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Analysis of the characteristics of snow drop size distribution in the Qilian Mountains

research in cold and arid regions 2010年第5期2卷 419-426页

作者： Guo Zhao RongZhong Chu Tong Zhang Wei Jia Jin Shen ZhongYuan Wu Laboratory for Climate environment and Disasters of Western China Cold and Arid Region Environmental and Engineering Re- search Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou Gansu 730000 China

Under the Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental research （WATER） project, a significant amount of snow size data was collected from March to April 2008. However, because of limited observation data for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the modeling behavior was not satisfactory. This paper demonstrates characteristics of the snow drop size distribution （SSD） in this region. The experimental area is located in the northeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The Heihe River Basin, which is the second largest interior river basin in China and is located on the northern slopes of the Qilian Mountains, was selected as the simulation region. This basin ranges from approximately 5,000 m to 1,000 m in elevation. A new generation Parsivel disdrometer, the OTT Parsivel, was used for measurements. Four data sets were compiled to determine the average distributions for four different snowfall rates. The characteristics of the snow particle size distribution in the mountainous area were analyzed. Similar to the raindrop distribution, there was a multi-peak structure. Most peaks appear in the D 〈 2 mm region （D： diameter of the snow drop size）. An M-P distribution and a Г distribution were developed based on the precipitation data observed in Qilian mountainous area. We found that the Г distribution has a better fit than the M-P distribution for the actual distribution. In addition, we observed that the intercept parameter （N0） and the slope parameter （Λ） correlate well with the shape parameter （μ）. The disdrometer data can also be used to model the reflectivity factor （ZH） and differential reflectivity factor （ZDR）. The radar reflectivity （ZHH, ZVV） and differential reflectivity （ZDR） were modeled in order to facilitate understanding of the connections between radar and ground measurements, and were used to support work for the improvement of rainfall estimates by polarimetric radar. Rain rate estimation using radar measurements was based on empirical models, such as the Z-R rela

关键词： snow-size distribution M-P distribution Г distribution Z-R relation

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A wind tunnel simulation of the dynamic processes involved in sand dune formation on the western coast of Hainan Island

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2007年第4期17卷 453-468页

作者： LI Sen LIU Xianwan LI Huichuan ZHENG Yinghua WEI Xinghu Institute of Resources and environment Science Foshan University Foshan 528000 Guangdong China College of Geography and environment Science Northwest Normal University Lanzhou 730070 China cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research Institute CAS Lanzhou 730070 China Shunde Branch Bureau of Land and Resources of Foshan City Shunde 528300 Guangdong China College of Resources Science ＆ Technology Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China

The western coast of Hainan Island exhibits a savanna landscape. Many types of sand dunes, including transverse dune ridges, longitudinal dune ridges, elliptical dunes, coppice dunes, and climbing dunes, are widely distributed in the coastal zone. In winter, high-frequency and high-energy NE winds （dominant winds） are prevalent, with a resultant drift direction （RDD） of S35.6°W. In spring, low-frequency and low-energy SW secondary winds prevail, with a RDD of N25.1°E. Wind tunnel simulations revealed that the airflow over the dune surface is the main factor controlling the erosion and deposition patterns of dune surfaces and the morphological development of dunes. In the region＇s bidirectional wind environment, with two seasonally distinct energy levels, the airflow over the surface of elliptical dunes, barchan dunes, and transverse dune ridges will exhibit a transverse pattern, whereas the airflow over longitudinal dunes ridges exhibits a lateral pattern and that over climbing dunes exhibits a climbing-circumfluent pattern. These patterns represent different dynamic processes. The coastal dunes on the western coast of Hainan Island are influenced by factors such as onshore winds, sand sources, coastal slopes, rivers, and forest shelter belts. The source of the sand that supplements these dunes particularly influences the development pattern： when there is more sand, the pattern shows positive equilibrium deposition between dune ridges and dunes; otherwise, it shows negative equilibrium deposition. The presence or absence of forest shelter belts also influences deposition and dune development patterns and transformation of dune forms. Coastal dunes and inland desert dunes experience similar dynamic processes, but the former have more diversified shapes and more complex formation mechanisms.

