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Mother-to-Child Transmission of Human Papillomavirus in Burkina Faso

American Journal of molecular Biology 2024年第1期14卷 13-24页

作者： Koudpoko Madeleine Kabre djénéba Ouermi Théodora Mahoukèdè Zohoncon Fatié Porzé Wilfried Traore Prosper Bado Abdoul Karim Ouattara Ouamini Pulchérie de Prisca Gnoumou Rogomenoma Alice Ouedraogo Albert Théophane Yonli Punya Akouélé Kuassi-Kpede Charlemagne Marie Ragnag-Néwendé Ouedraogo Jacques Simpore Laboratoire de biologie moléculaire et de Génétique (LABIOGENE) Université Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Université Saint Thomas d’Aquin Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratoire de biologie moléculaire H&#244pital Saint Camille de Ouagadougou (HOSCO) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso University Joseph Ki-Zerbo UFR/SDS Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most widespread sexually transmitted infection in the world. Today, there is growing evidence that HPV can be transmitted early in life, and one potential route is mother-to-child transmission. data on this route of HPV transmission are scarce in Africa and particularly in Burkina Faso, where no data on the subject are yet available. The aim of our study was to estimate the rate of mother-to-child transmission of HPV infection and to identify circulating genotypes. Methodology: Cervico-uterine samples were collected from 100 full-term pregnant women and, buccal samples were obtained from their newborns at Hopital Saint Camille de Ouagadougou (HOSCO) by the specialist physician. HPV dNA amplification and genotyping were performed by PCR followed by hybridization using the HPV direct Flow Chips kit, detecting 36 genotypes including 18 high-risk and 18 low-risk. Results: The prevalence of HPV in newborns was 8% (8/100). Six (6) HPV-positive neonates had HPV-positive mothers, while 2 HPV-positive neonates had HPV-negative mothers. The vertical transmission rate was 26.09% (6/23). Mother-newborn genotypes were concordant. However, the genotype profile of the newborns was more restricted than that of the mothers. Conclusion: HPV dNA was found in 8% of newborns in our study. The genotype profile of the mother-newborn pair was concordant. Asymptomatic HPV infection in a pregnant woman could constitute a risk factor for vertical transmission.

关键词： Mother-to-Child Transmission Human Papillomavirus PCR Genotypes Burkina Faso

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Associations between physical activity levels and ATPase inhibitory factor 1 concentrations in older adults

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第3期13卷 409-418页

作者： Jérémy Raffin Yves Rolland Annelise Genoux Guillaume Combes Mikael Croyal Bertrand Perret Sophie Guyonnet Bruno Vellas Laurent O.Martinez Philipe de Souto Barreto For the MAPT/dSA Group Institut du Vieillissement Gérontopôle de ToulouseCentre Hospitalo-Universitaire de ToulouseToulouse 31000France Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Recherche en Santédes Populations UnitéMixte de Recherche 1295Institut National de la Santéet de la Recherche MédicaleUniversitéToulouse-III-Paul-SabatierToulouse 31000France LimitAging Team Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et CardiovasculairesUnitéMixte de Recherche 1297Institut National de la Santéet de la Recherche MédicaleUniversitéToulouse III-Paul SabatierToulouse 31432France Service de biochimie Pôle de biologieHôpital de PurpanCentre Hospitalo-Universitaire de ToulouseToulouse 31300France L'Institut du Thorax Institut National de la Santéet de la Recherche MédicaleCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueCentre Hospitalo-Universitaire de NantesNantes UniversitéNantes 44000France BioCore US16Structure Fédérative de Recherche BonamyInstitut National de la Santéet de la Recherche MédicaleCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueCentre Hospitalo-Universitaire de NantesNantes UniversitéNantes 44000France Plate-forme de spectrométrie de masse Centre de Recherche en Nutrition HumaineOuestNantes 44000France 不详

