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Photovoltaic waste management in sub-Saharan Africa:current practices in Burkina Faso

Waste Disposal and Sustainable Energy 2024年第2期6卷 271-282页

作者： Kodami Badza Yrebegnan Moussa Soro Marie Sawadogo laboratoire energies renouvelables et EfficacitéEnergétique Institut International d'Ingenierie de I'Eau et de I'Environnement(2iE)01 BP 594 OuagadougouBurkina Faso

Sub-Saharan Africa is witnessing a proliferation of photovoltaic(PV)waste due to the increasing number of solar PV power *** waste(panels,batteries,electrical cables,mounting structures,and inverters)consists of elements such as mercury,cadmium,chromium,lead,copper,aluminum,fluorinated compounds,and plastics that are toxic to human health and the environment if a proper management system is not *** many studies worldwide have focused on PV waste management,very few have been conducted in sub-Saharan *** study aims to investigate the current PV waste management system in Burkina Faso,determine stakeholder profiles,and propose strategies to enhance the existing *** research,interviews,questionnaires,and field visits were used in the *** survey showed that young people,mainly under 30 years of age and with a primary education,dominate(70%)in terms of PV waste collection and repair activities,while the more technical recycling and export activities are carried out mainly(88%)by stakeholders older than 40 years and with a secondary education(60%).Among the older stakeholders,100%are aware of the hazardous nature of PV waste,whereas 36%are young *** an environmental perspective,the main source of contamination observed is the release of lead-rich sulfuric acids into water and soil during the collection and repair *** the recycling of batteries and electrical cables,toxic fumes are emitted into the air,and recycling residues rich in toxic substances are *** reduce risks to human health and the environment when managing PV waste,the introduction of legislation,the multiplication of collection points and appropriate infrastructures,the training and awareness-raising of stakeholders,and the extended responsibility of manufacturers are *** on the economic feasibility of setting up formal management structures are needed to complete this work.

关键词： Photovoltaic waste Sub-Saharan Africa Waste management Recycling Batteries Incineration

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Contribution of Satellite Observations in the Optical and Microphysical Characterization of Aerosols in Burkina Faso, West Africa

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2024年第1期14卷 154-171页

作者： Nébon Bado Serge Dimitri Bazyomo Germain Wende Pouiré Ouedraogo Bruno Korgo Mamadou Simina Dramé Florent P. Kieno Sié Kam laboratoire d’energies Thermiques renouvelables (l.E.T.RE) Université Joseph KI ZERBO Ouaga Burkina Faso laboratoire de Physique de l’Atmosphère et de l’Océan Siméon-Fongang Université Cheikh Anta DIOP Dakar-Fann Sénégal Institute of Mathematics and Physical Sciences University of Abomey-Calavi Porto-Novo Benin

In this work, we proceed to an optical and microphysical analysis of the observations reversed by the MODIS, SeaWiFS, MISR and OMI sensors with the aim of proposing the best-adapted airborne sensor for better monitoring of aerosols in Burkina Faso. To this end, a comparison of AOD between satellite observations and in situ measurements at the Ouagadougou site reveals an underestimation of AERONet AOD except for OMI which overestimates them. Also, an inter-comparison done based on the linear regression line representation shows the correlation between the aerosol models incorporated in the airborne sensor inversion algorithms and the aerosol population probed. This can be seen through the correlation coefficients R which are 0.84, 0.64, 0.55 and 0.054 for MODIS, SeaWiFS, MISR and OMI respectively. Furthermore, an optical analysis of aerosols in Burkina Faso by the MODIS sensor from 2001 to 2016 indicates a large spatial and temporal variability of particles strongly dominated by desert dust. This is corroborated by the annual and seasonal cycles of the AOD at 550 nm and the Angström coefficient measured in the spectral range between 412 nm and 470 nm. A zoom on a few sites chosen according to the three climatic zones confirms the majority presence of mineral aerosols in Burkina Faso, whose maxima are observed in spring and summer.