关键词： western coast of Hainan Island coastal dune surface airflow dynamic processes wind tunnel simulation

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Determination of ice thickness,subice topography and ice vol-ume at Glacier No.1 in Tien Shan,China by ground penetrating radar

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Chinese Journal of Polar Science 2003年第2期14卷 90-98页

作者：孙波张鹏焦克勤邓新生温家洪 Polar research Institute of China Shanghai 200129 China Beijing research Institute of Uranium Geology Beijing 100029 China Laboratory of Ice Core and cold region environment cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China

We describe a radio-echo sounding (RES) survey for the determination of ice thickness, subglacial topography and ice volume of Glacier No. 1 , in Tien Shan, China, using ground-penetrating radar (GPR). Radar data were collected with 100-MHz antennas that were spaced at 4 m with a step size of 8 m. The images produced from radar survey clearly show the continuity of bedrock echoes and the undulation features of the bedrock surface. Radar results show that the maximum ice thickness of Glacier No. 1 is 133 m, the thickness of the east branch of Glacier No. 1 averages at 58. 77 m while that of the west branch of Glacier No. 1 averages at 44. 84 m. Calculation on ice volume indicates that the ice volume of the east branch of Glacier No. 1 is 51. 87 × 106 m3 and that of the west branch of Glacier No. 1 is 20. 21 × 106 m3. The amplitude of the undulation of the bedrock surface topography revealed by radar profiles is larger than that of the glacier surface topography, indicating that the surface relief does not directly depend on that of the bedrock undulation in Glacier No. 1 , in Tien Shan.

关键词： radio - echo sounding ice thickness ice volumn subice topography.

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Carbonaceous particles in the atmosphere and precipitation of the Nam Co region, central Tibet

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2010年第11期22卷 1748-1756页

作者： Jing Ming Cunde Xiao Junying Sun Shichang Kang Paolo Bonasoni State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences Cold and Arid Region Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China National Climate Center China Meteorological Administration Beijing 100081 China Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry Centre for Atmosphere Watch & Services China Meteorological Administration Beijing 100081 China Institute of Tibetan Plateau research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Climate CNR Bologna Italy

A continuous air and precipitation sampling for carbonaceous particles was conducted in a field observatory beside Nam Co, Central Tibetan Plateau during July of 2006 through January of 2007. Organic carbon （OC） was the dominant composition of the carbonaceous particles both in the atmosphere （1660 ng/m ^3 ） and precipitation （476 ng/g） in this area, while the average elemental carbon （BC） concentrations in the atmosphere and precipitation were only 82 ng/m 3 and 8 ng/g, respectively. Very high OC/BC ratio suggested local secondary organic carbon could be a dominant contribution to OC over the Nam Co region, while BC could be mainly originated from Southern Asia, as indicated by trajectory analysis and aerosol optical depth. Comparison between the BC concentrations measured in Lhasa, those at ＂Nepal Climate Observatory at Pyramid （NCO-P）＂ site on the southern slope of the Himalayas, and Nam Co suggested BC in the Nam Co region reflected a background with weak anthropogenic disturbances and the emissions from Lhasa might have little impact on the atmospheric environment here, while the pollutants from the Indo-Gangetic Basin of Southern Asia could be transported to the Nam Co region by both the summer monsoon and the westerly.

关键词： carbonaceous particle elemental carbon organic carbon Nam Co Tibetan Plateau

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Impacts of land use changes on groundwater resources in the Heihe River Basin

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2005年第4期15卷 405-414页

作者： WANG Genxu YANG Lingyuan CHEN Ling Jumpei Kubota cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research Institute CAS Lanzhou730000 China College of Earth and environment Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou730000 China research Institute for Humanity and Nature Kyoto 602-0878 Japan

Land use and land cover changes have a great impact on the regional hydrological process. Based on three periods of remote sensing data from the 1960s and the long-term observed data of groundwater from the 1980s, the impacts of land use changes on the groundwater system in the middle reach of Heihe River Basin in recent three decades are analyzed by the perspective of groundwater recharge and discharge system. The results indicate that with the different intensities of land use changes, the impacts on the groundwater recharge were 2.602 × 10^8 m^3/a in the former 15 years （1969-1985） and 0.218 × 10^8 m^3/a in the latter 15 years （1986-2000）, and the impacts on the groundwater discharge were 2.035 × 10^8 m^3/a and 4.91 × 10^8 m^3/a respectively. When the groundwater exploitation was in a reasonable range less than 3.0 × 10^8 m^3/a, the land use changes could control the changes of regional groundwater resources. Influenced by the land use changes and the large-scale exploitation in the recent decade, the groundwater resources present apparently regional differences in Zhangye region. Realizing the impact of land use changes on groundwater system and the characteristics of spatial-temporal variations of regional groundwater resources would be very important for reasonably utilizing and managing water and soil resources.