Background:Adenosine triphosphatase inhibitory factor 1(IF1)is a key protein involved in energy ***1 has been linked to various agerelated diseases,although its relationship with physical activity(PA)remains ***,the apolipoprotein A-I(apoA-I),a PA-modulated lipoprotein,could play a role in this relationship because it shares a binding site with IF1 on the cell-surface ATP *** examined here the associations between chronic PA and plasma IF1 concentrations among older adults,and we investigated whether apoA-I mediated these ***:In the present work,1096 healthy adults(63.8%females)aged 70 years and over who were involved in the Multidomain Alzheimer Prevention Trial study were ***1 plasma concentrations(square root of ng/mL)were measured at the 1-year visit of the Multidomain Alzheimer Prevention Trial,while PA levels(square root of metabolic equivalent task min/week)were assessed using questionnaires administered each year from baseline to the 3-year *** linear regressions were performed to investigate the associations between the first-year mean PA levels and IF1 *** analyses were conducted to examine whether apoA-I mediated these *** linear regressions were carried out to investigate whether the 1-year visit IF1 concentrations predicted subsequent changes in ***:Multiple linear regressions indicated that first-year mean PA levels were positively associated with IF1 concentrations(B=0.021;SE=0.010;p=0.043).Mediation analyses revealed that about 37.7%of this relationship was mediated by apoA-I(B_(ab)=0.008;SE=0.004;p=0.023).Longitudinal investigations demonstrated that higher concentrations of IF1 at the 1-year visit predicted a faster decline in PA levels over the subsequent 2 years(time×IF1:B=0.148;SE=0.066;p=0.025).Conclusion:This study demonstrates that regular PA is associated with plasma IF1 concentrations,and it suggests that apoA-I partly med

关键词： Aging Apolipoprotein Bioenergetics Exerkine Mitochondria

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Antiseptic Efficacy of A Soap Made from Biosurfactants Isolated from Bacillus and Lactobacillus against Pathogenic Bacteria

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Advances in Microbiology 2024年第1期14卷 31-58页

作者： Frédéric Yannick Okouakoua Christian Aimé Kayath Nicaise Saturnin Mokémiabeka Varelle Bervanie Ngala Elenga digne Nedjea N’goma-Mona Ndelani Nkalla Lambi Sandra Paola Elenga Wilson Christ dieuveil Bayakissa Malanda Rodinet Tsana Junior Patrick Sergy Bissoko1 Moïse doria Kaya-Ongoto duchel Jeanedvi Kinavouidi etienne Nguimbi Laboratoire de biologie Cellulaire et molé culaire (BCM) Facult&eacute des Sciences et Techniques Universit&eacute Marien N’gouabi Brazzaville Congo Institut National de Recherche en Sciences Exactes et Naturelles (IRSEN) Avenue de l’Auberge Gascogne Brazzaville Congo

The aim of our study was to use a biosurfactant produced by Bacillus and Lactobacillus isolates as an antiseptic in the formulation of local soap. A total of 60 isolates were characterized by microbiological techniques (30 Bacillus and 30 Lactobacillus) and the ability to produce biosurfactants was demonstrated by a hydrocarbon emulsification index (E24). The emulsification indexes (E24) varied from 9% to 100% for Bacillus and from 33% to 100% for Lactobacillus as well. The antagonistic assay showed that biosurfactants were able to inhibit the formation of biofilms and growth of pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhirium, Shigella boydii and Proteus mirabilis. The biosurfactant consortium (BioC) from Bacillus consortium and from Lactobacillus was able to inhibit biofilm formation and the pathogens growth. The BioC was stable to alkaline pH and the temperatures stability of Biosurfactant was ranging from 50°C to 90°C. The soap was made by the cold saponification process using one biosurfactant consortium formulated. This soap has a pH of 10 and showed good cleaning power and good foam stability. Similarly, the soap showed good antiseptic power and disinfection power against all pathogens tested. Handwashing is critical to preventing disease transmission. The persistence of pathogens in waste water was evaluated. The BioS produced showed good disinfection power against all pathogens tested. The valor of reduction on the hands and in the waste water was significantly more than compared to the control soaps used. This soap could be used in the prevention, fighting, and treatment of bacterial and viral infections.

