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Tectonic modes of mantle convection and their implications for Earth's tectonic evolution based on three-dimensional numerical simulations

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Science China Earth Sciences 2025年第1期 270-296页

作者： Song XIANG Jinshui HUANG Bingcheng WU School of Earth and Space Sciences University of Science and Technology of China CAS center of excellence in comparative planetary Studies

Five tectonic modes of mantle convection are obtained and analyzed with three-dimensional numerical models in a spherical shell domain. The five tectonic convective modes are non-plate mobile-lid, plate-like mobile-lid, episodic plate-like mobile-lid, episodic stagnant-lid, and stagnant-lid convective modes, respectively. The typical characteristics of these five tectonic modes and their numerical classification criteria based on plateness, mobility, and their standard deviations are presented and discussed. The results show that the yield stress of the lithosphere has profound effects on the tectonic convective *** the gradual increase of yield stress, the tectonic mode of mantle convection changes from one to another sequentially through the aforementioned five modes. Additionally, as the Rayleigh number increases, the range of yield stress for the platelike mobile-lid convective mode decreases, and the dimensionless transition stress between different tectonic modes ***, the dimensional transition stress between the non-plate mobile-lid convective mode and plate-like mobile-lid convective mode increases with the increase of Rayleigh number, but decreases between other tectonic modes. Furthermore, we find that the transition stress between different tectonic modes is inversely proportional to the internal heating rate, with the transition stress decreasing as the internal heating rate increases. The fitting analysis of the transition stress between tectonic modes shows that Earth's current plate tectonics correspond to a lithospheric yield stress of 150–250 MPa, which aligns with the strength of serpentinized mantle rock determined by experimental petrography. If the Archean mantle was 300°C warmer than it is today, then the Earth was in an episodic stagnant-lid convective mode. The tectonic evolution of the Earth's surface is closely related to the lithospheric strength and the process of thermal evolution. If the lithospheric strength w

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Effects of mesoscale gravity waves on sporadic E simulated by a one-dimensional dynamic model

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Earth and planetary Physics 2025年第1期9卷 1-9页

作者： Xu Zhou ZeZhong Li XinAn Yue LiBo Liu Key Laboratory of Earth and planetary Physics/Heilongjiang Mohe National Geophysical Observatory/Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Beijing 100029China College of Earth and planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China CAS center for excellence in comparative Planetology/CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment/Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China

In addition to being driven by tidal winds,the sporadic E(Es)layers are modulated by gravity waves(GWs),although the effects are not yet comprehensively *** this article,we discuss the effects of mesoscale GWs on the Es layers determined by using a newly developed model,MISE-1D(one-dimensional Model of Ionospheric Sporadic E),with low numerical dissipation and high *** by the wind fields resolved by the high-resolution version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere extension(WACCM-X),the MISE-1D simulation revealed that GWs significantly influence the evolution of the Es layer above 100 km but have a very limited effect at lower *** effects of GWs are diverse and complex,generally including the generation of fluctuating wavelike structures on the Es layer with frequencies similar to those of the *** mesoscale GWs can also cause increases in the density of Es layers,or they can disperse or diffuse the Es layers and increase their *** addition,the presence of GWs is a key factor in sustaining the Es layers in some cases.

关键词： sporadic E ion tidal layer gravity waves numerical simulation

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An embedded electron current layer observed at the edge of the plasma sheet in the Earth’s magnetotail

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Earth and planetary Physics 2025年第1期9卷 148-158页

作者： ChenChen Zhan RongSheng Wang QuanMing Lu San Lu XinMin Li Deep Space Exploration Laboratory/School of Earth and Space Sciences University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)center for excellence in comparative Planetology/CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment/Anhui Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China Collaborative innovation center of Astronautical Science and Technology Harbin 150001China

The formation of an embedded electron current sheet within the magnetotail plasma sheet has been poorly *** this article,we present an electron current layer detected at the edge of the magnetotail plasma *** ions were demagnetized inside the electron current layer,but the electrons were still frozen in with the magnetic field ***,this decoupling of ions and electrons gave rise to a strong Hall electric field,which could be the reason for the formation of the embedded thin current *** magnetized electrons,the absence of the nongyrotropic electron distribution,and negligible energy dissipation in the layer indicate that magnetic reconnection had not been triggered within the embedded thin current *** highly asymmetric plasma on the two sides of the current layer and low magnetic shear across it could suppress magnetic *** observations indicate that the embedded electric current layer,probably generated by the Hall electric field,even down to electron scale,is not a sufficient condition for magnetic reconnection.

