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Einstein Probe discovery of EP240408a: A peculiar X-ray transient with an intermediate timescale

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science China(physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2025年第1期Mechanics & Astronomy) .卷 222-240页

作者： Wenda Zhang Weimin Yuan Zhixing Ling Yong Chen Nanda Rea Arne Rau Zhiming Cai Huaqing Cheng Francesco Coti Zelati Lixin Dai Jingwei Hu Shumei Jia Chichuan Jin Dongyue Li Paul O’Brien Rongfeng Shen Xinwen Shu Shengli Sun Xiaojin Sun Xiaofeng Wang Lei Yang Bing Zhang Chen Zhang Shuang-Nan Zhang Yonghe Zhang Jie An David Buckley Alexis Coleiro Bertrand Cordier Liming Dou Rob Eyles-Ferris Zhou Fan Hua Feng Shaoyu Fu Johan P.U.Fynbo Lluis Galbany Saurabh W.Jha Shuaiqing Jiang Albert Kong Erik Kuulkers Weihua Lei Wenxiong Li Bifang Liu Mingjun Liu Xing Liu Yuan Liu Zhu Liu Chandreyee Maitra Alessio Marino Itumeleng Monageng Kirpal Nandra Jeremy Sanders Roberto Soria Lian Tao Junfeng Wang Song Wang Tinggui Wang Zhongxiang Wang Qingwen Wu Xuefeng Wu Dong Xu Yanjun Xu Suijian Xue Yongquan Xue Zijian Zhang Zipei Zhu Hu Zou Congying Bao Fansheng Chen Houlei Chen Tianxiang Chen Wei Chen Yehai Chen Yifan Chen Chenzhou Cui Weiwei Cui Yanfeng Dai Dongwei Fan Ju Guan Dawei Han Dongjie Hou Haibo Hu Maohai Huang Jia Huo Zhenqing Jia Bowen Jiang Ge Jin Chengkui Li Junfei Li Longhui Li Maoshun Li Wei Li Zhengda Li Tianying Lian Congzhan Liu Heyang Liu Huaqiu Liu Fangjun Lu Laidan Luo Jia Ma Xuan Mao Haiwu Pan Xin Pan Liming Song Hui Sun Yunyin Tan Qingjun Tang Yihan Tao Hao Wang Juan Wang Lei Wang Wenxin Wang Yilong Wang Yusa Wang Qinyu Wu Haitao Xu Jingjing Xu Xinpeng Xu Yunfei Xu Zhao Xu Changbin Xue Yulong Xue Ailiang Yan Haonan Yang Xiongtao Yang Yanji Yang Juan Zhang Mo Zhang Wenjie Zhang Zhen Zhang Zhen Zhang Ziliang Zhang Donghua Zhao Haisheng Zhao Xiaofan Zhao Zijian Zhao Hongyan Zhou Yilin Zhou Yuxuan Zhu Zhencai Zhu National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of sciences School of Astronomy and Space sciences University of Chinese Academy of sciences Key Laboratory of particle Astrophysics institute of High Energy physics Chinese Academy of sciences institute of Space sciences (ICE) CSIC Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) Max Planck institute for Extraterrestrial physics Innovation Academy for Microsatellites Chinese Academy of sciences Department of physics University of Hong Kong School of physics and Astronomy University of Leicester School of physics and Astronomy Sun Yat-sen University Department of physics Anhui Normal University Shanghai institute of Technical physics Chinese Academy of sciences physics Department Tsinghua University Nevada center for Astrophysics University of Nevada Las Vegas Department of physics and Astronomy University of Nevada Las Vegas South African Astronomical Observatory Department of Astronomy University of Cape Town Department of physics University of the Free State Université Paris Cité CNRS Astroparticule et Cosmologie Université Paris Cité CEA Paris-Saclay IRFU/DAp-AIM Department of Astronomy Guangzhou University Cosmic Dawn center (DAWN) Niels Bohr institute University of Copenhagen Department of physics and Astronomy Rutgers the State University of New Jersey institute for Cosmic Ray Research The University of Tokyo ESA/ESTEC Department of Astronomy School of physics Huazhong University of science and Technology INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino Sydney institute for Astronomy School of physics The University of Sydney Department of Astronomy Xiamen University institute for Frontiers in Astronomy and Astrophysics Beijing Normal University Department of Astronomy University of science and Technology School of Astronomy and Space sciences University of science and Technology of China institute of Deep Space sciences Deep Space Exploration Laboratory Department of Astronomy School of physics and Astronomy Yunnan University Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chi