关键词： land use change inland fiver groundwater system Heihe River Basin

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Temporal and spatial variations of the active layer along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway in a permafrost region

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2012年第35期57卷 4609-4616页

作者： LI Ren ZHAO Lin DING YongJian WU TongHua XIAO Yao DU ErJi LIU GuangYue QIAO YongPing research Station on Cryosphere of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau Lanzhou 730000China State Key Laboratory on Cryospheric Sciences Lanzhou 730000China cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research Institute Chinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China

Using monitored active layer thickness(ALT) and environmental variables of 10 observation fields along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway in permafrost region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP),a model for ALT estimation was *** temporal and spatial characteristics of the ALT were also *** results showed that in the past 30 years ALT in the study region increased at a rate of 1.33 cm *** at the upper limit of permafrost and at 50 cm depth,along with soil cumulative temperature at 5 cm depth also exhibited a rising *** heat flux increased at a rate of 0.1 Wm-2 *** the above changes demonstrated that the degradation of permafrost happened in the study region on the *** initial thawing date of active layer was advanced,while the initial freezing date was *** number of thawing days increased to a rate of 1.18 *** variations of active layer were closely related to the permafrost type,altitude,underlying surface type and soil *** variations were more evident in cold permafrost region than in warm permafrost region,in high-altitude region than in low-altitude region,in alpine meadow region than in alpine steppe region;and in fine-grained soil region than in coarse-grained soil region.

关键词：多年冻土区青藏公路空间变化时间活性层多年冻土地区高寒草甸地区活动层厚度

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Chinese deserts and sand fields in Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene Optimum

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2013年第23期58卷 2775-2783页

作者： LU HuaYu YI ShuangWen XU ZhiWei ZHOU YaLi ZENG Lin ZHU FangYing FENG Han DONG LiNa ZHUO HaiXin YU KaiFeng MASON Joseph WANG XiaoYong CHEN YingYong LU Qi WU Bo DONG ZhiBao QU JianJun WANG XunMing GUO ZhengTang School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences Institute for Climate and Global Change Research Nanjing University College of Tourism and environment Shaanxi Normal University Department of Geography University of Wisconsin Madison Institute of Desertification Studies Chinese Academy of Forestry cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences

The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, c. 26-16 ka) and the Holocene Optimum (HO, c. 9-5 ka) were characterized by cold-dry and warm-wet climates respectively in the recently geological Earth. How Chinese deserts and sand fields responded to these distinctive climatic changes is still not clear, however. To reconstruct environments of the deserts and sand fields during the LGM and HO is helpful to understand the forcing mechanisms of environment change in this arid region, and to test paleoclimatic modeling results. Through our long-term field and laboratory investigations, 400 optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages and more than 100 depositional records in the Chinese deserts and sand fields were obtained; on the basis of these data, we reconstruct spatial distributions of the deserts and sand fields during the LGM and HO. Our results show that the sand fields of Mu Us, Hunshandake, Horqin and Hulun Buir in northern and northeastern China had expanded 25%, 37%, 38% and 270%, respectively, during the LGM; the sand fields of Gonghe in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau had expanded 20%, and the deserts of Badain Jaran, Tengger in central northern China had expanded 39% and 29% separately during the LGM; the deserts of Taklimakan, Gurbantünggüt and Kumtag in northwestern China had expanded 10%-20% respectively, compared to their modern areas. On the other hand, all of the sand fields were nearly completely covered by vegetation during the HO; the deserts in northwestern and central northern China were reduced by around 5%-20% in area during this time. Lakes in this arid region were probably expanded during the HO but this conclusion needs more investigation. Compared with the geological distributions of deserts and sand fields, human activity has clearly changed (expanded) the area of active sand dunes at the present time. Our observations show that environmental conditions of Chinese deserts and sand fields are controlled by regional climate together with human a

关键词：沙漠环境中国北部适宜期全新世末次冰期末次盛冰期库姆塔格沙漠干旱地区

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Source of major ions from an ice core of the No.12 Glacier in Laohugou Valley,Qilian Mountain

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research in cold and arid regions 2010年第6期2卷 522-528页

作者： XiaoQing Cui JiaWen Ren Xiang Qin WenTao Du WeiJun Sun GuangMingYu XiaoXiang Wang WeiZhen Sun Qilian Shan Station of Glaciology and Ecologic environment LanzhouGansu 730000China State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science Cold and Arid Region Environment and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouGansu 730000China.