关键词： Antiseptic Soap Biosurfactants Bacillus Lactobacillus disinfection Pathogens bacteria

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APOBEC3G Role on HIV Infection in Africa: A Systematic Review

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American Journal of molecular Biology 2024年第1期14卷 25-42页

作者： Tegwinde Rebeca Compaore Abdoul Karim Ouattara Adama Baguiya Lassina Traore Abdou Azaque Zoure Henri Gautier Ouedraogo Seni Kouanda Jacques Simpore Biomedical and Public Health department Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/CNRST Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratoire de biologie et de Génétique moléculaire (LABIOGENE) Université Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Université Norbert Zongo (UNZ) Centre Universitaire de Manga Koudougou Burkina Faso

The highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) has allowed people living with HIV to live longer with a better quality of life. However, toxicity and the emergence of drug resistance arise from HAART use. Therefore, new antiretroviral therapy is needed since no cure or vaccine is available against HIV. Virus-host interaction has been proven to be important in the last decade. Host factors such as the C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5), a receptor used by HIV to penetrate host cells, have led to the discovery of the Maraviroc, which is an antiretroviral medication used in the United States. In contrast, other factors like C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 4 (CXCR4) and the Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (APOBEC3G), a potent host defense factor against HIV, is under investigation. APOBEC3G antiviral activity remains a possible therapeutic target against HIV. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the available evidence on the role of APOBEC3G polymorphisms and their expression on HIV infection disease progression in Africa. We used Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar and searched for relevant publications in French or English reporting on APOBEC3G polymorphisms association with HIV infection in African populations from January 2009 to May 2023. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyzes) was used to process for reporting systematic review. Fifteen studies were included, of which seven were on APOBEC3G polymorphisms and eight were on APOBEC3G expression. Among the APOBEC3G polymorphisms, the most studied was H186R or rs8177832. The average of the minor allele frequency of H186R of APOBEC3G available for the studies included in this study was 0.29 with a 95% CI (0.172;0.401) and varied from 0.108 reported in Uganda to 0.47 recorded from Burkina Faso. The polymorphism H186R was not associated with HIV status in Southern Africa. However, the referent allele of H186R was protectiv

关键词： APOBEC3G HIV Genetic Variation Therapeutic Target African Populations

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Multi-Compartment SCFA Quantification in Human

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American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2024年第6期15卷 177-200页

作者： Jérémy Monteiro Antoine Lefèvre diane dufour-Rainfray Adeline Oury Gabrielle Chicheri Laurent Galineau Hélène Blasco Lydie Nadal-desbarats Patrick Emond Imaging Brain & Neuropsychiatry iBraiN U1253 Universit de Tours INSERM MetaboHub Tours Tours France CHRU de Tours Service de Mdecine Nuclaire in Vitro Tours France Service de biochimie et biologie molculaire CHRU Tours France

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) play an important role in human biochemistry. They originate primarily from the digestive system through carbohydrates microbial fermentation. Most SCFA produced in the colon are absorbed by the intestinal wall and enter the bloodstream to be distributed throughout the body for multiple purposes. At the intestinal level, SCFA play a role in controlling fat storage and fatty acid metabolism. The effects of these beneficial compounds therefore concern overall health. They facilitate energy expenditure and are valuable allies in the fight against obesity and diabetes. SCFA are also involved in the regulation of the levels of several neurotransmitters such as GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid), glutamate, serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Their role is also highlighted in many inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (Ad) or Parkinson’s disease (Pd). To have a realistic picture of the distribution of SCFA in different biological compartments of the human body, we propose to study SCFA simultaneously in five human biological samples: feces, saliva, serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in dried Blood Spot (dBS). To evaluate their concentration and repeatability, we used 10 aliquots from pooled samples, analyzed by 3-nitrophenylhydrazine (3-NPH) derivation and liquid chromatography coupled with high sensitivity mass spectrometry (LC-QqQ-MS). We also evaluated the SCFA assay on dried Blood Spot (dBS). In this work, we adapted the pre-analytical parts for each sample to be able to use a common calibration curve, thus facilitating multi-assay quantification studies and so being less time-consuming. Moreover, we proposed new daughter ions from the same neutral loss (43 da) to quantify SCFAs, thus improving the sensitivity. In conclusion, our methodology, based on a unique calibration curve for all samples for each SCFA, is well-suited to quantified them in a clinical context.

