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Sustainable reclamation practices for a large surface coal mine in shortgrass prairie,semiarid environment(Wyoming,USA):case study

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International Journal of Coal Science & Technology 2022年第3期9卷 207-220页

作者： Anna Krzyszowska Waitkus Environmental consulting LaramieWYUSA

Sustainable reclamation practices for large surface coal mines in USA semiarid environment contribute to the quality of the environmental on a long term basis where environmental resources are protected for future ***,after reclamation,must be suitable for the previous use of greatest economic or social values to the community *** the semiarid climate of USA,non-developed land is mainly utilized for crops,grazing,and *** of various stages of the reclamation processes includes verifcation and approval of reclamation criteria and performance standards created by state *** sustainable reclamation practices were investigated at the USA’s largest surface coal mine of the semiarid environment in *** practices include building post-mining topography to the approximate original contour and reestablish a stable hydrologic system to drain surface *** available spoil material is backflled and graded to achieve the post-mining topography which closely resembles the pre-mining *** overburden material or other coal waste material is left in stockpiles at the *** planning until the end of mining,the knowledge of available volumes of suitable backfll material and soil is necessary for sustainable management *** and permanent vegetation capable of stabilizing soil surfaces and capable of self-regeneration is *** management of the reclamation efort is achieved by enforcement processes developed by the state and federal *** inspections of mining and reclamation operations and reviews of annual reports submitted by the operator help determine if the reclamation processes are occurring according to the permit plan.

关键词： Post-mining topography Revegetation Hydrology Soil salvage Inspections Enforcement

ALPHA SPACE-WHERE PLANTS FLY BEYOND THE VERTICAL GARDEN

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Journal of Green Building 2015年第2期10卷 1-23页

作者： Lloyd Godman John Power Stuart Jones Grant Harris 不详 Hyder consulting in Melbourne

In 1996,my interests as a passionate gardener and photo-based artist,that both dated from the 1970s,collided when I made the connection that plants are actually a form of photography;(photography from the Greek-meaning light drawing).Both photography and plants use the magical,mysterious ingredient that is LIGHT and the essential force that drives life on the *** fact,the largest photosensitive emulsion we know of is the planet earth.I draw inspiration and endless fascination from the awareness that the earth rotates in space and orbits the sun at a precise distance for the sun’s radiation to affect the elegant process of photosynthesis through the myriad of plants that have evolved and grow on the *** earth is a three dimensional living *** atmosphere and biosphere are also key factors that mediate the harshness of radiation bombarding the earth and nurture life on the planet that we know and depend *** process is an amazing thing and something we should revere and *** the earth as a basket ball,wrapped in the thinnest paper you could *** thickness of this delicate paper is equivalent to the atmosphere,and the depth of the paper’s texture is thicker than the tallest trees,even thicker than the tallest high rise buildings!Image sequences from NASSA shows how vegetation grows,dies back,changes colour with the seasons,how the“photographic image”that is our planet *** human intervention plays a larger role in transforming the image of the globe we *** foliated land as a photo-sensor(like in a digital camera).

关键词： Environmental Art Green Urban Spaces Roof and Vertical Gardening Air Plants Plants as Weather Shields and Screens Extreme Gardening

New Development of Acid Regeneration in Steel Pickling Plants

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 2008年第4期15卷 1-6页

作者： W F Kladnig ICC Chemical consulting Vienna A-1193 Austria

For acid pickling heat treated mild steel and steel products, up to the middle of the last century, sulfuric acid was primarily in use, which has been replaced stepwise by hydrochloric acid since the sixties. During this time, the pickling of high alloyed steel with hydrofluoric acid or mixtures for hydrofluoric acid together with nitric acid has also been applied on industrial scale. The technologies used by several plant contractors hereby show considerable differences in their engineering. The study provides a survey of the progress in the state of art of regeneration technology as well as the use of different *** media in the form of a review on existing technologies as well as improvements done within the recent years in the area.

