multiscale refined reservoir characterization with macro-micro-scale mechanical testing,it is clarified that the Gulong shale is characterized by high clay mineral content,high rock plasticity,highly-developed bedding,and prominent mechanical anisotropy.A three-dimensional(3D)fracture propagation model of hydraulic fracturing was built for the Gulong shale,which fully captures the hydraulic fracture distribution pattern affected by the high bedding density,in-situ stress,and fracturing treatment *** research showed that due to influences of bedding,hydraulic fracturing in the Gulong shale forms a complex fracture morphology featuring the main fracture with multiple perpendicular branches that have different lengths(like the outdoor directional TV antenna);however,the vertical propagation of fractures is inhibited,and the fracture height is commonly less than 10 *** limited stimulated reservoir volume(SRV)is the main problem facing the fracturing stimulation of the Gulong shale *** density has vital effects on fracture morphology,so case-specific fracturing designs shall be developed for shale intervals with different bedding development *** reservoirs with welldeveloped bedding,it is suggested to properly increase the perforation cluster spacing and raise the volume and proportions of viscous fluids of the pad,so as to effectively promote vertical fracture propagation and improve reservoir stimulation *** study integrates multi-scale fine reservoir characterization and macro-micro-scale mechanical testing,as well as the construction and numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing models for high-density layered shale reservoirs,providing a new approach and methodological framework for the fracturing research of high-density layer

关键词： Shale oil Hydraulic fracturing High bedding density Fracture propagation model

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Paleoenvironment evolution and organic matter enrichment mechanisms in the first member of the Qingshankou Formation,Songliao Basin,China

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2024年第2期18卷 364-383页

作者： Ying LI Min WANG Yu YAN Xin WANG Jinyou ZHANG Xuefeng BAI Yuchen ZHANG Jiaheng XUE Junsheng FEI Lianbin ZHANG Guojun WANG School of Geoscience China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao 266580China Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep oil and Gas Qingdao 266580China Exploration and Development Research Institute of daqing oilfield co ltd. Daqing 163712China Exploration Division PetroChina Daqing Oilfield CompanyDaqing 163453China Department of Physics Xiamen University MalaysiaBandar Sunsuria 43900Malaysia

Organic matter is the basis for oil and gas generation,and the depositional environment controls its *** first member of the Qingshankou Formation(K_(2)qn^(1))in Songliao Basin has a thick organic-rich shale and so is an important target section for shale oil exploration and *** the Gulong Sag,shale samples from this unit were collected over the full length of the *** characterization of the environments of deposition(EOD)of K_(2)qn^(1)was improved by utilizing lithological characteristics,thin section observations,elemental compositions,and organic carbon *** with the normalization coefficients proposed in this paper,an organic matter correlation model was established to elucidate the factors that influence organic matter *** the bottom to the top of K2qn1,the lake depth gradually becomes shallower,the primary productivity first decreases and then increases,the reducing conditions become stronger and then weaker,the water salinity gradually decreases,the climate first becomes semi-humid and then warm and humid,and the input of terrigenous debris first decreases and then increases.A major marine transgression at the base of the K_(2)qn^(1)᾽s brought in nutrients to increase primary productivity,and the density-stratified reducing environment preserved and enriched organic *** primary productivity occurred during the middle of the deposition of the K_(2)qn^(1),while terrigenous input is *** matter is preserved in reduced deep lake environments,resulting in organic matter-rich black *** lake became shallower,and the salinity decreased in the upper part of K_(2)qn^(1).Benthic organisms rapidly multiplied,consuming large amounts of oxygen and destroying the previously depositional environment,resulting in a reducing environment disturbed by benthic organisms with poor preservation conditions and the lowest organic matter content.

关键词： major and trace elements paleoenvironment evolution OM enrichment mechanism lacustrine shale Songliao Basin Qingshankou Formation

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Differences in and factors controlling organic matter enrichment in the Ziliujing Formation shale in the Sichuan Basin

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Petroleum Science 2024年第1期21卷 77-86页

作者： Peng Li Zhong-Bao Liu He Bi Tao Jiang Rui-Kang Bian Peng-Wei Wang Xiao-Yu Shang State Key Laboratory of Shale oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Efficient Development Beijing102206China Key Laboratory of Shale oil/Gas Exploration and Production Technology SINOPECBeijing102206China Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute SINOPECBeijing102206China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChinaBeijing100083China Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing100037China No.4 oil Production Plant in daqing oilfield co ltd. Daqing163511HeilongjiangChina