关键词： AERONet Airborne Sensors Aerosol Optical and Microphysical Properties

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Influence of Heavy Fuel Oil on the Thermo-Physical and Erodibility Properties of Earthen Materials

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Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering 2024年第1期12卷 37-48页

作者： Ohindemi G. Yameogo Donzala D. Some Souleymane Ouedraogo Philbert Nshimiyimana Sié Kam Dieudonné J. Bathiebo laboratoire d’energies Thermiques renouvelables (l.E.T.RE) Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences Exactes et Appliquées (UFR-SEA) University Joseph Ki-Zerbo of Ouagadougou Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Ministry in Charge of Infrastructures Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Department of Civil Engineering and Architectural Design Graduate School of Science and Engineering Saga University Saga Japan laboratoire Eco-Matériaux et Habitats Durables (lEMHaD) Institut International d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de L’Environnement (Institut 2iE) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

This study focuses on the use of heavy fuel oil in construction material in Burkina Faso. Its mixture with silty or clayey soil is used as a coating to reinforce the walls of raw earth constructions which are very sensitive to water. The interest of this study is to determine erodibility, water content, while highlighting the influence of the porosity accessible by water on thermal diffusion in construction material containing heavy fuel oil. The heavy fuel oil was mixed with a silty-clayey soil, in different proportions, and water to make bricks samples on which tests were carried out. At the end of the experimental tests, it appears that the water content increases gradually, but not significantly with the addition of heavy fuel oil, which causes a slight increase in the speed of heat propagation through the material with reduced porosity, particularly those containing higher quantities of heavy fuel oil. Conversely, we note a good performance of heavy fuel oil in terms of water resistance properties such as porosity accessible by water and erodibility. This allows us to conclude that the mixture of heavy fuel oil and silty-clayey soil used as a coating material could greatly reduce water infiltration into the walls of housing constructions with raw earthen materials.

关键词： Porosity Accessible by Water Erodibility Water Content Thermal Diffusion

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Experimental Study of the Thermal Behavior of a Bioclimatic Building Prototype in a Sahelian Zone

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Smart Grid and Renewable Energy 2024年第8期15卷 187-199页

作者： Arouna Kaboré Boukaré Ouédraogo Sayouba Sandwidi Vincent Zoma Hermann Kaboré Kalifa Palm laboratoire des energies Thermiques et renouvelables (letRE) Universit Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Physique Spatiale et Energtique (LACAPSE) Universit Norbert ZONGO Koudougou Burkina Faso laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de lEnvironnement Universit Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso laboratoire des Systmes denergie Renouvelable et Environnement Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliques et Technologies (IRSAT) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Buildings constructed with modern materials (cement blocks, sheet metal, reinforced concrete, etc.) in the Sahelian zone often generate excessive electricity consumption and consequently very high electricity bills. This study is a contribution to the development of new building types based on the principle of bioclimatic construction. The aim is to find materials suited to the Sahelian climate and improve thermal comfort. To this end, an experimental study of the hygrothermal behavior of a bioclimatic building prototype with a domed roof is being carried out. Site meteorological data, air temperature and relative humidity of the building’s internal environment were measured for three climatic seasons in Burkina Faso. The data acquisition system consists of thermocouples, solarimeters and humidity meters, and the data are processed using Excel and Origin Pro software. The results show that, despite the high temperature values (between 36˚C and 39˚C) of the internal environment measured in the hot season, good thermal performance is achieved, in particular an average phase shift of 7.17 h and an average damping of 10.81˚C. The dome-roofed building could therefore contribute to limiting heat transmission to the building interior, improving thermal comfort all year round. Analysis of humidity profiles shows that indoor humidity varies between 66% and 80% for the September period, and between 44% and 69% for the January period. The high values of internal ambient humidity could be reduced by very good ventilation of the building. This study shows that the proposed bioclimatic building prototype with domed roof could be integrated into the Sahelian habitat.

关键词： Thermal Comfort Hygrothermal Behavior Bioclimatic Building Thermal Inertia Domed Roof

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Evaluation of Water losses by Evaporation in the Nakanbe Basin

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2024年第1期14卷 29-41页

作者： Bayala Alfred Kabre Sayouba Yonli Hamma Fabien Chesneau Xavier Thierry Sikoudouin Maurice Ky Zeghmati Belkacem Kieno P. Florent Kam Sié Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences Exactes et Appliquées (UFR/SEA) Laboratoire d’Energies Thermiques Renouvelables (LETRE) Université Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Unité de Formation et de recherche en Science Exactes et Appliquées Centre Universitaire de Kaya (CU-K) Perpignan France laboratoire de Modélisation Pluridisciplinaire et Simulation Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Perpignan France Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences Exactes et Appliquées (UFR/SEA) Laboratoire de Matériaux et Environnement Uni-versité Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’ Environnement (lPCE) Université Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