关键词： pickling mild steel high alloyed steel acid recycling technology global emission standard treatment of stack gas

Installation and operational effects of a HVDC submarine cable in a continental shelf setting: Bass Strait, Australia

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Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science 2016年第4期1卷 337-353页

作者： John Sherwood Scott Chidgey Peter Crockett David Gwyther Percival Ho Simon Stewart David Strong Bob Whitely Alan Williams School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin UniversityWarrnamboolVictoria 3280Australia CEE consulting 90 Bridge RoadRichmondVictoria 3121Australia Enesar consulting Pty Ltd 124 Camberwell RdHawthorn EastVictoria 3123Australia dsa consulting Suite 211620 St Kilda RoadMelbourneVictoria 3004Australia Coffey Natural Systems Pty Ltd 126 Trenerry CrescentAbbotsfordVictoria 3067Australia Marine Research CSIROHobartTasmania 7000Australia Picton Group Pty Ltd 30 Malpas DriveWallingtonVictoria 3222Australia

Despite the many submarine telecommunications and power cables laid world-wide there are fewer than ten published studies of their environmental effects in the refereed *** paper describes an investigation into the effects of laying and operating the Basslink High Voltage Direct Current(HVDC)cable and its associated metallic return cable across Bass Strait in South East *** more than 95%of its length the cable was directly laid into a wet jetted trench given the predominantly soft sediments *** remote video investigations found that within two years all visible evidence of the cable and trench was gone at over a third of the transects at six deep water sites(32-72 m deep).At other deep water transects the residual trench trapped drift material providing habitat for the generally sparsely distributed benthic *** surveys at both of the near shore sites(<15 m deep)on the northern side of the Strait also found the cable route was undetectable after a *** the southern side,where the cable traversed hard basalt rock near shore,it was encased in a protective cast iron half *** studies by divers over 3.5 years demonstrated the colonization of the hard shell by similar species occupying hard substrates elsewhere on the basalt *** field strengths associated with the operating cable were found to be within 0.8%of those predicted from theory with strength dropping rapidly with distance from the *** 20 m the field was indistinguishable from background.

关键词： High Voltage Direct Current Power cable Magnetic field Epibenthos Ecological effects Video survey

Current progress in innovative engineerec antibodies

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Protein & Cell 2018年第1期9卷 86-120页

作者： William R. Strohl BiStro Biotech consulting Bridgewater NJ 08807 USA

As of May 1, 2017, 74 antibody-based molecules have been approved by a regulatory authority in a major market. Additionally, there are 70 and 575 antibody- based molecules in phase III and phase 1/11 clinical trials, respectively. These total 719 antibody-based clinical stage molecules include 493 naked IgGs, 87 antibody- drug conjugates, 61 bispecific antibodies, 37 total Fc fusion proteins, 17 radioimmunoglobulins, 13 antibody fragments, and 11 immunocytokines. New uses for these antibodies are being discovered each year. For oncol- ogy, many of the exciting new approaches involve anti- body modulation of T-cells. There are over 80 antibodies in clinical trials targeting T cell checkpoints, 26 T-cell- redirected bispecific antibodies, and 145 chimeric anti- gen receptor （CAR） cell-based candidates （all currently in phase I or II clinical trials）, totaling more than 250 T cell interacting clinical stage antibody-based candi- dates. Finally, significant progress has been made recently on routes of delivery, including delivery of proteins across the blood-brain barrier, oral delivery to the gut, delivery to the cellular cytosol, and gene- and viral-based delivery of antibodies. Thus, there are cur- rently at least 864 antibody-based clinical stage mole- cules or cells, with incredible diversity in how they are constructed and what activities they impart. These are followed by a next wave of novel molecules, approa- ches, and new methods and routes of delivery, demon- strating that the field of antibody-based biologics is very innovative and diverse in its approaches to fulfill their promise to treat unmet medical needs.

关键词： antibody clinical candidates engineered antibodies chimeric antigen receptors

Two-dimensional finite volume method for dam-break flow simulation

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2009年第1期24卷 99-107页

作者： M. ALIPARAST Ab Pardazesh Binalood (APB) consulting Engineers

A numerical model based upon a second-order upwind cell-center finite volume method on unstructured triangular grids is developed for solving shallow water equations. The assumption of a small depth downstream instead of a dry bed situation changes the wave structure and the propagation speed of the front which leads to incorrect results. The use of Harten-Lax-vau Leer(HLL) allows handling of wet/dry treatment. By usage of the HLL approximate Riemann solver,also it make possible to handle discontinuous solutions. As the assumption of a very small depth downstream of the dam can change the nature of the dam break flow problem which leads to incorrect results,the HLL approximate Riemann solver is used for the computation of inviscid flux functions,which makes it possible to handle discontinuous solutions. A multidimensional slope-limiting technique is applied to achieve second-order spatial accuracy and to prevent spurious oscillations. To alleviate the problems associated with numerical instabilities due to small water depths near a wet/dry boundary,the friction source terms are treated in a fully implicit way. A third-order Runge-Kutta method is used for the time integration of semi-discrete equations. The developed numerical model has been applied to several test cases as well as to real flows. The tests are tested in two cases:oblique hydraulic jump and experimental dam break in converging-diverging flume. Numerical tests proved the robustness and accuracy of the model. The model has been applied for simulation of dam break analysis of Torogh in Iran. And finally the results have been used in preparing EAP(Emergency Action Plan).