In June 2006,a 20.12 m shallow ice core was recovered from an elevation of 5,040 m in the northern branch firn basin of No.12 Glacier,Great Snow Mountain,in the western part of Qilian Mountain,***(δ 18 O),major soluble ions,and radionuclide(β-activity) measurements from the ice core revealed a 46-year record(1960-2006).In this paper,the method of sea-salt ion tracer,correlation analysis and trend analysis were used in this research to confirm the source of the chemical *** correlation analysis and HYSPLIT backward trajectory analysis suggests that atmospheric soluble dust species dominate the chemical signature.

关键词： ice core source the No.12 Glacier at Laohugou ions Qilian Mountain

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Influence of tourist disturbance on soil properties, plant communities, and surface water quality in the Tianchi scenic area of Xinjiang, China

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Journal of arid Land 2016年第2期8卷 304-313页

作者： WEN Bin ZHANG Xiaolei YANG Zhaoping XIONG Heigang QIU Yang Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of SciencesUrumqi 830011China College of Resource and environment Sciences Xinjiang UniversityUrumqi 830046China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Department of Economic Management Huanghuai UniversityZhumadian 463000China cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000China

The impact of tourist disturbance on the environment has become a focal issue of environmental science, ecology, and travel management studies. To assess the influence of tourist disturbance on soils and plants in the Tianchi scenic area of Xinjiang, China, we compared soil properties and plant community characteristics at 0, 5, 10, and 20 m from the tourist trail within areas at three different altitudes, where the intensities of tourist disturbance are distinct. Surface water quality was also studied at three different levels relative to the Tianchi Lake. The results showed that tourist disturbance significantly increased soil pH within 10 m from the trail and soil bulk density on the edge of the trail, but significantly reduced soil organic matter and total nitrogen contents within 5 m from the trail. The number of tree seedlings on the edge of the trail and the shrub coverage and height of herbaceous plants within 5 m from the trail significantly decreased due to tourist disturbance. Changes in herbaceous plant diversity differed by soil zones. In the high altitude region, tourist disturbance led to a remarkable increase in the herbaceous plant diversity on the edge of the trail, while in the low altitude region, tourist disturbance had a low impact on the diversity of herbaceous plants. In addition, tourist activities polluted the surface water, significantly reducing water quality. Thus, current tourist activities have a significant negative impact on the ecological environment in the Tianchi scenic area.

关键词： tourist disturbance soil properties plant communities water quality Tianchi scenic area

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Variation and relationship between soil moisture and environmental factors in the source region of the Yangtze River from 2005 to 2016

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research in cold and arid regions 2019年第3期11卷 184-193页

作者： LingLing Song ZongJie Li Qing Tian LieFu Wang Jing He RuiFeng Yuan Juan Gui BaiJuan Zhang YueMin Lv College of Forestry Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhouGansu 730070China Key Laboratory of Western China's environmental Systems (Ministry of Education) College of Earth Environmental ScienceLanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansu 730000China Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin Gansu/Hydrology and Water Resources engineering research Center Cold and Arid Region Environment and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouGansu 730000China Tuotuohe Meteorological Station GeermuQinghai 816099China

This study analyzed soil moisture,soil erosion,and vegetation in the source region of the Yangtze River from 2005 to *** found that soil moisture showed an increasing trend from 2005 to 2009 but decreased from 2009 to *** surface soil moisture was severely affected by seasonal changes in the source region of the Yangtze River,especially in the soil from 0 to 40 ***,seasonal variation of soil moisture deeper than 40 cm was different from that in the upper *** moisture below 40 cm wasn't affected by the seasonal *** moisture from 0 to 50 cm and the average thickness of wind deposition showed a positive correlation in the study area from 2005 to *** environmental protection in the source region of the Yangtze River,wind deposition played a role in water ***,a positive correlation also existed between the average thickness of wind erosion and soil ***-soil moisture was the key factor for vegetation structure on the Qinghai?Tibet *** results are also helpful for further understanding the variation of soil moisture on the Tibetan Plateau and providing a scientific basis for effectively protecting and controlling the ecological environment in the future.

关键词： soil moisture soil erosion vegetation source region of the Yangtze River

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