A numerical approach to heat and mass transfer in a large water reservoir is presented. This water reservoir is likened to a parallelepiped reservoir whose vertical and lower walls are adiabatic and impermeable. The equations that govern natural convection in water are solved by the finite volume method and Thomas’salgorithm. The adequacy between the velocity and pressure fields is ensured by the SIMPlE algorithm. We are going to evaluate the water losses by evaporation from three dams in the Nakanbé basin in Burkina Faso for a period of thirty years, that is to say from January 1, 1991, to March 15, 2020. The three dams have a rate of evaporation greater than 40% of the volume of water stored. Indeed the rate of evaporation in each dam increases with the water filling rate in the reservoir: we have observed the following results for each dam in the Nakanbé basin;for the date of 02/27/1988 to 03/13/2020., the loumbila dam received a total volume of stored water of 22.02 Mm3 and 10.57 Mm3 as the total volume of water evaporated at the same date. At the Ouaga dam (2 + 3), it stored a water volume of 4.06 Mm3 and evaporated 2.03 Mm3 of its storage volume from 01/01/1988 to 05/07/2016. Finally, with regard to the Bagré dam, it stored 745.16 Mm3 of water and 365.13 Mm3 as the volume of water evaporated from 01/01/1993 to 03/31/2020.

关键词： Numerical Study Evaporation Meteorological Data Natural Convection Basins Dams

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Experimental Investigation of the Stability of the Performance Characteristics of a Photovoltaic Module in the Face of Environmental and Meteorological Factors

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第2期14卷 589-608页

作者： Adingra Paul Arsène Kouassi Siaka Touré Diakaridja Traoré laboratoire des Sciences de la Matière de l’Environnement et de l’Energie Solaire (LASMES) Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences des Structures de la Matière et Technologie (UFR-SSMT) Université Félix Houphou&#235t Boigny Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire

The explosive technological improvement of photovoltaic systems as well as the necessity of populations to come to less expensive energy sources, that have led to an implosion at the level of solar panel manufacturers. This causes a large flow of these equipments to developing countries where the need is high, without any quality control. That conducted an experimental investigation on the performance characteristics of a 250 wp monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic module in other to check the verification and quality control. Most of these PV panels which often have missing informations are manufactured and tested in places that are inadequate for our environmental and meteorological conditions. Also, their influences on the stability of internal parameters were evaluated in order to optimize their performance. The results obtained at maximum illumination (1000 w/m2) confirmed those produced by the manufacturer. The analysis of these characteristics showed that the illumination and the temperature (meteorological factors) influenced at most the stability of the internal characteristics of the module in the sense that the maximum power increased very rapidly beyond 750 w/m2 but a degradation of performance was accentuated for a temperature of the solar cells exceeding 50°C. The degradation coefficients were evaluated at -0.0864 V/°C for the voltage and at -1.6248 w/°C for the power. The 10° inclination angle of the solar panel proved to be ideal for optimizing overall efficiency in practical situations.

关键词： Renewables energies Instruments Internal Parameters of Photovoltaic Panel Monocrystalline Photovoltaic Panel Solar Energy Production Energy Intermittence

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Electrical model parameters identification of radiofrequency discharge in argon through 1D3V/PIC-MC model

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Plasma Science and Technology 2018年第9期20卷 106-113页

作者： Mohamed MOSTAFAOUI Djilali BENYOUCEF laboratoire Génie Electrique et energies renouvelables Université Hassiba Benbouali de Chlef

This work represents a contribution to the modeling of a radiofrequency（RF） discharge in argon at low pressure（from 25 to 200 mTorr）.It is started by the validation of the collision cross sections used in the particle model through a comparison between the transport coefficients calculated by these data and the measurements of the transport coefficients already exist in the literature,the particle model is also validated by a comparison between the calculated plasma density and that measured in the *** electrical model proposed in this work consists of replacing the RF discharge by a passive circuit（resistance in series with a capacitor）,where the resistance represents the plasma medium and the obstruction of the passage of the electronic current,and the capacitor represents the sheaths and the appearance of the displacement current in these *** parameters of the electrical model are obtained through particle *** electrical model presented accurately reproduces the current of the discharge,but without considering the phenomenon of *** total harmonic distortion rate follows the variation of the plasma density;its maximum value is 5.75% at 100 mTorr.