关键词： LC-MS 3-Nitrophenylhydrazine Short-Chain Fatty Acids Human Biological Samples Quantification

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Vitamin d, Parathyroid Hormone, Insulin Sensitivity and Islet β-Cell Secretory Function in diabetic Patients from South Kivu in the democratic Republic of Congo: Cross-Sectional Study

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Journal of diabetes Mellitus 2024年第2期14卷 81-94页

作者： dieudonne Masemo Bihehe Ahadi Birindwa Bwihangane Jean-Paulin Mukonkole Mbo Michel Hermans Philippe Bianga Katchunga Faculté de Médecine H&#244pital Général de Référence de Panzi Université Evangélique en Afrique Bukavu DR Congo département de biologie Faculté des Sciences Université Officielle de Bukavu Bukavu DR Congo département de Médecine Interne Université de Kisangani Kisangani DR Congo Service d’endocrinologie et de diabétologie Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc Université Catholique de Louvain Bruxelles Belgique département de Médecine Interne Cliniques Universitaires de Bukavu Université Officielle de Bukavu Bukavu DR Congo

Background: The role of vitamin d and parathyroid hormone in the metabolic profile of type 2 diabetes mellitus in sub-Saharan Africa has not been adequately assessed. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of low vitamin d level and secondary hyperparathyroidism and their association with insulin sensitivity and β-cell secretory function among Congolese type 2 diabetics. Methodology: Fasting glycaemia, fasting insulin, 25OH d3 and human parathyroid hormone (hPTH) were measured in one hundred and eighty-four type 2 diabetic patients followed as outpatients in South Kivu. Levels of 25OH d3 65 pg/ml defined low vitamin d and elevated parathyroid hormone levels, respectively. The HOMA model was used to measure insulin sensitivity and β-cell secretory function. Results: Medians (IQR) were 25.3 (20.4 - 32.4) ng/ml for 25OH d3 and 53.7 (38.4 - 115.7) pg/ml for hPTH. 58.7% of diabetics had insulin resistance, 126 (68.5%) had low vitamin d and 80 (43.5%) had hyperparathyroidism. In multivariate analysis, hPTH (partial r = −0.28;p = 0.0002) and 25OH d3 (partial r = 0.16;p = 0.03) showed an independent association with insulin sensitivity after adjustment for body mass index and waist circumference. Finally, hPTH (partial r = 0.27;p = 0.0002) was the sole determinant of β-cell secretory function. Conclusions: This study confirms the high prevalence of low vitamin d level and secondary hyperparathyroidism and their association with insulin resistance and impaired islet β-cell secretory function among Congolese with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Vitamin d and calcium supplementation should be envisaged for cases of deficiency in this region.

