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国际内科双语杂志（中英文） 2002年第5期2卷 53-56页

作者： CathyHay FredCWWu Clinlbal Research Fellowat manchester royal infirmary ManchesterUK consultant endocrinologistat manchester royal infirmary ManchesterUK

Male and female sex hormones are essential for prenatal and postnatal sexual development, and for many aspects of adult reproductive health. However, evidence from experimental animal studiesand clinical epidemiological data indicates that prolonged exposure to endogenous sex steroids promotes neoplastic transformation in the glandular epithelia of secondary sexual organs (e. ***,uterus, prostate). Sex steroids recruit mitotically quiescent(Go) cells to enter the proliferative cell cycle (G1 and S phases)by increasing the expression of regulator). proteins, evclins andcyclin-dependent kinases. Sex steroids also repress genes that activate apoptotic progvammed cell death. These mitogenic and antiapoptotie actions can increase the likelihood of random geneticerrors and promote the development and progression of cancers. For clinicians, the most important aspect of this relationship isthe modest increased risk of breast and prostatic malignancies,over background rates, attributable to the use of exogenous sexsteroids for contraception and honnone replacement therapy(HRT) .Tiffs contribution focnses on this aspect.

关键词：性激素恶性肿瘤性腺发育乳腺癌内源性雌激素激素替代疗法口服雌孕合剂避孕法子宫内膜癌卵巢癌子宫颈癌前列腺癌雄激素雌激素

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Anatomic variations of the intra-hepatic biliary tree in the Caribbean:A systematic review

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2021年第6期13卷 170-183页

作者： Shamir O Cawich Alexander Sinanan Rahul R Deshpande Michael T Gardner Neil W Pearce Vijay Naraynsingh Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences University of the West IndiesSt Augustine 000000Trinidad and Tobago Department of Surgery Manchester Royal InfirmaryManchester M139WLUnited Kingdom Department of Anatomy University of the West IndiesKingston KIN7Jamaica Department of Surgery Southampton University NHS TrustSouthampton SO16DPSouthamptonUnited Kingdom

BACKGROUND In the classic descriptions of the human liver,the common hepatic duct forms at the confluence of left and right hepatic *** authors have documented variations in the intra-hepatic ductal system,but to the best of our knowledge there has been no report on bile duct variations in Caribbean *** To evaluate the variations in bile duct anatomy using magnetic resonance cholangiography(MRC)in unselected patients at a major hepatobiliary referral centre in the Eastern *** of the intra-hepatic biliary anatomy is important to optimize service delivery for any physician treating liver and biliary *** This study was carried out at a tertiary referral hospital for hepatobiliary diseases in the Eastern *** retrospectively evaluated magnetic resonance cholangiograms in 152 consecutive patients at this facility over a two-year period from April 1,2017 to March 31,*** consultant radiologists experienced in MRC interpretation reviewed all scans and described biliary anatomy according to the Huang’s classification.A systematic review of published studies was performed and relevant data were extracted in order to calculate the global prevalence of each biliary *** variants in our population were compared to the global *** There were 152 MRCs evaluated in this study in 86 males and 66 *** were 109(71.7%)persons with“classic”biliary anatomy(type A1)and variants were present in 43(28.3%)*** was no statistical relationship between the presence of anatomic variants and gender or *** encountered the following variants:29(19.1%)type A2,7(4.6%)type A3,6(3.95%)type A4,0 type A5 and a single variant(quadrification)that did not fit the classification *** to the global prevalence,our population had a significantly greater occurrence of A1 anatomy(71.7%vs 62.6%;P=0.0227)and A2 trifurcations(19.1%vs 11.5%;P=0.0069),but a significantly lower incidence of A3 varian

关键词： Liver Variant Biliary Duct Intra-hepatic Aberrant Trifurcation,Bifurcation

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