关键词： electrical model least square method particle model radiofrequency discharge static parameters identification

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Nonlinear unknown input observer using mean value theorem and genetic algorithm

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International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 2019年第2期10卷 42-63页

作者： Ramzi Ben Messaoud laboratoire de Nanomateriaux et des Systemes Pour les energies renouvelables Centre de Recherches et des Technologies de l’energie BP.95 Hammam Lif 2050Tunisia

In this note,we consider a new unknown input observer design for nonlinear *** main idea consists in determining the estimation error and mean value theorem parameters(β)to introduce them into proposed observer *** process is designed on the basis of mean value theorem and genetic *** stability study relies on the use of a classical quadratic lyapunov *** observer’s gains are determined *** the validation of theoretical development proposed in this paper,we consider two practical realizations that deals with the secure communication problem.

关键词： Genetic algorithm unknown input observer nonlinear system mean value theorem state estimation

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Experimental Study of a Solar Thermal Incubator Using a Phase-Change Material for Off-Grid Use

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第9期14卷 2471-2481页

作者： Yéouélé Thio Bati Ernest Boya Bi Ekoun Paul Magloire Koffi Prosper Gbaha laboratoire des Procds Industriels de Synthse de lEnvironnement et des Energies Nouvelles Institut National Polytechnique Flix Houphout-Boigny Yamoussoukro Cte dIvoire

The aim of this study was to provide a simple, easy-to-use incubation system for small-scale rural poultry farmers far from the electricity grid. To this end, a naturally ventilated solar thermal incubator was built and experimentally tested. A U-shaped evacuated tube collector and a wooden crate holding 50 eggs were used to build the solar thermal incubator. Water was used as the heat transfer fluid, and an EPCM was integrated into the incubation chamber for operation at night or when the sun was hidden. The heat generated by the solar collector and stored in the heat transfer fluid is transported to the incubation chamber by thermosiphon to heat the chamber. Temperature and humidity probes powered by a solar panel were placed at various locations to monitor the thermo-hygrometric efficiency of the incubation system. The incubator, heated by natural convection, proved to function normally, and the incubation chamber was maintained throughout the incubation period within a temperature range of 35.53˚C to 39.53˚C and relative humidity averaging 49.4% to 68.5%. The experiment was carried out by introducing 30 eggs and the results of the experimental study showed that the incubator’s efficiency was 87%. The performance tests gave a fertility rate of 93% and a hatching rate of 93%, i.e. 28 fertile eggs and 26 hatched eggs, respectively.

关键词： Solar Incubator Vacuum Tube Collector Encapsulated PCM Poultry Eggs

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Experimental Assessment of the Thermal Performance of Two Corrugated Metal Roofs

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第9期14卷 2374-2392页

作者： Kouamé Jean-louis Kouakou Ekoun Paul Magloire Koffi Bi Tra Désiré Zinla Prosper Gbaha laboratoire des Procds Industriels de Synthse de lEnvironnement et des Energies Nouvelles Institut National Polytechnique Felix Houphout-Boigny Yamoussoukro Cte dIvoire

This experimental study is a contribution to the search for solutions to reduce indoor heat gain through sheet metal roofing in hot weather. It has evaluated the thermal impact of two different sheet metal roofs inside of two identical test buildings in sunny weather and cloudy weather conditions. Test building 1 has a single sheet corrugated roof and the building 2 is covered with roof made from top to bottom with corrugated sheet metal, a 12 mm thick serpentine copper tube in which water is circulated, a sheet of aluminium foil acting as a heat reflector, a 4 cm thick polystyrene panel and a 1.5 cm thick plywood. A maximum reduction of 15.1˚C in the temperature of the inner face of the test Building 2 roof was obtained comparatively to the temperature of the inner face of the test Building 1 roof consisting of a single sheet of metal at the warmest hours. In addition, the simple corrugated sheet metal roof of the test building generates high and varied temperatures inside the building. Whereas the proposed heat recovery roof favours low and relatively uniform temperatures inside the building. The proposed sheet metal roof construction technique is very effective in reducing the heat gain through the roof considerably;thus improving the thermal comfort inside sheet metal roofed dwellings. Hot water has been produced by recovering heat from the metal sheet of the roof of test building 2. The temperature of the hot water produced reached of 39˚C. This study could be also an alternative for the reduction of energy consumption due to the use of mechanical means for cooling of sheet metal roofed houses and the reduction of the use of fossil fuels for domestic hot water production.

关键词： Metal Roof Corrugated Time lag Decrement Factor

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