Lacustrine shale oil and gas are important fields for unconventional exploration and development in China,and organic-rich shale deposition lays down the critical foundation for hydrocarbon *** are two sets of shale,the Dongyuemiao and Da’anzhai Members,in the Ziliujing Formation in the Sichuan *** identify the differential enrichment characteristics of organic matter and clarify its controlling factors,geochemical analyses of organic and inorganic geochemical analyses were *** results showed that the total organic carbon content of the Dongyuemiao shale(1.36%)is slightly higher than that of the Da’anzhai shale(0.95%).The enrichment of organic matter in the two shales resulted from the comprehensive controls of paleoproductivity,paleoenvironment,and terrigenous input,but different factors have different *** addition,driven by climate,the change in the sulfate concentration in the bottom water further led to the different intensities of bacterial sulfate reduction in early *** made a great difference regarding organic matter accumulation in the two *** general,climate may have played a dominant role in organic matter enrichment in the two sets of shale.

关键词： Lacustrine shale Ziliujing Formation Sichuan Basin Enrichment mechanism of organic matter

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Log interpretation of carbonate rocks based on petrophysical facies constraints

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Energy Geoscience 2024年第3期5卷 39-51页

作者： Hui Xu Hongwei Xiao Guofeng Cheng Nannan Liu Jindong Cui Xing Shi Shangping Chen School of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Changzhou UniversityChangzhouJiangsu213164China Exploration and Development Research Institute of daqing oilfield co. Ltd.DaqingHeilongjiang163712China Changqing oilfield No.5 oil Production Plant PetroChinaXi'anShannxi710000China

The complex pore structure of carbonate reservoirs hinders the correlation between porosity and *** view of the sedimentation,diagenesis,testing,and production characteristics of carbonate reservoirs in the study area,combined with the current trends and advances in well log interpretation techniques for carbonate reservoirs,a log interpretation technology route of“geological information constraint+deep learning”was *** principal component analysis(PCA)was employed to establish lithology identification criteria with an accuracy of 91%.The Bayesian stepwise discriminant method was used to construct a sedimentary microfacies identification method with an accuracy of 90.5%.Based on production data,the main lithologies and sedimentary microfacies of effective reservoirs were determined,and 10 petrophysical facies with effective reservoir characteristics were *** by petrophysical facies,the mean interpretation error of porosity compared to core analysis results is 2.7%,and the ratio of interpreted permeability to core analysis is within one order of magnitude,averaging *** research results demonstrate that deep learning algorithms can uncover the correlation in carbonate reservoir well logging *** geological and production data and selecting appropriate machine learning algorithms can significantly improve the accuracy of well log interpretation for carbonate reservoirs.

关键词： Carbonate reservoir Principal component analysis(PCA) Bayesian stepwise discriminant analysis Petrophysical facies Well log interpretation

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Hydrocarbon gas huff-n-puff optimization of multiple horizontal wells with complex fracture networks in the M unconventional reservoir

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Petroleum Science 2024年第2期21卷 1018-1031页

作者： Hao-Chuan Zhang Yong Tang You-Wei He Yong Qin Jian-Hong Luo Yu Sun Ning Wang De-Qiang Wang State Key Laboratory of oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu610500SichuanChina CNPC Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing100083China Southwest oil&Gas field company PetroChinaChengdu610051SichuanChina State Key Laboratory of Offshore oil Exploitation CNOOC Research Institute Co.LtdBeijing100027China

The oil production of the multi-fractured horizontal wells(MFHWs) declines quickly in unconventional oil reservoirs due to the fast depletion of natural energy. Gas injection has been acknowledged as an effective method to improve oil recovery factor from unconventional oil reservoirs. Hydrocarbon gas huff-n-puff becomes preferable when the co_(2) source is limited. However, the impact of complex fracture networks and well interference on the EOR performance of multiple MFHWs is still unclear. The optimal gas huff-n-puff parameters are significant for enhancing oil recovery. This work aims to optimize the hydrocarbon gas injection and production parameters for multiple MFHWs with complex fracture networks in unconventional oil reservoirs. Firstly, the numerical model based on unstructured grids is developed to characterize the complex fracture networks and capture the dynamic fracture ***, the PVT phase behavior simulation was carried out to provide the fluid model for numerical simulation. Thirdly, the optimal parameters for hydrocarbon gas huff-n-puff were obtained. Finally, the dominant factors of hydrocarbon gas huff-n-puff under complex fracture networks are obtained by fuzzy mathematical method. Results reveal that the current pressure of hydrocarbon gas injection can achieve miscible displacement. The optimal injection and production parameters are obtained by single-factor analysis to analyze the effect of individual parameter. Gas injection time is the dominant factor of hydrocarbon gas huff-n-puff in unconventional oil reservoirs with complex fracture networks. This work can offer engineers guidance for hydrocarbon gas huff-n-puff of multiple MFHWs considering the complex fracture networks.