关键词： Finite volume Harten-Lax-van Leer Scheme Dam break Emergency action plan High resolution

Impact of Rainfall Temporal Heterogeneity on Relationship between Curve Number and Rainfall Depth in the Zagros Mountain Region,Iran

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Journal of Mountain Science 2015年第3期12卷 689-698页

作者： Hassan REZAEI-SADR Water Resources Department Nahrab Parseh Consulting Engineers Company

The impact of temporal variation of rainfall on the relationship between rainfall and catchment response is investigated in a catchment with high temporally variable rainfalls and a high percentage of permeable soils in the southwest of ***-nine storm events are classified into two classes, High Temporal heterogeneous(HT) and Low Temporal heterogeneous(LT) events using the variogram technique and the storm events of each class are analyzed to detect the relationship between Curve Number(CN) and rainfall depth. It is found that there is not a similar correlation between CN values and rainfall depths for both temporally variable classes, and hence, two different responses can be observed in the catchment according to rainfall temporal heterogeneities. For HT events, a complacent behavior is detected in which the CNs decline as rainfall depth increases while a different response, violent behavior, is observed for LT events in which the CNs rise and asymptotically approach a constant value with increasing storm size. This considerable difference between CN-P relationships derived from the two temporally variable classes of rainfall is attributed to the provocation of different runoff generation mechanisms, infiltration-excess and saturation-excess caused by rainfall temporal heterogeneities. Moreover, the results support the validity of variogram technique to classify storm events into two LT and HT classes.

关键词： Asymptotic approach Curve Numbermethod Infiltration-excess Rainfall temporalvariation Saturation-excess Variogram technique

Investigation of non-cohesive levee breach by overtopping flow

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2013年第4期25卷 572-579页

作者：余明辉魏红艳梁艳洁赵勇 State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Sciences Wuhan University State Yellow River Engineering consulting Co. Ltd. Changjiang Engineering Supervision and consulting Co.

This paper presents an experimental study of the overtopping breach of homogeneous non-cohesive levee or dike in a 180°bend rectangular flume. Detailed experimental and numerical results provide information on the breach flow discharge and longitudi- nal and transversal breach profiles for this type of levee. It is indicated that the water level and the flow discharge in the river and the levee material properties are significant influencing factors for the breach evolution. The plane form of the breach is approximately an asymmetrical hyperbola. A formula with a non-constant flow factor is proposed to compute this kind of breach discharge.

关键词： non-cohesive levee overtopping breach discharge experiments

A New Approach to Plane Failure of Rock Slope Stability Based on Water Flow Velocity in Discontinuities for the Latian Dam Reservoir Landslide

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Journal of Mountain Science 2011年第2期8卷 124-130页

作者： Morteza AHMADI Majid ESLAMI Department of Mining Engineering Tarbiat Modares University Ghaem consulting Engineers

The stability of slopes is always of great concern in the field of rock engineering. The geometry and orientation of pre-existing discontinuities show a larger impact on the behavior of slopes that is often used to describe the measurement of the steepness, incline, gradient, or grade of a straight line. One of the structurally controlled modes of failure in jointed rock slopes is plane failure. There are numerous analytical methods for the rock slope stability including limit equilibrium, stress analysis and stereographic methods. The limiting equilibrium methods for slopes under various conditions against plane failure have been previously proposed by several investigators. However, these methods do not involve water pressure on sliding surfaces assessments due to water velocity and have not yet been validated by case study results. This paper has tried to explore the effects of forces due to water pressure on discontinuity surfaces in plane failure through applying the improved equations. It has studied the effect of water flow velocity on sliding surfaces in safety factor, as well. New equations for considering water velocity (fluid dynamics) are presented. To check the validity of the suggested equations, safety factor for a case study has been determined. Results show that velocity of water flow had significant effect on the amount of safety factor. Also, the suggested equations have higher validity rate compared to the current equations.

关键词： Plane Failure Limit Equilibrium Safety Factor Water Velocity