关键词： Vitamin d Parathyroid Hormone diabetes Mellitus Insulin Resistance South Kivu

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Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality at Hospital Saint Camille de Ouagadougou (HOSCO): A Study from 2017 to 2020

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Open Journal of Pediatrics 2024年第1期14卷 63-77页

作者： Nicaise Zagre Ines Kinda Abdoul Karim Ouattara Paul Ouedraogo Théodora Mahoukèdè Zohoncon Caroline Yonaba Fla Koueta Jacques Simpore Hô pital Saint Camille de Ouagadougou (HOSCO) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Université Saint Thomas d’Aquin (USTA) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratoire de biologie moléculaire et de Génétique (LABIOGENE) Université Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Université Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Introduction: Neonatal pathology remains a real public health problem in developing countries. In Burkina Faso, this mortality has declined over the last ten years but remains below compared to the Sustainable development Goals, which is 12 per 1000 living births at most by 2030. This study aims to identify specific causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality and will contribute to the implementation of preventive and curative measures aimed at reducing neonatal mortality at HOSCO. Method: This was a retrospective study using the records and database of newborns hospitalized from January 1srt, 2017 to december 31srt, 2020. Using logistic regression, the factors associated with mortality were determined. Results: during the study period, 3020 newborns were hospitalized. Most newborns (83.71%) were referred by a peripheral health facility. The average age at admission was 0.3 days ± 0.9 and the sex ratio was 1.2. Prematurity was the leading cause of hospitalization (61.13%) followed by neonatal infection (38.34%) and neonatal suffering (23.88%). The mortality rate was 40.6% with 82.71% cases of death in the early neonatal period. The main causes of death were low birth weight (47.39%), respiratory distress (18.76%), neonatal suffering (17.37%) and neonatal infection (13.87%). Home delivery, gestational age 36 weeks, number of PNC 4, concept of resuscitation, Apgar at the 5th minute 7, birth weight 2000 g and >4000 g, respiratory distress, hypothermia, neurological disorders were factors associated with deaths. Conclusion: Neonatal mortality is influenced by both maternal and fetal factors and many of them are preventable.

关键词： Morbidity Mortality Newborns Neonatology HOSCO

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molecular diagnosis of Sexual differentiation disorders in Burkina Faso

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2024年第3期12卷 1-15页

作者： Bazie Bapio Valérie Elvira Jean Télesphore Sawadogo Soumaïla Zohoncon Théodora Mahoukèdè Tall Ahmadou Bado Prosper Soubeiga Serge Théophile Ouattara Moussa Sorgho Abel Kiendrebeogo Touwendpoulimdé Isabelle Yonli Albert Theophane djigma Florencia Millogo/Traore Timongo Françoise danielle Simpore Jacques Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST) Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Université Joseph KI-ZERBO Unité de Formation en Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et de Génétique (LABIOGENE) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigonie (CERBA) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Régional de Ouahigouya Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouedraogo Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Sex development anomalies represent a group of congenital pathologies in which chromosomal, gonadal and anatomical sex differentiation is atypical. The aim of our study was to use molecular biology techniques to elucidate sex in cases of anomalies of sexual differentiation in Burkina Faso. This cross-sectional study took place from March 2023 to June 2023. Oral and blood samples were collected respectively using sterile swabs and stored on Swab Kits and NUCLEIcardTM (https://***/product-ranges/nucleic-card/) were used to determine gonosome profiles. Extraction was carried out using the dNA Swap solution Kit and the dNA IQ System Kit, and a PowerPlex? 21 kit (Promega) for amplification. The Applied Biosystems 9700 thermal cycler was used for PCR followed by 36 cm capillary electrophoresis in the Applied Biosystems 3130 prism sequencer. Sequence files were analyzed using GeneMapper IdX v. 3.2 software. Seven (07) patients were registered during the study period. There were 4 cases of XX dSd or 46, XX dSd and 3 cases of XY dSd or 46, XY dSd. The median age of our patients was 16 years. Civilian sex was male in 4 cases and female in 3. The most frequent reason for consultation was micropenis in 3 cases, followed by primary amenorrhea and sex ambiguity. There were 03 cases of discrepancy between genetic sex and civil sex. The accessibility of molecular diagnosis is little known to clinicians. XX dSds or 46, XX dSds were the most frequent (4/7) in our study. The problem facing this situation is early diagnosis to help prevent complications in Burkina Faso.