关键词： Unconventional oil reservoir complex fracture network Hydrocarbon gas huff-n-puff Parameter optimization Numerical simulation

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Effect of proppant sizes and injection modes on proppant transportation and distribution in the tortuous fracture model

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Particuology 2024年第1期84卷 261-280页

作者： Jun Li Xu Han Siyuan He Mingyi Wu Xin Huang Nianyin Li State Key Laboratory of oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu610500China Chongqing Industry Polytechnic college Chongqing401120China Sichuan Particles Energy and Technology co. LtdChengdu611630China Engineering Technology Research Institute of PetroChina Southwest oil and Gas field company Chengdu610017China

Particle-fluid transport and placement mechanism in tortuous fracture played a crucial role in uncon-ventional ***,most studies focused on mono-size proppant with fluid transport pro-cesses in tortuous ***,the mixture-size proppant with fluid movement mechanism in tortuous fracture was still ***,this study designed and applied a series of experiments with a physical analog model of a tortuous fracture with 120°and 90°-angled bends and combined high-speed camera-based *** experimental system was used to track different-mixture-sized proppant particle motion trajectories for a series of proppant injection schemes;The following conclu-sions were drawn from this study:*** pile-up processes mechanism in all investigated schemes were similar and could be reduced to four main *** packing structure at both sides of the fracture wall had different variation rates,which were controlled by the mix ratio(change from 1∶1-1∶5)of proppant *** new packing patterns,such as Zebra Stripe,had occurred,controlled by the different proppant injection ***-sized mono-proppant(30/50 mesh)had the highest transport efficiency in the tortuous fracture,followed by the mixed-sized multi-proppant(10/20 mesh:30/50 mesh),large-sized proppant(10/20 mesh)was the *** optimized alternating in-jection mode was recommended as injecting small-sized proppant first(30/50 mesh)and followed by mixed-sized multi-proppant(10/20 mesh:30/50 mesh),which could contribute to obtaining the optimal both proppant packing height and travel distance in tortuous *** correlations were devel-oped for predicting the proppant packing height and transportation distance.

关键词： Tortuous fracture model Mixed-sized proppant Multi-sized proppant injection mode Proppant motion and distribution Packing mechanism

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An efficient data-driven global sensitivity analysis method of shale gas production through convolutional neural network

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Petroleum Science 2024年第4期21卷 2475-2484页

作者： Liang Xue Shuai Xu Jie Nie Ji Qin Jiang-Xia Han Yue-Tian Liu Qin-Zhuo Liao State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering China University of Petroleum (Beijing) Department of oil-Gas field Development Engineering College of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum (Beijing) Chuanqing Drilling Engineering co.ltd. China National Petroleum Corporation

The shale gas development process is complex in terms of its flow mechanisms and the accuracy of the production forecasting is influenced by geological parameters and engineering parameters. Therefore, to quantitatively evaluate the relative importance of model parameters on the production forecasting performance, sensitivity analysis of parameters is required. The parameters are ranked according to the sensitivity coefficients for the subsequent optimization scheme design. A data-driven global sensitivity analysis(GSA) method using convolutional neural networks(CNN) is proposed to identify the influencing parameters in shale gas production. The CNN is trained on a large dataset, validated against numerical simulations, and utilized as a surrogate model for efficient sensitivity analysis. Our approach integrates CNN with the Sobol' global sensitivity analysis method, presenting three key scenarios for sensitivity analysis: analysis of the production stage as a whole, analysis by fixed time intervals, and analysis by declining rate. The findings underscore the predominant influence of reservoir thickness and well length on shale gas production. Furthermore, the temporal sensitivity analysis reveals the dynamic shifts in parameter importance across the distinct production stages.