关键词： magnetotail plasma sheet magnetic reconnection

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Mesospheric tide comparisons at low latitudes observed by two collocated meteor radars

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Earth and planetary Physics 2025年第1期9卷 54-68页

作者： Jian Li Wen Yi XiangHui Xue Jie Zeng HaiLun Ye JianYuan Wang JinSong Chen Na Li TingDi Chen Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment Department of Geophysics and Planetary SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China CAS center for excellence in comparative Planetology Anhui Mengcheng Geophysics National Observation and Research StationUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China Hefei National Laboratory University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China Collaborative innovation center of Astronautical Science and Technology Harbin 150001China National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment China Research Institute of Radiowave PropagationQingdao 266107China Yunnan Kunming Electromagnetic Environment National Observation and Research Station Qujing Kunming 655000China

Accurate knowledge of mesospheric winds and waves is essential for studying the dynamics and climate in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere(MLT)*** this study,we conduct a comparative analysis of the mesosphere tidal results obtained from two adjacent meteor radars at low latitudes in Kunming,China,from November 2013 to December *** two radars operate at different frequencies of 37.5 MHz and 53.1 MHz,***,overall good agreement is observed between the two radars in terms of horizontal winds and tide *** results show that the dominant tidal waves of the zonal and meridional winds are diurnal and semidiurnal ***,we conduct an exhaustive statistical analysis to compare the tidal amplitudes and vertical wavelengths recorded by the dual radar systems,which reveals a high degree of alignment in tidal *** investigation includes variances and covariances of tidal amplitudes,which demonstrate remarkable consistency across measurements from both *** finding highlights clear uniformity in the mesospheric tidal patterns observed at low latitudes by the two neighboring meteor *** of the comparative analysis specifically underscore the significant correlation in vertical wavelength measurements,validating the robustness of radar observations for tidal research.

关键词： mesosphere and lower thermosphere region meteor radar mesospheric winds tides

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Untangling the contributions of meteorological conditions and human mobility to tropospheric NO2 in Chinese mainland during the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020

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National Science Review 2021年第11期8卷 121-132页

作者： Yuxiang Zhang Haixu Bo Zhe Jiang Yu Wang Yunfei Fu Bingwei Cao Xuewen Wang Jiaqi Chen Rui Li School of Earth and Space Sciences University of Science and Technology of China comparative planetary excellence innovation center Frontiers Science Center for Planetary Exploration and Emerging Technologies Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Jiangxi Ecological Environment Monitoring center Green Earth Science and Education Service

In early 2020,unprecedented lockdowns and travel bans were implemented in Chinese mainland to fight COVID-19,which led to a large reduction in anthropogenic *** provided a unique opportunity to isolate the effects from emission and meteorology on tropospheric nitrogen dioxide（NO;2;）.Comparing the atmospheric NO;2;in 2020 with that in 2017,we found the changes of emission have led to a49.3±23.5% reduction,which was～12% more than satellite-observed reduction of 37.8±16.3%.The discrepancy was mainly a result of changes of meteorology,which have contributed to an 8.1±14.2%increase of NO;2;.We also revealed that the emission-induced reduction of NO;2;has significantly negative correlations to human mobility,particularly that inside the *** intra-city migration index derived from Baidu Location-Based-Service can explain 40.4%±17.7% variance of the emission-induced reduction of NO;2;in 29 megacities,each of which has a population of over 8 million in Chinese mainland.

关键词： atmospheric nitrogen dioxide anthropogenic emissions meteorology conditions human mobility COVID-19 quarantine

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Origin of water in the Moon

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National Science Review 2024年第6期11卷 10-12页

作者： Hejiu Hui Ziyan Han Kang Shuai State Key Laboratory of Mineral Deposits Research & Lunar and planetary Science Institute School of Earth Sciences and Engineering Nanjing University CAS center for excellence in comparative Planetology CAS Key Laboratory of Earth and planetary Physics Institute of Geology and Geophysics

It has been well known since the Apollo era that the Moon is relatively depleted in volatiles as a result of the Moonformation impact and the subsequent planetary differentiation. The lunar interior was believed to have been extremely dry [1]. The discovery of indigenous water (a collective term for H-bearing species OH, H2O, etc.) in various lunar materials [2–5] has driven a paradigm shift in our knowledge of water in the Moon, from a dry to a wet Moon.