We report the discovery of a peculiar X-ray transient,EP240408a,by Einstein Probe （EP） and follow-up studies made with EP,Swift,NICER,GROND,ATCA and other ground-based multiwavelength *** new transient was first detected with Wide-field X-ray Telescope （WXT） on board EP on April 8th,2024,manifested in an intense yet brief X-ray flare lasting for *** flare reached a peak flux of 3.9×10-9erg cm-2s-1in 0.5-4 ke V,～300 times brighter than the underlying X-ray emission detected throughout the *** and more precise follow-up observations by EP/FXT,Swift and NICER confirmed the finding of this new *** X-ray spectrum is non-thermal in 0.5-10 ke V,with a power-law photon index varying *** X-ray light curve shows a plateau lasting for ～4 d,followed by a steep decay till becoming undetectable ～10 d after the initial *** on its temporal property and constraints from previous EP observations,an unusual timescale in the range of 7-23 d is found for EP240408a,which is intermediate between the commonly found fast and long-term *** counterparts have been found in optical and near-infrared,with the earliest observation at 17 h after the initial X-ray detection,suggestive of intrinsically weak emission in these *** demonstrate that the remarkable properties of EP240408a are inconsistent with any of the transient types known so far,by comparison with,in particular,jetted tidal disruption events,gamma-ray bursts,X-ray binaries and fast blue optical *** nature of EP240408a thus remains an *** suggest that EP240408a may represent a new type of transients with intermediate timescales of the order of～10 *** detection and follow-ups of more of such objects are essential for revealing their origin.

关键词： X-ray transients ${\bm~{Einstein~~Probe}}$

Macro-Behaviour of Agents＇ Opinion under Influence of an External Field

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Chinese physics Letters 2007年第8期24卷 2430-2433页

作者：常云峰蔡勖 complexity science center Institute of Particle Physics Huazhong Normal University Wuhan 430079

We propose a model to study the evolution of opinion under the influence of all external field on small world network. The maero-behaviour of agents＇ opinion and the relative change rate as time elapses are studied. The external field is found to play an important role in making the opinion s（t） balance or increase, and without the influence of the external field, the relative change rate γ（t） shows nonlinear increasing behaviour as time runs. What is more, this nonlinear increasing behaviour is independent of the initial condition, the strength of the external field and the time that we cancel the external field. The results may reflect some phenomena in our society, such as the function of the macro-control in China or the mass media in our society.

关键词： SOCIAL IMPACT NETWORKS DYNAMICS

Worldwide Marine Transportation Network： Efficiency and Container Throughput

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Chinese physics Letters 2009年第11期26卷 242-245页

作者：邓为炳郭龙李炜蔡勖 complexity science center Institute of Particle Physics Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079

Through empirical analysis of the global structure of the Worldwide Marine Transportation Network （WMTN）, we find that the WMTN, a small-world network, exhibits an exponential-like degree distribution. We hereby investigate the efficiency of the WMTN by employing a simple definition. Compared with many other transportation networks, the WMTN possesses relatively low efficiency. Furthermore, by exploring the relationship between the topological structure and the container throughput, we find that strong correlations exist among the container throughout the degree and the clustering coefficient. Also, considering the navigational process that a ship travels in a real shipping line, we obtain that the weight of a seaport is proportional to the total probability contributed by all the passing shipping lines.

关键词： Chinese climate network complex systems small world community

Epidemic Spreading in a Multi-compartment System

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Chinese physics Letters 2012年第2期29卷 233-236页

作者： GAO Zong-Mao GU Jiao LI Wei College of Physical science and Technology Huazhong Normal UniversityWuhan 430079 Max-Planck-institute for Mathematics in the sciences Leipzig 04103Germany complexity science center&institute of particle physics Huazhong Normal UniversityWuhan 430079

We introduce the variant rate and white noise into the susceptible-infected-removed (SIR) model for epidemics,discuss the epidemic dynamics of a multiple-compartment system,and describe this system by using master *** both the local epidemic spreading system and the whole multiple-compartment system,we find that a threshold could be useful in forecasting when the epidemic ***,numerical simulations show that a model with the variant infection rate and white noise can improve fitting with real SARS data.