关键词： Shale gas Global sensitivity convolutional neural network Data-driven

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Research on a TOPSIS energy efficiency evaluation system for crude oil gathering and transportation systems based on a GA-BP neural network

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Petroleum Science 2024年第1期21卷 621-640页

作者： Xue-Qiang Zhang Qing-Lin Cheng Wei Sun Yi Zhao Zhi-Min Li Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Enhancing the oil and Gas Recovery Ratio Northeast Petroleum UniversityDaqing163318HeilongjiangChina China Petroleum Pipeline Material and Equipment co. LtdLangfang065000HebeiChina Research Institute of Petroleum Engineering and Technology Sinopec Northwest Oilfield CompanyUrumqi830011XinjiangChina

As the main link of ground engineering,crude oil gathering and transportation systems require huge energy consumption and complex *** is necessary to establish an energy efficiency evaluation system for crude oil gathering and transportation systems and identify the energy efficiency *** this paper,the energy efficiency evaluation system of the crude oil gathering and transportation system in an oilfield in western China is *** with the big data analysis method,the GA-BP neural network is used to establish the energy efficiency index prediction model for crude oil gathering and transportation *** comprehensive energy consumption,gas consumption,power consumption,energy utilization rate,heat utilization rate,and power utilization rate of crude oil gathering and transportation systems are *** the efficiency and unit consumption index of the crude oil gathering and transportation system,the energy efficiency evaluation system of the crude oil gathering and transportation system is established based on a game theory combined weighting method and TOPSIS evaluation method,and the subjective weight is determined by the triangular fuzzy analytic hierarchy *** entropy weight method determines the objective weight,and the combined weight of game theory combines subjectivity with objectivity to comprehensively evaluate the comprehensive energy efficiency of crude oil gathering and transportation systems and their ***,the weak links in energy utilization are identified,and energy conservation and consumption reduction are *** above research provides technical support for the green,efficient and intelligent development of crude oil gathering and transportation systems.

关键词： Crude oil gathering and transportation system GA-BP neural network Energy efficiency evaluation TOPSIS evaluation method Energy saving and consumption reduction

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The determination of sedimentary environment and associated energy in deep-buried marine carbonates:insights from natural gamma ray spectrometry log

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2024年第1期18卷 204-218页

作者： Jingyan LIU Qian CHANG Junlong ZHANG Hui CHAI Feng HE Yizan YANG Shiqiang XIA School of Energy Resources China University of Geosciences(Beijing)Beijing 100083China Exploration and Development Research Institute Daqing Oilfield CompanyPetroChinaDaqing 163712China China National oil and Gas Exploration and Development co. Ltd(CNODC)Beijing 100032China Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology Beijing 100029China college of Mining Engineering North China University of Science and TechnologyTangshan 063210China

It has always been challenging to determine the ancient sedimentary environment and associated energy in deep-buried marine *** energy represents the hydrodynamic conditions that existed when the carbonates were *** energy includes light and chemical energies in compounds and kinetic energy in currents and mass ***-buried marine carbonates deposited during the Ordovician depositional period in the eastern Tarim Basin result from a complex interplay of tectonics,sedimentation,and *** a result,determining the ancient sedimentary environment and associated energy is *** natural gamma-ray spectrometry(GRS)log(from 12 wells)is used in this paper to conduct studies on the sedimentary environment and associated energy in deep-buried marine *** findings show that the values of thorium(Th),uranium(U),potassium(K),and gamma-ray without uranium(KTh)in a natural GRS log can reveal lithological associations,mineral composition,diagenetic environment,stratigraphic water activity,and ancient climatic *** the Ordovician,quantitative analysis and determination of sedimentary environment energy are carried out using a comprehensive calculation of natural GRS log parameters in typical wells(penetrating through the Ordovician with cores and thin sections)of well GC4,well GC6,well GC7,and well *** results show that GRS log can determine different lithology associations in typical wells than a sieve residue ***,cores and thin sections can be used to validate the determination of lithology *** on the determination of lithology associations,the lithology associations that reflect the sedimentary environment and associated energy can be analyzed in a new ***,the sedimentary environment energy curve derived from a natural GRS log can reveal hydrodynamic fluctuations during depositional periods,which will aid in the discovery of carbonate reservoirs,establishing sequence stratigra

关键词： ancient sedimentary environment energy of sedimentary environment marine deep-buried carbonates natural GRS the Ordovician eastern Tarim Basin

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