关键词： Gonosome dSd Abnormal Sexual development Burkina Faso

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Microbial Quality and molecular Identification of Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus Strains Isolated from dried, Smoked, and Braised Fish Sold in Ouagadougou Markets

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Advances in Microbiology 2024年第1期14卷 59-76页

作者： Arouna Ouédraogo Ganamé Abasse Ouédraogo Henri Sidabéwindin Ouédraogo François Tchoumbougnang Cheikna Zongo Aly Savadogo Laboratoire de biochimie et d’Immunologie Appliqué es (LABIA) Universit&eacute Joseph Ki-Zerbo Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratoire de Valorisation et Contrô le de Qualit&eacute Institut des Sciences Halieutiques Universit&eacute de Douala Douala Cameroon

Background: The investigation of toxin genes in strains involved in staphylococcal food poisoning contributes to food safety. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus strains from dried, smoked, and braised fish sold in Ouagadougou markets. Methodology: Staphylococci were isolated using standard microbiology methods. Staphylococcus strains were identified using API Staph kit (Reference # 20500, BioMerieux S.A., Marcy l'etoile, France). The molecular identification of isolated Staphylococcus aureus strains was specifically confirmed by PCR using the Staur4 and Staur6 primers. The genes encoding enterotoxins, enterotoxin-like toxins, exfoliative toxins, and TSST-1 toxin were detected by multiplex PCR using specific primers from Inquaba Biotec West Africa Ltd, Africa's Genomics Company. Results: The results of the microbiological quality assessment indicated that most of the samples analyzed were found to be of unsatisfactory microbiological quality according to the Staphylococcus aureus microbiological criteria (m = 102). Overall, only 12.55% of samples were satisfactory, while 97.45% were unsatisfactory. The STAPH API gallery allowed the identification of the following species: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus sciuri and Staphylococcus capitis. Of the 108 Staphylococcus isolates, 81 (75%) showed at least one (1) toxin gene. Among the 21 toxin genes tested in this study, 20 genes were detected in all strains analyzed. The staphylococcal toxin genes detected were present in both Staphylococcus aureus and the other coagulase-negative strains isolated in this study. In addition, these genes are found individually or in association in certain strains. The most frequent genes detected in toxin gene-positive strains were: the tsst-1 gene in 45 isolated strains (41.7%), sei (16/14.8%), seg (13/12%), ser (

关键词： Fish Stapholocuccus Toxin Genes Ouagadougou

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Quantitative interactomic of Cd40 in primary B cells

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hLife 2024年第2期2卷 88-93页

作者： Jeremy Argenty Emilie Maturin Mylene Camus Valentin Mellado Jeanne Perroteau Benoit Pasquier Guillaume Voisinne Odile Burlet-Schiltz Lih-Ling Lin Anne Gonzalez de Peredo Romain Roncagalli Bernard Malissen Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy Aix Marseille UniversitéINSERMCNRSMarseilleFrance Centre d’Immunophénomique Aix Marseille UniversitéINSERMCNRS UMRMarseilleFrance Institut de Pharmacologie et de biologie Structurale Département Biologie Structurale BiophysiqueProtéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi Pyrénées CNRS UMR 5089205 Route de NarbonneToulouse CedexFrance Checkpoint Immunology Immunology and Inflammation Therapeutic AreaSanofiVitryFrance Checkpoint Immunology Immunology and Inflammation Therapeutic AreaSanofiCambridgeUSA

INTROdUCTION Over the past few decades,antibody-based therapies have emerged as an additional tool to treat patients developing cancer and auto-immune *** natural properties of the developed antibodies may lead to agonist or blocking functions for the targeted ***,antibodies developed for clinical trials are extensively analyzed in vitro and in vivo for safety and efficacy,yet they are not routinely evaluated for their potential signaling effectiveness.

关键词： routine antibodies clinical

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