关键词： equations system removed

Effects of Variant Rates and Noise on Epidemic Spreading

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Chinese physics Letters 2011年第5期28卷 282-284页

作者： LI Wei GAO Zong-Mao GU Jiao complexity science center and institute of particle physics Huazhong Normal UniversityWuhan 430079 Max-Planck-institute for Mathematics in the sciences

We introduce variant rates,for both infection and recovery and noise into the susceptible-infected-removed(SIR)modelfor epidemic *** changing rates are taken mainly due to the changing profiles of an epidemic during its ***,the noise parameter which is taken from a given distribution,*** can describe the fluctuations of the infection and recovery *** numerical simulations show that the SIR model with variant rates and noise and can improve the fitting with real SARS data in the near-stationary stage.

关键词： evolution infection epidemic

Effect of spatial distance on search information correlation in complex systems

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Chinese science Bulletin 2011年第34期56卷 3671-3676页

作者： ZHAO TingTing CAI Xu complexity science center Institute of Particle Physics Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 China

Spatial distance has a remarkable effect on the attended mode of a network embedded in a certain space. First, we investigate how spatial restriction leads to information-information correlation that is strong, linear and positive in real networks. We then construct a two-dimensional space, define the action radius R for nodes of networks, and propose a class of models that depend on spatial distance. Information correlation of the models is consistent with that of real networks. The spatial distance plays a leading role in generating assortative mixing by degree, while the generation of disassortative mixing relies on both the degree of preferential attachment and spatial restriction.

关键词：空间距离相关信息复杂系统搜索网络模式网络节点空间限制优惠政策

Opinion Dynamics of Sznajd Model on Small-World Network

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Communications in Computational physics 2009年第8期6卷 586-594页

作者： L.Guo X.Cai complexity science center and institute of particle physics Huazhong(Central China)Normal UniversityWuhan430079China

The society structure plays an important role in shaping the attitudes,beliefs and public *** studying the role of the society structure in opinion dynamics,we analyze the Sznajd model on small-world network formed by adding shortcuts in a lattice consisting of N nodes arranged in a ring and on two-dimensional(2-D)regular *** computer simulation,we find that there exists a pseudo-phase transition from the coexistence state forφφ_(c),whereφ_(c) is some threshold for the shortcut densityφ,which is dependent of the complex network topology and the dimensionality of complex *** observations indicate the dependence of the opinion dynamics on the complex system topology.

关键词： Opinion formation small-world networks shortcut density pseudo-phase transition

Emergence of Community Structure in the Adaptive Social Networks

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Communications in Computational physics 2010年第9期8卷 835-844页

作者： Long Guo Xu Cai complexity science center and institute of particle physics Huazhong(Central China)Normal UniversityWuhan430079China

In this paper,we propose a simple model of opinion dynamics to construct social networks,based on the algorithm of link rewiring of local attachment(RLA)and global attachment(RGA).Generality,the system does reach a steady state where all individuals'opinion and the complex network structure are *** RGA enhances the ability of consensus of opinion ***,by tuning a model parameter p,which governs the proportion of RLA and RGA,we find the formation of hierarchical structure in the social networks for p>p_(c).Here,p_(c) is related to the complex network size N and the minimal coordination number *** model also reproduces many features of large social networks,including the“weak links”property.

关键词： Opinion dynamics social network community structure weak links property

Effects of Complex System Topology on the Bak-Sneppen Evolution Model

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Communications in Computational physics 2010年第3期7卷 534-543页

作者： L.Guo X.Cai complexity science center and institute of particle physics Huazhong(Central China)Normal UniversityWuhan430079China

In this paper, we investigate by numerical simulations the Bak-Sneppenmodel (BSM) for biological evolution on scale-free networks (SFNs) with various degree exponents γ. We find that the punctuated equilibrium is rather robust with respect to the network topology. Furthermore, we analyze the evolution of the criticalaverage fitness h fi ∗ and the exponent τ of h fi 0 avalanche as a function of α (i.e., the degree exponent γ). Our observations indicate the dependence of evolutionary dynamicsof BSM on the complex biosystem topology.

关键词： Complex system topology Bak-Sneppen model punctuated equilibrium the average fitness