关键词： origin water moon

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Spontaneous growth of the reconnection electric field during magnetic reconnection with a guide field:A theoretical model and particle-in-cell simulations

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Chinese Physics B 2020年第7期29卷 369-374页

作者： Kai Huang Quan-Ming Lu Rong-Sheng Wang Shui Wang Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment Chinese Academy of SciencesDepartment of Geophysics and Planetary ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China CAS center for excellence in comparative Planetology Hefei 230026China

Reconnection electric field is a key element of magnetic *** quantifies the change of magnetic topology and the dissipation of magnetic *** this work,two-dimensional(2D)particle-in-cell(PIC)simulations are performed to study the growth of the reconnection electric field in the electron diffusion region(EDR)during magnetic reconnection with a guide *** first,a seed electric field is produced due to the excitation of the tearing-mode ***,the reconnection electric field in the EDR,which is dominated by the electron pressure tensor term,suffers a spontaneous growth stage and grows exponentially until it saturates.A theoretical model is also proposed to explain such a kind of *** reconnection electric field in the EDR is found to be directly proportional to the electron outflow *** time derivative of electron outflow speed is proportional to the reconnection electric field in the EDR because the outflow is formed after the inflow electrons are accelerated by the reconnection electric field in the EDR and then directed away along the outflow *** kind of reinforcing process at last leads to the exponential growth of the reconnection electric field in the EDR.

关键词： magnetic reconnection reconnection electric field electron diffusion region particle-in-cell simulation

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Effect of crustal porosity on lunar magma ocean solidification

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Acta Geochimica 2021年第2期40卷 123-134页

作者： Mingming Zhang Yingkui Xu Xiongyao Li center for Lunar and planetary Sciences Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of SciencesGuiyang 550081China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100040China CAS center for excellence in comparative Planetology Hefei 230026China

The lunar ferroan anorthosites,formed by plagioclase flotation from the crystallization of the lunar magma ocean,have an age span of over~200 ***,previous thermal models predicted a much shorter time *** propose that a much smaller thermal conductivity of anorthositic crust due to its high porosity may have delayed the solidification of the lunar magma *** thermal simulation results,using the thermal conductivity of porous lunar crust,show that crystallization of a 1000 km deep magma ocean could be prolonged to tens of millions of years,and up to 180 Ma under some extreme *** porous crust alone can’t explain the large crustal age span,*** circumstances must be taken into consideration,such as a thick lunar soil.

关键词： Porosity Thermal evolution Ferroan anorthosites

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Study on electron stochastic motions in the magnetosonic wave field: Test particle simulations

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Earth and planetary Physics 2021年第6期5卷 592-600页

作者： Kai Fan XinLiang Gao QuanMing Lu Shui Wang CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment Department of Geophysics and Planetary ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China CAS center for excellence in comparative Planetology Hefei 230026China

Using the test particle simulation method, we investigate the stochastic motion of electrons with energy of 300 keV in a monochromatic magnetosonic(MS) wave field. This study is motivated by the violation of the quasi-linear theory assumption, when strong MS waves(amplitude up to ~1 nT) are present in the Earth's magnetosphere. First, electron motion can become stochastic when the wave amplitude exceeds a certain threshold. If an electron initially resonates with the MS wave via bounce resonance, as the bounce resonance order increases, the amplitude threshold of electron stochastic motion increases until it reaches the peak at about the 11 th order in our study, then the amplitude threshold slowly declines. Further, we find that the coexistence of bounce and Landau resonances between electrons and MS waves will significantly reduce the amplitude threshold. In some cases, the electron motion can become stochastic in the field of an MS wave with amplitudes below 1 nT. Regardless, if neither the bounce nor Landau resonance condition is satisfied initially, then the amplitude threshold of stochastic motion shows an increasing trend for lower frequencies and a decreasing trend for higher frequencies, even though the amplitude threshold is always very large(> 5 nT). Our study suggests that electron stochastic motion should also be considered when modeling electron dynamics regulated by intense MS waves in the Earth's magnetosphere.

关键词： magnetosonic waves electron stochastic motions bounce resonance test particle simulations

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China’s Future Missions for Deep Space Exploration and Exoplanet Space Survey by 2030

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空间科学学报 2020年第5期40卷 729-731页

作者： JI Jianghui WANG Su CAS Key Laboratory of planetary Sciences Purple Mountain ObservatoryChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008 CAS center for excellence in comparative Planetology Hefei 230026

Four future missions for deep space exploration and future space-based exoplanet surveys on habitable planets by 2030 are scheduled to be *** Mars exploration missions are designed to investigate geological structure,the material on Martian surface,and retrieve returned *** asteroids and main belt comet exploration is expected to explore two objects within 10 *** small-body mission will aim to land on the asteroid and get samples return to *** basic physical characteristics of the two objects will be obtained through the *** exploration of Jupiter system will characterize the environment of Jupiter and the four largest Moons and understand the atmosphere of *** addition,we further introduce two space-based exoplanet survey by 2030,Miyin Program and Closeby Habitable Exoplanet Survey(CHES Mission).Miyin program aims to detect habitable exoplanets using interferometry,while CHES mission expects to discover habitable exoplanets orbiting FGK stars within 10 pc through *** above-mentioned missions are positively to achieve breakthroughs in the field of planetary science.

关键词： Deep space exploration Exoplanet surveys Mars Jupiter Habitable planets

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